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海山地形的多尺度特征研究,有助于理解海山形成与演化过程中的地貌过程,并为深入认识俯冲带地球动力过程提供新的线索。本文基于中国科学院海洋研究所“科学”号科考船近年来在雅浦-卡罗琳海区采集的高分辨率海底地形数据,利用统计学及频谱分析等方法,分析了研究区42座海山的形态及地形粗糙度特征,并对海山地形多尺度特征及其成因开展研究。结果表明,雅浦-卡罗琳海区不同构造环境下形成的海山群,在海山的形态参数和多尺度地形特征等方面存在显著差异。相比于索罗尔海槽,帕里西维拉海盆中的海山具有更大的宽高比与更小的平坦度。两区域内海山形态参数具有不同的线性相关关系,表明区域内海山存在不同的形态演化过程。对帕里西维拉海盆中海山地形的频谱分析显示,其大尺度特征信号不显著,意味着该区域内海山地形受小尺度地貌过程的影响更大。索罗尔海槽中海山的粗糙度与海山体积具有线性相关性,可能与不同海山形成过程的差异有关,较早形成的海山受到了更多构造活动及小尺度地貌过程的影响,进而形成了更加粗糙的表面特征。 相似文献
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通过对中西太平洋海山形态剖面的山体高度、山顶直径、基底直径、山顶直径与基底直径之比、山体坡度、山体高度与基底直径比值六个参数多元统计分析,发现可以根据山体高度与基底直径的比值对海山形态类型进行分类:比值小于0.10的为平顶海山(Ⅰ类),大于0.10的为尖顶海山(Ⅱ类),对于等于0.10的海山需参考平坦度和山体坡度,平坦度大和山体坡度缓的为Ⅰ类,反之为Ⅱ类。西太平洋的麦哲伦海山区、马绍尔群岛基本以平顶海山为主,介于中西太平洋之间的威克—马尔库斯海山区和中太平洋海山区、莱恩群岛平顶海山与尖顶海山共同发育。对各种类型海山上钴结壳分布研究发现,无论是在尖顶海山还是在平顶海山,板状结壳均比较发育,但砾状结壳在平顶海山比在尖顶海山的发育。中太平洋尖顶海山的结壳比平顶海山的发育,但由于山顶面积小,钴结壳资源量不大。仅从平顶海山看,在麦哲伦海山区、威克—马尔库斯海山区板状结壳比中太平洋海山区、马绍尔群岛、莱恩群岛的板状结壳发育,前者的板状结壳平均厚度大于3 cm,后者的板状结壳平均厚度小于3 cm,总体上是西太平洋平顶海山钴结壳比中太平洋平顶海山的发育。两种类型海山各方向上的资源分布明显不同,在平顶海山的西部山坡的资源比东部山坡的丰富,尖顶海山的则刚好相反。 相似文献
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尖顶海山和平顶海山是洋底海山的两种类型,同时也是富钴结壳资源赖以成长的主要载体,两者在地形上具有显著差别,资源状况和分布也不尽一致。以地形分类为基础,就中太平洋海山区两类海山结壳的成矿特征、宏微观构造、矿物和化学组成以及空间分布等进行了比对研究。研究认为,尖顶海山体积虽小,但地形演化连续,底层流及环境氧化性较强,有利于结壳的长期稳定生长,结壳厚度总体较大,富成矿元素和生物组分,远景成矿区域连续绵长。平顶海山山体巨大,顶部和斜坡陡崖区不利于结壳成长,底流活动只在山顶边缘和山脊地带表现突出,环境氧化性整体较弱,后期构造活动相对频繁,结壳总体厚度较小,铁,碎屑和热液组分含量较高,远景矿区相对狭窄。 相似文献
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麦哲伦海山链主要由十多座相对独立的平顶海山组成,呈北西向展布于太平洋海山密集区。结合前人对麦哲伦海山链形成和漂移的认识,从板块运动和几何学角度出发采用backtracking和hot-spotting海山追踪方法对该区海山的起源与形成进行了研究,结果表明,麦哲伦海山链是多热点成因的板内火山和板块构造运动共同作用的产物,最初于白垩纪期间由法属玻利尼西亚热点群西侧呈北北西向排列的热点活动产生,继而受到板块运动与区内近南北向和北北东向两组断裂及其热活化等的改造作用,最后形成了现今看到的平顶海山。 相似文献
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基于DEM数据的菲律宾海典型区地貌类型划分 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
深远海海底地质环境复杂,地貌形态多变,目前没有形成统一的地貌类型划分量化标准。本文主要针对这一问题,选择菲律宾海中南部典型区作为研究区,结合已有规范、标准和区域构造演化特征,提出了海山、海丘、海底裂谷、山间谷地、山间洼地、山间盆地6种四级地貌单元的量化划分标准。利用ArcGIS平台对DEM数据进行深度处理,提取高程、坡度、坡度变化率、地形起伏度等关键地貌因子,对研究区海山等地貌单元进行了定量化划分,明确了其分布特征。结果显示:受控于形成时期不同的构造背景,研究区西部与东部具有显著的构造走向差异,西部海岭呈近EW向雁式排列,东部海丘呈近NS向雁式排列,东部海丘相较于西部海岭更为狭长;海山、海丘和山间盆地等大规模地貌单元的形成往往受控于强烈的构造、岩浆活动。本次研究成果能够丰富深远海海底地貌类型划分和成因研究领域,为今后相关标准规范的制定奠定基础。 相似文献
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在太平洋的洋底,矗立着许许多多海山,其中,有一座座象是被“砍掉”山头的奇异海山,它们的特点是,平坦的顶部为圆形或是椭圆形。直径—般为数百米到二三十公里,其顶部离海面多在183米以上:,最深的为2000～2500米,平均为1300米。目前,在世界各大洋中,已经被证实的有160个平顶海山。对于海底平顶海山的成因一直是海洋地质学家研究的一个课题,虽然对许多问题已经有了比较一致的看法,但是,对海底平 相似文献
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海山可以通过与洋流的相互作用改变水体结构,促进悬浮体以及海洋生物的再分配,进而影响海洋生物地球化学过程,促进大洋物质和能量交换。西太平洋有着复杂的环流结构,也是海山分布最多的海区之一。为研究西太平洋海山区的悬浮体分布及其控制机制,2017年夏季在西太平洋卡罗琳M4海山区进行现场调查,利用扫描电镜分析了该海山区悬浮体样品的物质组成及分布,并结合温度、盐度和荧光叶绿素a浓度数据,讨论了海山对悬浮体分布的影响。结果表明,M4海山区的悬浮体由生物碎屑、矿物颗粒和絮凝体等组成。海水的强烈层化阻碍了该海山区下层营养物质的上涌,使上层水体呈现出寡营养的特征,导致大部分站位悬浮体丰度较低;但在海山顶部,潮流和海山地形相互作用在山顶上方形成反气旋环流,不仅促进了深水的营养物质向上扩散,使得荧光叶绿素a浓度升高,同时对平流输送来的以及从深水中上涌的悬浮体起到了滞留作用,使山顶上方的悬浮体丰度远高于离山顶较远的位置。随着水深的增大,温、盐跃层的强度减弱,水体中的营养盐浓度升高,为浮游生物的生长提供了适宜的环境,进而使生物碎屑及絮凝体的丰度升高。北赤道潜流挟带来自西太平洋近岸海区的陆源矿物颗粒到达M4海山区,... 相似文献
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大洋海山及其生态环境特征研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
海山作为深海大洋独特地貌,尽管其研究可追溯到100多年前,但对大洋海山的形成、地质特征、动力学特性、生态环境等方面了解甚少。随着人们认识海洋程度的提升,特别是回声探测、无人潜水器和卫星技术等技术的应用,对大洋海山的系统探索已取得了前所未有的进展,大洋海山研究已成为当代人们所渴求探索的领域之一。本文对大洋海山的研究历程、分类、生物群落特征、水文环境特征以及维持海山区高生物量的机制进行了总结。目前全球海山主要有两种分类方式,其分类一是基于构造特征,可将海山分为板块内海山、大洋中脊海山和岛弧海山;二是基于山顶到海表面的距离,可将海山分为浅海山、中等深度海山和深海山。海山为生物提供了独特的栖息地,形成了高生物量、高生物多样性和高生物独有性等三种主要的生物群落特征,使海山成为世界海洋渔业的重点海域和生态环境研究的热点区域之一。海山突出的地形对大洋环流造成阻隔,因而在海山周围形成了其独特的水文环境,其中海山环流和上升流是其两种典型代表,这些独特的水文环境特征对生物群落的组成和分布具有重要影响。海山区的高生物量主要通过上升流输送、地形诱捕和海流水平输送三种机制维持,三种机制对支撑海山生态系统的物质循环和能量流动至关重要。 相似文献
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2017年8月中国科学院海洋研究所在西太平洋低纬度海区的卡罗琳洋脊CM4海山开展了多学科综合调查,发现该海山山体表面分布着大量的铁锰结壳。本文对该海山的5个铁锰结壳样品进行了矿物学和地球化学研究,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子光谱及质谱(ICP-OES、ICP-MS)等测试技术分析了铁锰结壳的矿物组成、主微量元素和稀土元素含量,并进一步探讨了铁锰结壳的成因类型。结果表明,该海山铁锰结壳的矿物组成以水羟锰矿为主,含有少量钡镁锰矿、水钠锰矿、针铁矿、纤铁矿、石英和方解石。该海山铁锰结壳的Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu元素平均含量分别为24.24%、15.14%、0.16%、0.34%、0.01%。与全球各大洋海山区铁锰结壳相比,该海山样品的Cu含量很低。该海山铁锰结壳的稀土元素(REY)含量相对偏低,总体为轻稀土(LREE)富集;稀土(REY)配分模式显示相对平坦的特征,呈明显的Ce正异常,轻微的Y负异常和Ho正异常。样品的矿物组成、元素比值、元素组合等都表明该海山铁锰结壳属于水成成因,未受明显的成岩作用影响。 相似文献
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Bimodality of the Kuroshio current path south of Japan is investigated, focusing on the effects of stratification and mesoscale eddies. For this purpose, wind-driven numerical experiments are executed in barotropic and two-layered ocean models. Stratification has two effects on the path selection of the Kuroshio south of Japan. First, it makes an alongshore path stable at intermediate wind stress strength τ0 by arresting an eddy southeast of Kyushu. This enables an alongshore path to appear in the entire experimental range of τ0. Second, the upper limit of τ0 which allows a meandering path decreases from ( in the Sverdrup transport at the Tokara Strait) to () as Δρ/ρ0 increases from 2.0×10-3 to 4.0×10-3. While an anticyclonic eddy imposed upstream (southeast of Kyushu) can cause the transition from an alongshore to a meandering path, it occurs most easily when (). The transition from a meandering to an alongshore path requires an eddy imposed downstream (east of the meandering segment) which suppresses redevelopment of the meandering segment and breaks the balance between the advective and beta effects. Applicability of the results to previously observed path variations is discussed. 相似文献
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Turbulent mixing of water masses of different temperatures and salinities is an important process for both coastal and large-scale ocean circulation. It is, however, difficult to capture computationally. One of the reasons is that mixing in the ocean occurs at a wide range of complexity, with the Reynolds number reaching , or even higher.In this study, we continue to investigate whether large eddy simulation (LES) can be a reliable computational tool for stratified mixing in turbulent oceanic flows. LES is attractive because it can be times faster than a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of stratified mixing in turbulent flows. Before using the LES methodology to compute mixing in realistic oceanic flows, however, a careful assessment of the LES sensitivity with respect to Re needs to be performed first. The main objectives of this study are: (i) to investigate the performance of different LES models at high Re, such as those encountered in oceanic flows; and (ii) to study how mixing varies as a function of Re. To this end, as a benchmark we use the lock-exchange problem, which is described by unambigous and simple initial and boundary conditions. The background potential energy, which accurately quantifies irreversible mixing in an enclosed system, is used as the main criterion in a posteriori testing of LES.This study has two main achievements. The first is that we investigate the accuracy of six combinations of two different classes of LES models, namely eddy-viscosity and approximate deconvolution types, for 3×103Re3×104, for which DNS data is computed. We find that all LES models almost always provide significantly more accurate results than cases without LES models. Nevertheless, no single LES model that is persistently superior to others over this Re range could be identified. Then, an ensemble of the four best performing LES models is selected in order to estimate mixing taking place in this system at Re=105 and 106, for which DNS is presently not feasible. Thus the second achievement of this study is to quantify mixing taking place in this system over an Re range that changes by three orders of magnitude. We find that the background potential energy increases by about 67% when Re is increased from Re=103 to Re=106, within the computation period, with the most significant increase taking place from Re=3×103 to Re=105. 相似文献
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Francesco Nencioli Victor S. Kuwahara Tommy D. Dickey Yoshimi M. Rii Robert R. Bidigare 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2008,55(10-13):1252
E-Flux III (March 10–28, 2005) was the third and last field experiment of the E-Flux project. The main goal of the project was to investigate the physical, biological and chemical characteristics of mesoscale eddies that form in the lee of Maui and the Island of Hawai’i, focusing on the physical–biogeochemical interactions. The primary focus of E-Flux III was the cyclonic cold-core eddy Opal, which first appeared in the NOAA GOES sea-surface temperature (SST) imagery during the second half of February 2005. During the experiment, Cyclone Opal moved over 160 km, generally southward. Thus, the sampling design had to be constantly adjusted in order to obtain quasi-synoptic observations of the eddy. Analyses of ship transect-depth profiles of CTD, optical and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data revealed a well-developed feature characterized by a fairly symmetric circular shape with a radius of about 80 km. Depth profiles of temperature, salinity and density were characterized by an intense doming of isothermal, isohaline and isopycnal surfaces. Isopleths of nutrient concentrations were roughly parallel to isopycnals, indicating the upwelling of deep nutrient-rich water. The deep chlorophyll maximum layer (DCML) shoaled from a depth of about 130 m in the outer regions of the eddy to about 60 m in the center. Chlorophyll concentrations reached their maximum values in Opal's core region (about 40 km in diameter), where nutrients were upwelled into the euphotic layer. ADCP velocity data clearly showed the cyclonic circulation associated with Opal. Vertical sections of tangential velocities were characterized by values that increased linearly with radial distance from near zero close to the center to a maximum of about at roughly 25 km from the center, and then slowly decayed. The vertical extent of the cyclonic circulation was primarily limited to the upper mixed layer, as tangential velocities decayed quite rapidly within a depth range of 90–130 m. Potential vorticity analysis suggests that only a relatively small (about 50 km in diameter) and shallow (to a depth of approximately 70 m) portion of the eddy is isolated from the surrounding waters. Radial movements of water can occur between the center of the eddy and the outer regions along density surfaces within an isopycnal range of σ–t23.6 () and σ–t24.4 (). Thus the biogeochemistry of the system might have been greatly influenced by these lateral exchanges of water at depth, especially during Opal's southward migration. While the eddy was translating, deep water in front of the eddy might have been upwelled into the core region, leading to an additional injection of nutrients into the euphotic zone. At the same time, part of the chlorophyll-rich waters in the core region might have remained behind the translating eddy and, thus contributed to the formation of an eddy wake characterized by relatively high chlorophyll concentrations. 相似文献
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为探究热带西太平洋海山生物多样性,2016年利用"发现"号遥控无人潜水器(ROV)对西太平洋马里亚纳海沟附近的M2海山进行了采样调查,其中获得了3个深水金相柳珊瑚样本。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,鉴定其为黑发金相柳珊瑚Metallogorgia melanotrichos(WrightStuder,1889)和长刺金相柳珊瑚Metallogorgia macrospina Kükenthal,1919。这两种金相柳珊瑚均为该区域的新记录种,对其作了详细的形态描述,并依据特征性状对该属所有物种作了分类检索。 相似文献
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西北太平洋围线海绵科(海绵动物门:六放海绵纲:双盘海绵目)一新种 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文记录了西太平洋深海围线海绵科1新种——扭形白须海绵。该海绵共含2个标本，其中1个采集于雅浦海山932米处，另1个采集于卡罗琳海山775.3米处。该新种含有椭圆形大双盘骨针、3种类型的双盘骨针、棒状骨针和节杖骨针，使其很容易与该属下的现有8种区分开。该种为西北太平洋报道的第4种白须海绵属的种。 相似文献
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为探讨迟缓爱德华菌(Edwarsiellatarda)入侵途径,建立感染模型,作者通过电转化法构建GFP标记的迟缓爱德华菌EtMc1512(质粒PMDpp-EGFP),实验设立浸泡组、腹腔注射组和肌肉注射组,感染后采集各组实验诸氏鲻虾虎鱼(Mugilogobius chulae)血液、鳃、肝脏、肠、肌肉,培养法统计分析各组织中的荧光细菌数;浸泡组取样时间为0、2、4、6、8、12、24 h,腹腔注射组和肌肉注射组取样时间为6、12、24、48、72、96h。结果显示,构建的EtMc1512-GFP具有较强荧光,GFP标记前后菌株毒力基因(citC、mukF、esrB、katB、fimA、gadB)检测结果均为阳性。浸泡感染后实验鱼各组织内的荧光菌随时间表现为先升后降的趋势,最高菌量出现在肠道(2.51×106CFU/g),其次为鳃(4.19×104CFU/g)、血液(1.65×104CFU/g),肠道荧光菌显著高于其他组织(P0.05);腹腔注射感染后肝脏(4.55×106CFU/g)和血液(4.65×106CFU/g)菌量最高;肌肉注射感染后肌肉在48h首先检出荧光菌,血液(2.93×104 CFU/g)菌量最高。结果表明,肠道、肝脏和肌肉分别是迟缓爱德华菌浸泡感染、腹腔注射感染和肌肉注射感染诸氏鲻虾虎鱼的主要组织器官,在自然条件下迟缓爱德华菌经口感染诸氏鲻虾虎鱼风险较高。 相似文献
18.
Rachel M. Jeffreys George A. Wolff Sarah J. Murty 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(10):1816-1833
The Arabian Sea is subject to intense seasonality resulting from biannual monsoons, which lead to associated large particulate fluxes and an abundance of organic carbon, a potential food source at the seafloor for benthic detritivores. We used the stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen alongside lipid analyses to examine potential food sources (particulate and sedimentary organic matter, POM and SOM respectively) in order to determine trophic linkages for the twelve most abundant megafaunal species (Pontocaris sp., Solenocera sp., Munidopsis aff. scobina, Actinoscyphia sp., Actinauge sp., Echinoptilum sp., Pennatula aff. grandis, Astropecten sp. Amphiura sp. Ophiura euryplax, Phormosoma placenta and Hyalinoecia sp.) at the Pakistan Margin between 140 and 1400 m water depth. This transect spans a steep gradient in oxygen concentrations and POM flux. Ranges of δ13C and δ15N values were narrow in POM and SOM (4‰ and 2‰ for δ13C and δ15N, respectively) with little evidence of temporal variability. Labile lipid compounds in SOM originating from phytoplankton did exhibit seasonal change in their concentrations at the shallowest sites, 140 and 300 m. Benthic megafauna had broad ranges in δ13C and δ15N (>10‰ and >8‰ for δ13C and δ15N, respectively) suggesting they occupy several trophic levels and utilize a variety of food sources. There is evidence for feeding niche separation between and within trophic groups. Lipid biomarkers in animal tissues indicate a mixture of food sources originating from both phytoplankton (C20:5(n-3) and C22:6(n-3)) and invertebrate prey (C20:1 and C22:1). Biomarkers originating from phytodetritus are conserved through trophic transfer to the predator/scavengers. Six species (Pontocaris sp., Solenocera sp., Actinoscyphia sp., Echinoptilum sp., Amphiura sp. and Hyalinoecia sp.) showed a significant biochemical response to the seasonal supply of food and probably adapt their trophic strategy to low food availability. Biotransformation of assimilated lipids by megafauna is evident from polyunsaturated fatty acid distributions, for example, Echinoptilum sp. converts C20:5(n-3) to C24:6(n-3). 相似文献
19.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2003,50(5):631-656
Full-depth conductivity-temperature-depth-oxygen profiler (CTDO2) data at low latitudes in the western North Pacific in winter 1999 were analyzed with water-mass analysis and geostrophic calculations. The result shows that the deep circulation carrying the Lower Circumpolar Water (LCPW) bifurcates into eastern and western branch currents after entering the Central Pacific Basin. LCPW colder than 0.98°C is carried by the eastern branch current, while warmer LCPW is carried mainly by the western branch current. The eastern branch current flows northward in the Central Pacific Basin, supplying water above 0.94°C through narrow gaps into an isolated deep valley in the Melanesian Basin, and then passes the Mid-Pacific Seamounts between 162°10′E and 170°10′E at 18°20′N, not only through the Wake Island Passage but also through the western passages. Except near bottom, dissolved oxygen of LCPW decreases greatly in the northern Central Pacific Basin, probably by mixing with the North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW). The western branch current flows northwestward over the lower Solomon Rise in the Melanesian Basin and proceeds westward between 10°40′N and 12°20′N at 150°E in the East Mariana Basin with volume transport of 4.1 Sv (1 Sv=106 m3 s−1). The current turns north, west of 150°E, and bifurcates around 14°N, south of the Magellan Seamounts, where dissolved oxygen decreases sharply by mixing with NPDW. Half of the current turns east, crosses 150°E at 14–15°N, and proceeds northward primarily between 152°E and 156°E at 18°20′N toward the Northwest Pacific Basin (2.1 Sv). The other half flows northward west of 150°E and passes 18°20′N just east of the Mariana Trench (2.2 Sv). It is reversed by a block of topography, proceeds southward along the Mariana Trench, then detours around the south end of the trench, and proceeds eastward along the Caroline Seamounts to the Solomon Rise, partly flowing into the West Mariana and East Caroline Basins. A deep western boundary current at 2000–3000 m depth above LCPW (10.0 Sv) closes to the coast than the deep circulation. The major part of it (8.5 Sv) turns cyclonic around the upper Solomon Rise from the Melanesian Basin and proceeds along the southern boundary of the East Caroline Basin. Nearly half of it proceeds northward in the western East Caroline Basin, joins the current from the east, then passes the northern channel, and mostly enters the West Caroline Basin (4.6 Sv), while another half enters this basin from the southern side (>3.8 Sv). The remaining western boundary current (1.5 Sv) flows over the middle and lower Solomon Rise, proceeds westward, then is divided by the Caroline Seamounts into southern (0.9 Sv) and northern (0.5 Sv) branches. The southern branch current joins that from the south in the East Caroline Basin, as noted above. The northern branch current proceeds along the Caroline Seamounts and enters the West Mariana Basin. 相似文献