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1.
龚琳  李新正 《海洋科学》2016,40(11):52-56
作者记述了两种深海海绵薄管海绵属一种(Chonelasma sp.)和绢网海绵科一种(Farreidae sp.),其中薄管海绵属为新记录属。由于采集时海绵已经死亡,骨针脱离海绵,只具有骨骼形态,缺乏骨针形态,所以两种海绵只能鉴定到属或科。薄管海绵属一种(Chonelasma sp.)隶属于真网海绵科(Euretidae),薄管海绵属(Chonelasma),由"蛟龙号"于2013年7月7日采集于南海3 551 m处。绢网海绵科一种Farreidae sp.隶属于绢网海绵科(Farreidae),由"科学号"于2014年4月18日采集于冲绳海槽1 190 m处。文中描述了两个种的外部形态特征和骨骼形态,丰富了中国六放海绵纲(Hexactinellida)的研究资料。  相似文献   

2.
东海大陆架六放海绵的研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
六放海绵(Hexactinellida)又称三轴海绵(Triaxonida),或玻璃海绵(Hyalospongia)。主要特征是具有由三个互相垂直的轴所形成的六辐骨针。其他骨针的各辐间都以90度角或180度角相连接。骨针硅质,没有钙质或海绵质骨针。 六放海绵是深海动物,只有少数种类分布在大陆架边缘。许多六放海绵具有辐射对称的体制,并具有精致的结构,构成一个很特殊的动物类群。 中国科学院海洋研究所于1975-1976年进行东海大陆架综合调查时。在大陆架外缘,水深131-210米海域,采集到35个标本及若干碎片,共有4种,隶属于两科两属。其中三种,即欧氏偕老同穴,堂皇偕老同穴和饭岛围线海绵,是本水域的新记录。  相似文献   

3.
本研究发现了采集于南海北部湾和琼州海峡的一个海绵新记录种,白银拟族海绵。该种是丛生薄管状,具有很多分叉的树枝状结构,同一根独立的管粗细均匀。标本在酒精中的颜色为淡褐色,出水口处颜色稍浅。海绵坚硬且脆度大,一层大二辐骨针在海绵表面构成致密的骨架结构,有少量骨针的辐会伸出表面。骨针分为三类:大二辐骨针和小二辐骨针;成对辐与无对生辐长度及形态差异非常明显的四种羽状三辐骨针;基辐与顶辐差异不明显且均与三辐骨针的辐相似的四辐骨针,这三种骨针按照固定的方式组合在一起构成骨架结构。水沟系是双沟型。领细胞室没有关节结构。  相似文献   

4.
通过能量色散X荧光衍射仪(EDXRF)对3种南海潮间带海绵:细薄星芒海绵Stelletta tenui(Lindgren)、澳大利亚厚皮海绵Craniella australiensis (Carter)和多皱软海绵Halichondria hugosa (Ridley&Dendy)的元素组成和含量进行了研究,并与两种黄海潮间带海绵进行了比较。结果表明,海绵体内的元素组成受种属差异的影响较大,溴元素的含量可能同一定的活性物质产生相关。另外,不同海绵具有骨针形态的多样性,为深入研究内部合成机制提供了材料。  相似文献   

5.
海绵的幼虫都营浮游生活,成体海绵则都营附着生活。本文仅讨论附着在码头、船舶和浮标等长期置于水下的物体上的;所谓污着性附着生物中的海绵。 我国海域包括热带、亚热带和温带,附着生物中的海绵种类很多。本文所用材料仅采自青岛、厦门、东山、香港、雷州、榆林、涠洲岛、白龙尾和西沙群岛,除作者采集的以外,还有国家海洋局第三海洋研究所委托鉴定的标本。许多标本严重损伤,有的采集不完整或仅有几个碎片,给鉴定工作带来许多困难。经作者整理,已鉴定27种,隶属于钙质海绵和寻常海绵两个纲的13科17属,其中有5个新种,除日本毛壶外,其余21种都是我国海域的首次记录。本文对有关各种作了观察和描述,并对一些相近的属和种作了概要的讨论。  相似文献   

6.
应用能量色散X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)分析了黄海潮间带繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)和肾指海绵(Reniochalina sp.)的无机元素,其中硅是两种海绵中最多的无机元素。繁茂膜海绵较肾指海绵的锌含量高,参照文献数据推测这可能是该属海绵的特性。测定了2种海绵的含水量,有机碳、氮、氢元素和氯基酸在海绵干质量中的比例。分析了繁茂膜海绵在2002年8月到11月中主要无机元素的变化,发现繁茂膜海绵中的硅含量在降低。繁茂膜海绵的氨基酸总量远高于肾指海绵,2种海绵中含量较高的氨基酸是甘氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸等。元素与氨基酸分析将对海绵细胞培养基开发有帮助。  相似文献   

7.
海绵共附生微生物基因多态性的RAPD-PCR分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用传统分离手段对中国南海海域的细薄星芒海绵(Stelletta tenui(Lindgren,1897)1、皱皮软海绵(Halichondria rugosa(Ridley&Dendy))、澳大利亚厚皮海绵(Craniella australiensis(Carter))、贪婪倔海绵(Dysidea avara(Schmidt))4种海绵体内的微生物进行了分离培养,随机挑选64株芽孢杆菌属细菌(每种海绵16株)进行了RAPD-PCR基因多态性分析。研究表明,一些海绵微生物是可以通过传统分离手段得到的,来自同一或者不同海绵的微生物均具有丰富的基因多态性。  相似文献   

8.
夏光远  王德祥 《海洋学报》2017,39(4):89-100
海绵动物具备很强的愈伤再生能力。荔枝海绵是海绵动物中比较特殊的类群,它有皮质层细胞(cortex)和领细胞层细胞(choanoderm)的初步分化。本文对荔枝海绵的形态结构进行观察,并通过切割的方法,有针对性地移除荔枝海绵的特定结构,观察其愈伤过程,以期了解海绵愈伤过程的主要变化及各部分在愈伤过程中的作用。结果发现,愈伤过程发生的主要变化为未受创部分的细胞向受创部分迁移导致的细胞重新排布;其身体结构中的领细胞层和皮质层对其生存愈伤是必要的,而骨针核心对其愈伤影响较小。  相似文献   

9.
海绵动物中的生物活性物质研究进展   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4  
由于海绵动物分布广泛、容易采集,并能合成出许多化学结构不同的天然产物,因此它已经成为具有生物活性海洋天然产物的主要来源之一。本文主要介绍近年来有关海绵动物中具有生物活性的天然产物研究进展。1 抗肿瘤(细胞毒)物质20世纪50年代,Bergmann及其同事从加勒比海海绵Cryptotebiacrypta中分离出一系列的阿拉伯糖核苷酸,这是潜在的肿瘤抑制剂。这个发现导致了一系列新的阿拉伯糖核苷的合成研究。其中阿糖胞苷(ara-C)在体内具有潜在的抗白血病的活性。阿糖胞苷通过转化成阿拉伯糖胞嘧啶三磷酸,掺入到细胞中DNA,并进一步抑制DNA聚合酶…  相似文献   

10.
用凝胶层析和离子交换层析方法从黄海的繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)中分离得到一种蛋白质D1,相对分子质量为2,3ku,pI为6.6。纯化的蛋白质富含疏水性氨基酸和酸性氨基酸。研究表明蛋白质D1对繁茂膜海绵细胞培养表现出很强的使海绵细胞贴壁且快速粘附成团的作用。凝集实验表明该蛋白对人的A、B、O、AB血,兔和鼠的红细胞没有凝集活性。  相似文献   

11.
为探究热带西太平洋海山生物多样性,2016年利用"发现"号遥控无人潜水器(ROV)对西太平洋马里亚纳海沟附近的M2海山进行了采样调查,其中获得了3个深水金相柳珊瑚样本。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,鉴定其为黑发金相柳珊瑚Metallogorgia melanotrichos(WrightStuder,1889)和长刺金相柳珊瑚Metallogorgia macrospina Kükenthal,1919。这两种金相柳珊瑚均为该区域的新记录种,对其作了详细的形态描述,并依据特征性状对该属所有物种作了分类检索。  相似文献   

12.
近来的研究表明,一些所谓的环球或环极地分布的广布种实际上包含着一些局限性分布的隐存种,物种多样性可能被低估。本文采用形态学和DNA条形码技术相结合的方式,对印度洋和西北太平洋海域的龟螺属(Cavolinia)和小龟螺属(Diacavolinia)的种类进行了分类学研究和物种鉴定。结果表明,线粒体16S rRNA基因数据不支持小龟螺属形态种的划分,分布于西北太平洋的D. grayi、D. vanutrechti、D. pacifica、D. elegans、D. angulosa等多个形态种可能属同一个种,即长吻小龟螺(D. longirostris)。COI基因数据也不支持钩龟螺(C. uncinata)亚种和变形的划分。许多形态特征不能作为种或种下分类单元的区分依据。钩龟螺、球龟螺(C. globulosa)和长吻小龟螺在COI系统树中均形成2个地理支系,其内部可能存在隐存种。西北太平洋海域长吻小龟螺的核基因组中存在线粒体假基因,对DNA条形码分析产生严重干扰。  相似文献   

13.
Ophioleila elegans是一种非常少见的蛇尾。2014年大洋35航次中利用“蛟龙”号载人潜器在西北太平洋麦哲伦海山链的采薇平定海山水深1660m处采集到2株该种标本。该种首次发现于夏威夷海山相似的生境当中,本次采集到的样品是继首次发现之后的再次公开报道。本文中对该种的形态学特征,如腕部骨骼等,进行了更加详细的研究,同时基于COI序列进行系统发育分析。形态和系统发育分析的结果都表明,Ophioleila属与辐蛇尾科更加接近。  相似文献   

14.
海山可以通过与洋流的相互作用改变水体结构,促进悬浮体以及海洋生物的再分配,进而影响海洋生物地球化学过程,促进大洋物质和能量交换。西太平洋有着复杂的环流结构,也是海山分布最多的海区之一。为研究西太平洋海山区的悬浮体分布及其控制机制,2017年夏季在西太平洋卡罗琳M4海山区进行现场调查,利用扫描电镜分析了该海山区悬浮体样品的物质组成及分布,并结合温度、盐度和荧光叶绿素a浓度数据,讨论了海山对悬浮体分布的影响。结果表明,M4海山区的悬浮体由生物碎屑、矿物颗粒和絮凝体等组成。海水的强烈层化阻碍了该海山区下层营养物质的上涌,使上层水体呈现出寡营养的特征,导致大部分站位悬浮体丰度较低;但在海山顶部,潮流和海山地形相互作用在山顶上方形成反气旋环流,不仅促进了深水的营养物质向上扩散,使得荧光叶绿素a浓度升高,同时对平流输送来的以及从深水中上涌的悬浮体起到了滞留作用,使山顶上方的悬浮体丰度远高于离山顶较远的位置。随着水深的增大,温、盐跃层的强度减弱,水体中的营养盐浓度升高,为浮游生物的生长提供了适宜的环境,进而使生物碎屑及絮凝体的丰度升高。北赤道潜流挟带来自西太平洋近岸海区的陆源矿物颗粒到达M4海山区,...  相似文献   

15.
The neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartramii is an economically important species in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The life cycle of O. bartramii is highly susceptible to climatic and oceanic factors. In this study, we have examined the impacts of climate variability and local biophysical environments on the interannual variability of the abundance of the western winter-spring cohort of O. bartramii over the period of 1995–2011. The results showed that the squid had experienced alternant positive and negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO) over the past 17 years during which five El Ni?o and eight La Ni?a events occurred. The catch per unit effort(CPUE) was positively correlated with the PDO index(PDOI) at a one-year time lag. An abnormally warm temperature during the La Ni?a years over the positive PDO phase provided favorable oceanographic conditions for the habitats of O.bartramii, whereas a lower temperature on the fishing ground during the El Ni?o years over the negative PDO phase generally corresponded to a low CPUE. The same correlation was also found between CPUE and Chl a concentration anomaly. A possible explanation was proposed that the CPUE was likely related to the climateinduced variability of the large-scale circulation in the Northwest Pacific Ocean: high squid abundance often occurred in a year with a significant northward meander of the Kuroshio Current. The Kuroshio Current advected the warmer and food-rich waters into the fishing ground, and multiple meso-scale eddies arising from current instability enhanced the food retention on the fishing ground, all of which were favorable for the life stage development of the western squid stocks. Our results help better understand the potential process that the climatic and oceanographic factors affect the abundance of the winter-spring cohort of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.  相似文献   

16.
In the Northwest Pacific Ocean, the squid jigging fisheries from China, Japan and other countries and regions have targeted the west winter-spring cohort of neon flying squid(Ommastrephes bartramii) from August to November since the 1970 s. This squid is a short-lived ecological opportunist with a life-span of about one year,and its population is labile and recruitment variability is driven by the environment or climate change. This variability provides a challenge for ones to forecast the key habitats affected by climate change. The catch data of O. bartramii from Chinese squid jigging fishery and the satellite-derived sea surface temperature(SST) data are used in the Northwest Pacific Ocean from August to November of 1998 to 2004, the SST preferences of O.bartramii corresponding to high values of catch per fishing day(CPUE) are determined and monthly potential habitats are predicted using a histogram analysis of the SST data. The possible changes in the potential habitats of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean are estimated under four climate change scenarios based on the Fourth Assessment Report(AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, i.e., 0.5, 1, 2 and 4°C increases in the SST because of the climate change. The results reveal an obvious poleward shift of the potential habitats of O. bartramii in the Northwest Pacific Ocean.  相似文献   

17.
The widespread mud crab, Scylla serrata, of the Indo‐West Pacific is an excellent model species to demonstrate how the colonization history of a species can be influenced by complex oceanographic conditions. Through the combination of ecological data (fossil records and paleo‐oceanographic conditions) and molecular data (coalescent simulations, network analysis, and nucleotide diversity tests), the phylogeographic history of S. serrata was re‐analyzed. Based on the analysis of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I sequences, two major clades were identified for S. serrata, including a widespread clade (Clade I) with three disjunct geographic clusters (IA, IB and IC) and an endemic Northwest Australian clade (Clade II). Moreover, a significant phylogeographic structure corresponding to four subpopulations was revealed: Northwest Australia, West Indian Ocean, Red Sea‐South China Sea and West Pacific. A colonization history of a Northwest Australia origin for S. serrata followed by westward transmarine dispersal across the Indian Ocean for Clade I and sequential colonization from the West Indian Ocean to Red Sea‐South China Sea and West Pacific was corroborated. The Pleistocene fluctuations of paleo‐oceanographic conditions including surface circulations and physical topography in the Indo‐West Pacific might be responsible for the wide distribution, colonization history and genetic divergence of this species.  相似文献   

18.
Seamounts are vulnerable ecosystems in the deep sea and can be heavily impacted by human activities, such as bottom fishing and deep-sea mining. The species composition and distribution patterns of benthic fauna is key information for the designation of marine protected areas and environmental management plans. Three contracts for cobalt-rich crust exploration have been granted to China, Japan and Korea in the Northwest Pacific Ocean by the International Seabed Authority. However, our knowledge of benthic biodiversity in this area is extremely insufficient. During 2013–2020, eight Chinese Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association (COMRA) cruises were conducted to investigate the benthic assemblages of nine seamounts in this region. In this study, 191 ophiuroids collected from seamounts in the Northwest Pacific were identified into 29 species in 11 families. Ophiacanthidae and Euryalidae were the two most dominant families with 12 and 6 species, respectively. Ophiotomidae and Ophiopyrgidae were represented by two species each, while seven families were represented by only one species. Four species were widely distributed among 4–5 seamounts, and 17 species were found only at a single site. An integrated regional taxonomic dataset of Ophiuroidea was generated and analyzed. A total of 23 and 14 species were obtained from the Magellan Seamount Chain (MSC) and the Marcus-Wake seamounts (MWS), respectively, with 8 species shared between the two seamount groups. The individual-based rarefaction curves did not reach an asymptote, suggesting that the sampling effort was inadequate for either the entire region or each single seamount. Most species distributed in a narrow depth range, and the species composition was different between water depths above and below 2000 m. Our results greatly improve the understanding of megafaunal biodiversity from seamounts in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, and highlight the necessity of further surveys to provide more robust information for environmental protection and management in this region.  相似文献   

19.
中西太平洋海山形态类型与钴结壳资源分布关系   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
通过对中西太平洋海山形态剖面的山体高度、山顶直径、基底直径、山顶直径与基底直径之比、山体坡度、山体高度与基底直径比值六个参数多元统计分析,发现可以根据山体高度与基底直径的比值对海山形态类型进行分类:比值小于0.10的为平顶海山(Ⅰ类),大于0.10的为尖顶海山(Ⅱ类),对于等于0.10的海山需参考平坦度和山体坡度,平坦度大和山体坡度缓的为Ⅰ类,反之为Ⅱ类。西太平洋的麦哲伦海山区、马绍尔群岛基本以平顶海山为主,介于中西太平洋之间的威克—马尔库斯海山区和中太平洋海山区、莱恩群岛平顶海山与尖顶海山共同发育。对各种类型海山上钴结壳分布研究发现,无论是在尖顶海山还是在平顶海山,板状结壳均比较发育,但砾状结壳在平顶海山比在尖顶海山的发育。中太平洋尖顶海山的结壳比平顶海山的发育,但由于山顶面积小,钴结壳资源量不大。仅从平顶海山看,在麦哲伦海山区、威克—马尔库斯海山区板状结壳比中太平洋海山区、马绍尔群岛、莱恩群岛的板状结壳发育,前者的板状结壳平均厚度大于3 cm,后者的板状结壳平均厚度小于3 cm,总体上是西太平洋平顶海山钴结壳比中太平洋平顶海山的发育。两种类型海山各方向上的资源分布明显不同,在平顶海山的西部山坡的资源比东部山坡的丰富,尖顶海山的则刚好相反。  相似文献   

20.
2014年冬季对西太平洋雅浦Y3海山区和从西太平洋暖池区到黑潮源区之间的大洋海域的浮游动物进行了调查研究,分析了海山区和大洋海域大型浮游动物群落的物种组成、丰度和分布,并比较了两个海域大型浮游动物群落的差异,结合温度、盐度和叶绿素a浓度等环境因子数据,分析了海山对大型浮游动物群落的影响。结果表明,Y3海山区和大洋海域的大型浮游动物群落物种组成存在差异,二者的群落相似度系数为68.4%,两个海域的优势种/类群也不尽相同,海山区的优势种/类群是磷虾各期幼体、尖额磷虾和蛮𧊕,而大洋海域的优势种/类群分别是磷虾后期幼体、手磷虾、蛮𧊕、尖额磷虾和莹虾。大型浮游动物群落在海山区的平均丰度和最大丰度都要高于大洋海域,但海山区的生物多样性指数、均匀度指数和生物量占比都低于大洋海域,因而Y3海山对大型浮游动物群落的海山效应不明显。通过相关性分析和主成分分析结果可以看出,海山区的首要影响环境因子是盐度,而大洋海域则是温度;海山区和大洋海域的大型浮游动物丰度分别与200m层盐度和平均温度呈负相关关系,并且在两个调查海域均未发现大型浮游动物的丰度和生物量分布与叶绿素a浓度之间存在显著的相关关系。  相似文献   

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