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Bounding of near-fault ground motion based on radiated seismic energy with a consideration of fault frictional mechanisms 
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下载免费PDF全文 The energy radiated as seismic waves strongly depends on the fault rupture process associated with rupture speed and dynamic frictional mechanisms involved in the fault slip motion.Following McGarr and Fletcher approach,we derived a physics-based relationship of the weighted average fault slip velocity vs apparent stress,rupture speed and static stress drop based on a dynamic circular fault model.The resultant function can be approximately used to bound near-fault ground motion and seismic energy associated with near-fault coseismic deformation.Fault frictional overshoot and undershoot mechanisms governed by a simple slip-weakening constitutive relation are included in our consideration by using dynamic rupture models named as M-and D-models and proposed by Madariaga(1976) and Boatwright.We applied the above function to the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake and the 1999 Jiji(Chi-Chi) earthquake to infer the near-fault ground motion called slip weighted average particle velocity and obtained that such model-dependent prediction of weighted average ground velocities is consistent to the results derived from the near-fault strong motion observations.Moreover,we compared our results with the results by McGarr and Fletcher approach,and we found that the values of the weighted average particle velocities we obtained for these two earthquakes are generally smaller and closer to the values by direct integration of strong motion recordings of the near-fault particle velocity waveform data.In other words,if this result comes to be true,it would be a straightforward way used to constrain the near-fault ground motion or to estimate source parameters such as rupture speed,static and dynamic stress drops. 相似文献
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力学上,地震可以看作在应力场作用下由于断层带介质的突然损伤或软化导致的断层带失稳事件.本文基于这个地震动力学模型,利用一种可以模拟断层大位错的有限元方法,研究了2011年MW9.0东日本大地震(Tohoku-Oki)的动力学破裂过程.比较了无障碍体和具有不同刚度障碍体的断层带模型产生的断层位移、位错和应力降.主要结果表明,障碍体的存在并不明显地改变障碍体区域的初始构造应力场.对有障碍体情形,准静态结果显示断层上盘最大逆冲位移和最大剪切位错分别为51m和58m,均发生在海底表面海沟处,与无障碍体的结果(最大剪切位错约55m)相比差别不大;下盘最大倾向位移(-10m)并不与上盘最大值出现在同一位置,而是在障碍体处.障碍体处剪应力降(约11 MPa)大于周围非障碍体区域.障碍体处正应力降的最大值约为3 MPa.模拟结果似乎不支持海山是导致本次地震异乎寻常大位错的原因,而倾向于断层带剪切刚度在地震过程中极度损伤或软化. 相似文献
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Chihiro Hashimoto Eiichi Fukuyama Mitsuhiro Matsu’ura 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(8):1705-1728
The generation of interplate earthquakes can be regarded as a process of tectonic stress accumulation and release, driven by relative plate motion. We completed a physics-based simulation system for earthquake generation cycles at plate interfaces in the Japan region, where the Pacific plate is descending beneath the North American and Philippine Sea plates, and the Philippine Sea plate is descending beneath the North American and Eurasian plates. The system is composed of a quasi-static tectonic loading model and a dynamic rupture propagation model, developed on a realistic 3-D plate interface model. The driving force of the system is relative plate motion. In the quasi-static tectonic loading model, mechanical interaction at plate interfaces is rationally represented by the increase of tangential displacement discontinuity (fault slip) across them on the basis of dislocation theory for an elastic surface layer overlying Maxwell-type viscoelastic half-space. In the dynamic rupture propagation model, stress changes due to fault slip motion on non-planar plate interfaces are evaluated with the boundary integral equation method. The progress of seismic (dynamic) or aseismic (quasi-static) fault slip on plate interfaces is governed by a slip- and time-dependent fault constitutive law. As an example, we numerically simulated earthquake generation cycles at the source region of the 1968 Tokachi-oki earthquake on the North American-Pacific plate interface. From the numerical simulation, we can see that postseismic stress relaxation in the asthenosphere accelerates stress accumulation in the source region. When the stress state of the source region is close to a critical level, dynamic rupture is rapidly accelerated and develops over the whole source region. When the stress state is much lower than the critical level, the rupture is not accelerated. This means that the stress state realized by interseismic tectonic loading essentially controls the subsequent dynamic rupture process. 相似文献
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大地震破裂大多由横向构造(如阶区、弯曲和分叉)所分割的多个段落组成.2008年5·12汶川地震破裂沿北东走向上穿过了多个横向构造部位,特别在震中北东45 km的位置,小鱼洞断层、北川断层和彭灌断层三者之间呈现复杂的断裂切割相交关系.复杂断层几何结构对破裂的扩展是有抑制还是促进的作用？在相交的断裂段之间是否存在最优的破裂顺序？本文以库仑应力分析为手段,探讨在汶川同震破裂初始30 s内,破裂在多分支断裂中选择扩展路径时的可能应力相互作用.库仑应力分析显示:如果北川断层先发生破裂,其滑动对小鱼洞断层和彭灌断层均产生强烈负应力的抑制作用,而彭灌断层的滑动却反而对小鱼洞断层和北川断层浅部有强烈正应力的促进作用.因此,从准静态应力分析角度,彭灌断层先于北川断层发生破裂的可能性较大,这一破裂顺序与小鱼洞断层参与同震破裂过程的事实相符.此外,小鱼洞断层在链接北川和彭灌断层的同震位移中可能起到桥梁作用,但非静态应力的影响.横向构造在逆冲型地震破裂扩展过程中起到的牵引作用使得逆冲型地震破裂能够比走滑型地震跨越更宽的阶区.横向构造是逆冲断裂带内广泛发育的构成单元,因此在地震危险性分析的最大潜在震级测算中应该考虑其作用. 相似文献
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--The earthquake generation cycle consists of tectonic loading, quasi-static rupture nucleation, dynamic rupture propagation and stop, and subsequent stress redistribution and fault restrengthening. From a macroscopic point of view, the entire process of earthquake generation cycles should be consistently described by a coupled nonlinear system of a slip-response function, a fault constitutive law and a driving force. On the basis of such a general idea, we constructed a realistic 3-D simulation model for earthquake generation cycles at a transcurrent plate boundary by combining the viscoelastic slip-response function derived for a two-layered elastic-viscoelastic structure model, the slip- and time-dependent fault constitutive law that has an inherent mechanism of fault restrengthening, and the steady relative plate motion as a driving force into a single closed system. With this model we numerically simulated the earthquake generation cycles repeated in a seismogenic region on a plate interface, and examined space-time changes in shear stress, slip deficits and fault constitutive properties during one complete cycle in detail. The occurrence of unstable dynamic slip brings about decrease both in fault strength and shear stress to a constant residual level. After the arrest of dynamic slip, the breakdown strength drop j†p of fault is restored rapidly and the process of stress accumulation resumes in the seismogenic region. On the other hand, the restoration of the critical weakening displacement Dc proceeds gradually with time through the interseismic period. The restoration of Dc can be regarded as the macroscopic manifestation of the microscopic recovery process of fractal fault surface structure. Through numerical simulation with a multi-segmented fault model, we examined the effects of viscoelastic fault-to-fault interaction. The effect of transient viscoelastic stress transfer through the asthenosphere is significant as well as the direct effect of elastic stress transfer, and it possibly explains the time lag of the sequential occurrence of large events along a plate boundary. 相似文献
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2015年9月17日6时54分32秒(北京时间)智利中部伊拉佩尔附近(震中31.57°S,71.67°W)发生了一次M_w8.3大地震,在此次地震震中以南约500 km处的马乌莱地区曾于2010年2月27日14时34分11秒发生过一次M_w8.8强震(震中36.12°S,72.90°W),两次地震余震分布区之间有约75 km的地震空区.本文利用远场体波与面波波形,基于有限断层模型,反演了这两次地震的震源破裂过程.结果显示这两次地震均为逆冲型大地震,2015年伊拉佩尔M_w8.3地震的平均滑动角度为107°,平均滑动量为2.43 m,平均破裂速度为1.82 km·s~(-1),标量地震矩为3.28×10~(21)Nm,95%的标量地震矩在104 s内得到了释放.最大滑动量约8 m,位于沿走向75 km,深度8 km处.2010年马乌莱M_w8.8地震的平均滑动角度为109°,平均滑动量为4.95 m,平均破裂速度1.90 km·s~(-1),标量地震矩为1.86×10~(22)Nm,95%的标量地震矩在121 s内得到了释放.最大滑动量约12.5 m,位于沿走向100 km,深度21 km处.2015年伊拉佩尔M_w8.3地震浅部更大的滑动量应该是其引起了较大海啸的一个原因.基于破裂滑动分布,我们计算了这两次地震引起的周边俯冲带上静态库仑应力变化,结果显示两次地震均显著增加了周边俯冲带上的库仑应力,2010年马乌莱地震使得2015.年伊拉佩尔地震震源区附近的库仑应力增加了(0.01~0.15)×10~5Pa,从应力积累的角度看,2010年马乌莱地震有利于2015年伊拉佩尔地震的发生,对后者的发生起到了促进作用. 相似文献
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Abstract The Nojima Fault in Awaji, Hyogo prefecture, Japan, was ruptured during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake ( M JMA = 7.2). Toshima is located close to the fault segment, in which a large dislocation has been observed on the Earth's surface. Ikuha is near the southern end of the buried fault that extends from the surface rupture. Stresses are measured on core samples taken at depths of 310 m, 312 m and 415 m at Toshima and a depth of 351 m at Ikuha. The measured stresses show that both sites are in the field of a strike–slip regime, but compression dominates at Toshima. Defining the relative shear stress as the maximum shear stress divided by the normal stress on the maximum shear plane, the relative shear stress ranges from 0.42 to 0.54 at Toshima and is approximately 0.32 at Ikuha. While the value at Ikuha is moderate, those at Toshima are comparably large to those in areas close to the inferred fault of the 1984 Nagano-ken Seibu earthquake. Value amounts greater than 0.4 suggest that there are areas of large relative shear stress along faults, thus having the potential to generate earthquakes. Provided that the cores are correctly oriented, the largest horizontal stresses at shallow depths are in the direction from N113°E to N139°E at Toshima and N74°E at Ikuha, indicating that the fault does not orient optimally for the stress field at both sites. The slip is known to be predominant in the right-lateral strike–slip component. Although this slip may appear contradictory to the stress field at Toshima, the slip direction is found to be parallel to the measured stresses resolved on the fault plane for the first approximation. The ratio of shear stress to normal stress on the fault plane is roughly estimated to be greater than zero and smaller than 0.3 near Toshima. 相似文献
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基于2015年尼泊尔地震序列的破裂模型及均匀弹性半空间模型,计算了该地震序列传递到中国西藏境内发生在定日县地震和聂拉木县地震的应力.2015年尼泊尔地震序列导致定日县地震和聂拉木地震节面和滑动方向的库仑应力增加(2~3)×103 Pa和(2.4~3.1)×105 Pa,表明这两个地震受到尼泊尔地震序列的触发.其次,我们计算了2015年尼泊尔地震序列在中国大陆及其附近主要活动断层上产生的库仑应力变化.喜马拉雅主山前逆冲断裂和青藏高原内部的拉张正断层上的库仑应力有较大的增加,而青藏高原的走滑断裂,如阿尔金断裂、东昆仑断裂、玉树玛曲断裂、班公错断裂西部、嘉黎断裂的库仑应力有较大的降低.天山南北两侧的断裂库仑应力降低.而华北及东北、华南地区的库仑应力变化几乎可以忽略不计.最后,计算了该地震序列造成的水平应力变化.水平面应力在2015年尼泊尔地震序列北向(青藏高原大部和新疆区域)增加(拉张),而在地震序列东侧的西藏南部和川滇地区南部降低(压缩),在华北和东北仅有少许增加,在华南地区有少许降低.在中国西部,主压应力表现为以2015年地震序列为圆心的向外辐射状,而主张应力方向与同心圆切线方向大体一致.水平主压应力方向在东北地区为北东向,在华北地区为北东东向,在华南地区为南东东向.这种模式与现今构造应力场方向相似,表现了2015尼泊尔地震序列所代表的印度板块和欧亚板块的碰撞是中国大陆构造变形的主要动力来源. 相似文献
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基于有限断层模型反演方法,我们利用区域宽频带数据反演得到了2014年8月3日鲁甸MS6.5级地震的震源破裂过程.反演结果显示：此次地震的发震断层走向为北北西向,破裂主要以左旋走滑为主,位移主要发生在震源左上方,最大滑动量为0.7 m,模型显示断层破裂可能接近地表,破裂长度约10 km.此次地震释放的标量地震矩为1.97×1018 N·m,相当于矩震级为Mw 6.1,地震能量主要在前15 s释放.鲁甸地震有四个显著的特点：（1）位移主要集中在浅部,从11 km起破点开始迅速向上传播,大部分位于10 km以上且最大位移位于深度3 km处,从模型来看,破裂可能接近地表,因此地表震动较为强烈;（2）应力降比较大,计算显示释放的同震静态应力降约为2.8 MPa;（3）破裂速度较快,在地表附近超过了2.5 km·s-1;（4）主震可能发生在一个共轭断层系上.这四个特点可能是导致此次地震造成如此重大人员伤亡和财产损失的最重要的原因. 相似文献
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Focal mechanism and dynamic rupture process of the Wenchaun M
s8.0 earthquake in Sichuan province on 12 May 2008 were obtained by inverting long period seismic data from the Global Seismic
Network (GSN), and characteristics of the co-seismic displacement field near the fault were quantitatively analyzed based
on the inverted results to investigate the mechanism causing disaster. A finite fault model with given focal mechanism and
vertical components of the long period P-waves from 21 stations with evenly azimuthal coverage were adopted in the inversion.
From the inverted results as well as aftershock distribution, the causative fault of the great Wenchuan earthquake was confirmed
to be a fault of strike 225°/dip 39°/rake 120°, indicating that the earthquake was mainly a thrust event with right-lateral
strike-slip component. The released scalar seismic moment was estimated to be about 9.4×1020-2.0×1021 Nm, yielding moment magnitude of M
w7.9–8.1. The great Wenchuan earthquake occurred on a fault more than 300 km long, and had a complicated rupture process of
about 90 s duration time. The slip distribution was highly inhomogeneous with the average slip of about 2.4 m. Four slip-patches
broke the ground surface. Two of them were underneath the regions of Wenchuan-Yingxiu and Beichuan, respectively, with the
first being around the hypocenter (rupture initiation point), where the largest slip was about 7.3 m, and the second being
underneath Beichuan and extending to Pingwu, where the largest slip was about 5.6 m. The other two slip-patches had smaller
sizes, one having the maximum slip of 1.8 m and lying underneath the north of Kangding, and the other having the maximum slip
of 0.7 m and lying underneath the northeast of Qingchuan. Average and maximum stress drops over the whole fault plane were
estimated to be 18 MPa and 53 MPa, respectively. In addition, the co-seismic displacement field near the fault was analyzed.
The results indicate that the features of the co-seismic displacement field were coincident with those of the intensity distribution
in the meizoseismal area, implying that the large-scale, large-amplitude and surface-broken thrust dislocation should be responsible
for the serious disaster in the near fault area.
Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418404-4) and the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (Grant Nos. 40574025 and 40874026) 相似文献
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Introduction Comparing with the analog observation, the digital seismic observation is an advanced monitoring technique in the world, which has good points of wide band, large dynamic range, high observation precision and easy and fast analyses and processes. The Kunming Digital Seismic Network started routine observation in 1999 and now is composed of 23 digital stations all over the Yunnan Province. One of the important problems for the study of digital seismology is to de-termine the stru… 相似文献
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Abstract The 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan ( M w = 7.6) produced a surface rupture along the north–south-striking Chelungpu thrust fault with pure dip-slip (east side up) and left lateral strike-slip displacements. Near-field strong-motion data for the northern part of the fault illustrate a distinct lack of the high-frequency seismic radiation associated with a large slip (10–15 m) and a rapid slip velocity (2–4 m/s), suggesting a smooth seismic slip associated with low dynamic frictional resistance on the fault. A drillhole was constructed at shallow depths in the possible fault zones of the northern part of the Chelungpu Fault, which may have slipped during the 1999 earthquake. One of the zones consists of a 20-cm-thick, unconsolidated fault breccia with a chaotic texture lacking both discrete slip surfaces (e.g. Riedel shears) and grain crushing. Other possible fault zones are marked by the narrow (less than a few centimeters) gouge zone in which clayey material intrudes into the damaged zone outside of the gouge zone. These characteristic fault rock textures suggest that the slip mechanisms at shallow levels during the earthquake involved either granular flow of initially unconsolidated material or slip localization under elevated pore pressure along the narrow clayey gouge zone. Because both mechanisms lead to low dynamic frictional resistance on the fault, the rapid seismic slip in the deep portions of the fault (i.e. the source region of strong-motion radiation) could have been accommodated by frictionless slip on the shallow portions of the fault. The combination of strong-motion data and fault rock analysis suggests that smooth slip associated with low dynamic friction occurred on both the deep and shallow portions of the fault, resulting in a large slip between the source region and the surface in the northern region. 相似文献
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2013年4月20日在四川芦山发生了M S7.0地震,震源运动学反演结果给出了此次地震的破裂过程和同震滑动分布.为了更好地理解造成芦山地震破裂过程的力学原因,本文综合野外地质调查、余震定位、深地震反射剖面等结果,构建芦山地震铲型断层模型,以震源运动学反演结果为约束,将震源参数与震源附近的构造应力场结合,建立断层面上滑动量和牵引力的时空分布关系,通过试错法给定震源动力学计算参数模拟芦山地震破裂传播的可能情况,进而分析讨论不同动力学计算参数对芦山地震破裂过程和同震滑动分布的影响.结果显示,初始应力是决定断层是否发生错动的关键;临界滑动弱化位移D c对破裂滑动速率有着很大的影响;成核区半径和初始应力主要影响破裂成核的快慢;局部不均匀破裂强度主要影响破裂行为和断层最终滑动量分布.利用边界积分方程法可以有效计算芦山地震铲型断层模型的动力学破裂过程,再现此次地震的主要特征.通过探究动力学参数对破裂过程影响,可解释运动学反演结果所揭示的破裂特征的力学原因,对于深入了解地震震源过程的物理本质和预测未来可能发生的地震的主要特征有着重要的参考意义. 相似文献
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-- We have simulated a rupture transition from quasi-static growth to dynamic propagation using the boundary integral equation method. In order to make a physically reasonable model of earthquake cycle, we have to evaluate the dynamic rupture propagation in the context of quasi-static simulation. We used a snapshot of the stress distribution just before the earthquake in the quasi-static simulation. The resultant stress will be fed back to the quasi-static simulation. Since the quasi-static simulation used the slip-and time-dependent constitutive relation, the friction law itself evolves with time. Thus, we used the slip-weakening constitutive relation for dynamic rupture propagation consistent with that used for the quasi-static simulation. We modeled a San Andreas type strike-slip fault, in which two different size asperities existed. 相似文献
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邢台强震区的深部构造对强震孕育影响的三维数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了研究地壳结构特征与强震孕育的关系,运用三维有限单元法,计算了邢台地震区壳内应力场的扰动状态。结果表明:地壳内深、浅断裂的存在,造成沿直立断层带的应力相对集中和不同部位的变化。在其上部出现平均应力和水平剪应力的增加,中下部出现平均应力的减小和水平剪应力的增加。前者有利于弹性位能的高度集中和主破裂的发生,后者有利于主破裂前蠕滑的发生。地壳内高速体、低速体、深断裂、莫霍面隆起是孕育强震的主要构造因素,但影响程度,范围、形式不同,高速块体是应力增强的体;直立断层带上及其邻近应力集中程度最高,应力变化梯度最大,是产生震前预滑及主余震发生的有利部位;莫霍面隆起加剧高速体内的应力增强,加大断层带上的应力变化梯度而有利于地震的孕育和发生。 相似文献
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利用P、SH、SV波的初动及振幅比获得2001年4月至2012年8月山东及附近区域132次地震震源机制解,对该区域地震断层的错动性质及地壳应力场特征进行分析.结果表明,山东及附近区域地震断层错动的基本方向为北东向和北西向,错动方式以走向滑动为主,部分为斜向滑动.分区研究表明：聊考断裂带附近区域所受挤压作用相对较强,逆断型地震破裂较多;胶东半岛及北侧海域所受拉张作用略占优势,逆断型地震破裂较少;沂沭断裂带南部附近区域逆断型与正断型的地震破裂所占比例差别不大. 相似文献
20.
Kelin Wang 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,145(3-4):537-559
Because of the viscoelastic behaviour of the earth, accumulation of elastic strain energy by tectonic loading and release of such energy by earthquake fault slips at subduction zones may take place on different spatial scales. If the lithospheric plate is acted upon by distant tectonic forces, strain accumulation must occur in a broad region. However, an earthquake releases strain only in a region comparable to the size of the rupture area. A two-dimensional finite-element model of a subduction zone with viscoelastic rheology has been used to investigate the coupling of tectonic loading and earthquake fault slips. A fault lock-and-unlock technique is employed so that the amount of fault slip in an earthquake is not prescribed, but determined by the accumulated stress. The amount of earthquake fault slip as a fraction of the total relative plate motion depends on the relative sizes of the earthquake rupture area and the region of tectonic strain accumulation, as well as the rheology of the rock material. The larger the region of strain accumulation is compared to the earthquake rupture, the smaller is the earthquake fault slip. The reason for the limited earthquake fault slip is that the elastic shear stress in the asthenosphere induced by the earthquake resists the elastic rebound of the overlying plate. Since rapid permanent plate shortening is not observed at subduction zones, there must be either strain release over a large region or strain accumulation over a small region over earthquake cycles. The former can be achieved only by significant aseismic fault slip between large subduction earthquakes. The most likely mechanism for the latter is the accumulation of elastic strain around isolated locked asperities of the fault, which requires significant aseismic fault slip between asperities. 相似文献