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1.
Multidimensional statistical analysis was used to study the polychaete distribution in soft-bottoms of two coastal areas of the Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy), which are influenced by the discharges of the rivers Tiber and Ombrone. In both areas the distributional patterns of these organisms are determined mainly by sediment types and related factors such as hydrodynamics, river input, and sedimentation. The grain-size gradient from the coast to the open sea affects not only species composition, but also species richness, diversity and abundance.In both areas three main communities have been identified: a sandy biocoenosis, a mixed-sediment biocoenosis and a muddy biocoenosis. The sandy coastal community is characterized by only a few species, while the intermediate zone of sandy-mud sediments presents the highest species richness and diversity. At the mouth of the River Tiber the influence of the river is more evident than at the mouth of the River Ombrone. This is due to the Tiber's greater river flow, which determines an environmental uniformity and a ‘cenotic continuum’ from sandy to muddy communities. This does not occur at the mouth of the Ombrone, where the river flow is less important and the polychaete communities are better defined.  相似文献   

2.
The transport pathways of fine sediments (fraction <2 μm) along the Brazilian continental shelf from Ceará to the Amazon River mouth were studied by means of clay mineral analyses. On the continental shelf southeast of the Amazon mouth, fluctuations in clay mineral compositions reflect simple mixing between the suspended load of the North Brazil Current and sediment from several smaller rivers. Previously, clay mineral variations west of the Amazon mouth have been explained by variable settling velocities of different grain-size classes within the <2 μm fraction or by selective coagulation of individual clay mineral groups. By contrast, our experiments with river bank samples show that selective coagulation does not occur in Amazon River sediments. A more appropriate explanation for observed variations in clay mineral composition off the Amazon mouth seems to be, similarly to that for the shelf between Ceará and the Amazon mouth, a mixing of Amazon sediments with suspended material of the North Brazil Current. This interpretation is supported by data on clay mineral composition east and south of the Amazon mouth, showing more affinity to sediments of the North Brazil Current than to the suspended load of the Amazon River. Additionally, relatively low sedimentation rates and low concentrations of fine-grained sediments on the shelf suggest that high riverine input by the Amazon River does not overprint the sediments of the North Brazil Current in this region. The strong North Brazil Current shunts the Amazon suspended load in a north-westerly direction along the north-eastern coast of South America. Hence, stronger sedimentation of Amazon sediments would occur only west of the river mouth.  相似文献   

3.
黄河自1855年夺大清河道入渤海的140多年来，除1938年以前部分时段在河口段以上改道使现三角洲河竭和1938～1947年花园口人为决口夺淮入海外，其余100多年均在现三角洲上行河入海。由于黄河每年都携带巨量泥沙进入河口地区，并且在三角洲面上决口、分汊、改道频繁，使三角洲演变剧烈，海岸变化复杂。黄河输往河口地区的泥沙除一部分淤积在河口附近河道外，其余部分进入河口滨海区，其中大部分快速落淤在河口附近的近岸海域．还有一部分被海洋动力输往较远的海域。因此．黄河三角洲海岸演变与河口流路的变化和入海水沙的变化关系密切。  相似文献   

4.
The mouth area of the Severnaya Dvina River is characterized by a high level of methane in the water (from 1.0 to 165.4 μl/l) and in the bottom sediments (from 14 to 65000 μl/kg), being quite comparable to the productive mouth areas of the rivers in the temperate zone. The maximum methane concentrations in the water and sediments were registered in the delta in the segments of channels and branches with low rates of tidal and runoff currents to which domestic and industrial wastewaters are supplied. In the riverine and marine water mixing zone with its upper boundary situated far into the delta and displaced depending on the phase of the tidal cycle, a decrease of the methane amount with the salinity increase was observed. The prevailing role in the formation of the methane content level in the water of the mouth area pertains to the bottom sediments, which is testified to by the close correlation between the gas concentrations in these two media. The existence of periodicity in the variations of the methane content level in the water of the river downstream caused by the tidal effects was found.  相似文献   

5.
The grain-size and mineral composition of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) of the Severnaya Dvina River mouth is studied, as well as the content of several lithogenic elements in the SPM during the spring flood in May 2004. The data published on the composition of the riverine SPM in the White Sea basin are very poor. The spring flood period when more than half of the annual runoff is supplied from the river to the sea in a short time is understood more poorly. The report considers the comparison results for the grain-size compositions of the SPM and the bottom sediments. The data of laser and hydraulic techniques of the grain-size analysis are compared. The short-period variations of the SPM concentration and composition representing two diurnal peaks of the tide level are studied. It is found that the SPM is mainly transferred during the spring flood as mineral aggregates up to 40 μm diameter. The sandysilty fraction of the riverine SPM settles in the delta branches and channels, and the bulk of the fine pelitic matter is supplied to the sea. The mineral and chemical composition of the Severnaya Dvina River SPM is determined by the supply of substances from the drainage basin. This substance is subjected to intense mechanic separation during the transfer to the sea. The key regularities of the formation of the mineral composition of the SPM during the flood time are revealed. The effect of the grain-size composition of the SPM on the distribution of the minerals and elements studied in the dynamic system of the river mouth are characterized.  相似文献   

6.
The distribution of dissolved (soluble and total) and particulate (leachable and total) aluminum was examined in the Columbia River and estuary, in near-field and far-field river plumes, and in adjacent coastal waters of Washington and Oregon during the River Influence on Shelf Ecosystems (RISE) cruise of May/June 2006. Dissolved and particulate aluminum (Al) concentrations were significantly greater in the river than in the coastal waters that mixed to form the plume. Dissolved Al concentrations in the Columbia River (∼80 nM) were low relative to other major rivers. Leachable and total particulate Al concentrations within the river reached concentrations greater than 1000 nM and 18,000 nM, respectively. Dissolved Al within the Columbia River estuary showed a significant removal (∼60%) at salinities between 0 and 10 with salt-induced flocculation of colloidal Al complexes and enhanced particle scavenging being probable explanations for aluminum removal. Dissolved and particulate Al concentrations were significantly greater in near-field plumes relative to surrounding coastal waters. As the plume advected from near-field to far-field away from the river mouth, dilution of the plume with lower dissolved Al surface waters as well as particle scavenging along the flow path appeared to be controlling dissolved Al distributions. Particle settling as well as dilution with lower particle-load waters led to observed decreases in particulate Al as the plume moved from near-field to far-field. However, the percent-leachable particulate aluminum in both near-field and far-field plumes was remarkably constant at ∼7%. Dissolved and particulate Al in a far-field plume over 100 km southwest of the Columbia River mouth were over an order-of-magnitude greater than surrounding waters, illustrating the importance of the Columbia River plume as a mechanism for transporting Al offshore. Aluminum could be used to trace the input of biologically-required elements such as iron into waters off the shelf.  相似文献   

7.
Behaviour of dissolved and particulate proteinaceous substances in the estuary of the Tama River was investigated through field observations and laboratory experiments. Concentrations of dissolved proteinaceous substances in estuarine water were determined at eight stations between the mouth of the Tama River (TA-15) and a point 16km upstream (TA-8), using the colorimetric method of Lowryet al. (1951) that employs Folin phenol reagent. The results were expressed in terms of Folin phenol active substances (FPAS). It was found that FPAS decreased with increasing salinity and that the proportion of high molecular weight FPAS (molecular weight greater than 100,000) decreased rapidly in the estuary.The shapes, sizes and numbers of amorphous particulate substances stained by Amido Black 10B, called Amido Black active substances (ABAS), were determined under a microscope. The numbers of ABAS retained on Millipore HA filters (mean diameter: 10–80µm) amounted to 450ml–1 in the estuarine water about 6km from the mouth of the estuary (Station TA-12M). Some of these aggregates are considered to be producedin situ by flocculation of high molecular weight FPAS during estuarine mixing. ABAS were also produced in experiments by mixing filtered river water with sea water.  相似文献   

8.
The study of the rare-earth element (REE) systematics in the modern bottom sediments of the White Sea and the lower reaches of the Severnaya Dvina River showed that they were derived by the simple mixing of the detrital material from two geochemically contrasting provenances: the Kola-Karelian geoblock almost completely consisting of Archean rocks and the northwestern Mezen syneclise made up of the Upper Vendian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic rocks. This is best manifested by the changes in ?Nd(0). In terms of the GdN/YbN and Eu/Eu*, most of the studied samples are comparable with the Post-Archean craton complexes, some of which resemble the average composition of the Archean mudstone. Based on the ΣREE and LaN/YbN, the modern bottom sediments are subdivided into two groups: (1) those close to basalts and granites and (2) those approximating common sedimentary rocks. From the lower reaches of the Pinega River to the Tersky coast, the maximal average (La/Yb)RPSC, (Gd/Yb)RPSC, LaN/YbN, and GdN/YbN ratios were determined in the samples taken at the boundary of Dvina Bay with the Basin, i.e., in the sediments with the highest content of the pelitic component. In general, the geochemical composition of the modern bottom sediments of almost the entire White Sea area was defined by input of the eroded products of the mature continental crust with the Severnaya Dvina River, the main river of the region. Such a setting, when the formation of the sediments in a peri- or intracontinental marine basin is controlled by one large river system, presumably may be propagated to the sedimentation in the Laptev Sea, the eastern Kara Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and other basins.  相似文献   

9.
Physico-chemical properties in the brine and under-ice water were measured in Saroma-ko Lagoon on the northeastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, which is connected to the Sea of Okhotsk, during the period from mid-February through mid-March 2006. The brine within brine channels of the sea ice was collected with a new sampling method examined in this study. Salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients and oxygen isotopic ratio (δ18O) contained in the brine within brine channels of the sea ice and in the under-ice water varied largely in both time and space during the ice melt period, when discharge from Saromabetsu River located on the southeast of the lagoon increased markedly due to the onset of snow melting. The under-ice plume expands as far as 4.5 km from the river mouth at mid-March 2006, transporting chemical components supplied from the river into the lagoon. The under-ice river water was likely transported into the sea ice through well-developed brine channels in the sea ice due to upward flushing of water through brine channels occurred by loading of snowfalls deposited over the sea ice. These results suggest that the river water plume plays an important role in supplying chemical components into the sea ice, which may be a key process influencing the biogeochemical cycle in the seasonally ice-covered Saroma-ko Lagoon.  相似文献   

10.
The biogeochemical behavior of the group of heavy metals and metalloids in the water (including their dissolved and suspended particulate forms), bottom sediments, and zoobenthos was studied in the Ob River estuary-Kara Sea section on the basis of the data obtained during cruise 54 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in September–October 2007. The changes in the ratios of the dissolved and suspended particulate forms of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, and As were shown, as well as the growth of the fraction of adsorbed forms in the near-bottom suspended particulate matter under the mixing of the riverine and marine waters. The features of the metals’ accumulation in the typical benthic organisms of the Ob River estuary and the Kara Sea were revealed, and their concentrating factors were calculated based on the specific conditions of the environment. It was shown that the shells of the bivalves possessing a higher biomass compared to the other groups of organisms in the Ob River estuary play an important role in the deposition of heavy metals. The mollusks of the Ob River estuary accumulate Cd and Pb at the background level, whereas the Cu and Zn contents appear to be over the background level.  相似文献   

11.
传统的观点认为，河水流入大海是一种浪费。为了充分利用河水资源，在大河干流筑坝引水、发电，据美国学者Milliman(1997)统计，1950年世界上大坝的数量约为5000座，20世纪80年代疾增到40000多座。大量淡水被贮存或用在陆地，入海径流便大幅度减少，导致大河河口及其邻近海域生态环境发生重大变化，海洋生物资源遭受到重大损失。加利福尼亚湾内科罗拉多河河口三角洲及其滨海区原为美国西南部最大的沙漠湿地，湿地资源极为丰富，海湾区曾是世界上鱼类最多、捕鱼量最高的海区之一，具有海洋生物资源非常丰富的良好生态环境。然而，由于科罗拉多河多道筑坝截流、入海径流量锐减，导致部分湿地干枯、生态环境退化、水质下降，海湾内捕鱼量急剧减少，许多依赖河流冲淡水发育的生物之生存发育面临毁灭的威胁；密西西比河三角洲区的湿地、潟湖区也因该河干流上大坝的不断兴建而导致生态环境退化；埃及阿斯旺大坝兴建后，由于入海水、沙等物质通量的大幅度减少，使地中海东部海区的沙丁鱼产量下降了近83%，海岸遭受强烈侵蚀，三角洲面积不断缩小。20世纪70年代初期，印度的恒河兴建法拉卡大坝，河口三角洲西岸陆域出现了明显的海水倒灌现象，同时引起了印、孟两国20多年的分水之争。  相似文献   

12.
Estuaries are elementary geochemical fronts where river water and seawater mix. Within this mixing zone, iron and other non-conservative elements can undergo complex reactions to form new solid phases. In order to understand authigenic iron oxide formation in the Yangtze River Estuary, two onsite water-mixing sets of experiments were conducted, one by mixing variable amounts of unfiltered Yangtze River water with filtered East China Sea water of different salinity (set 1), the other by mixing variable amounts of filtered Yangtze River water with filtered East China Sea water of different salinity (set 2). In set 2, the minerals newly formed in the course of mixing were investigated by means of a scanning electron microscope fitted with an energy-dispersive X-ray analytical system. It was found that ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite were formed in these mixing experiments, coexisting in nearly equal amounts. These iron oxides appear as aggregated particles with a large grain-size range of several microns to more than 100 μm. The electrolytic properties of seawater played an important role in the formation of these authigenic iron oxides. Kaolinite and organic aggregates were also found in the experimentally mixed pre-filtered waters. Amounts of newly formed suspended matter (set 2) were one to three orders of magnitude lower than those of total suspended matter (TSM) (set 1). This implies that newly formed minerals represent only a very small proportion of TSM in the estuarine mixing zone of the Yangtze River.  相似文献   

13.
Sedimentation processes of suspended matter supplied from the Huanghe (Yellow River) and the Changjiang are investigated with the use of a three-dimensional numerical model of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea which includes the tidal current, residual flow and wind waves. Suspended matter supplied from the Huanghe mainly deposits in the Bohai Sea and that from the old river mouth of the Huanghe and from the Changjiang in the central part of the Yellow Sea or south of Cheju Island. The calculated results well reproduce the observed sedimentation pattern qualitatively except for the offshore area of the southeastern coast of China.  相似文献   

14.
The radioelement and heavy mineral distribution in river, beach and innershelf areas of the southern Kerala coast is related to placer mineral concentration on the beaches at Chavara. Southern Kerala rivers—Neyyar, Karamana and Vamanapuram—transport higher amounts of radioactive elements than the larger Kallada River due to higher radioactive minerals in the hinterland rocks. Coastal configurations and the seasonal longshore current pattern seems to control along-shore distribution of minerals. The proposed model for placer concentration suggests that the energy difference and seasonal current direction along this coast is important.  相似文献   

15.
晚更新世末至公元前7世纪的黄河流向和黄河三角洲   总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14  
大约距今9600～8500a黄河在苏北北部入黄海.黄河口与其南侧的长江口相距100多千米.两条大河巨大数量的入海泥砂形成了黄河-长江复合三角洲.根据南黄海西部全新世海相沉积物厚度变化、苏北响水县陈家巷QCA孔沉积序列、阜宁以南、泰州以北里下河洼地早全新世沉积序列及苏北沿岸砂脊的物质组成判断,距今8500a左右黄河向北流注入渤海,距今8500～7000 a海面上升过程中没有形成黄河水下三角洲,距今7 000 a黄河三角洲又开始形成.  相似文献   

16.
In this study, the grain-size and clay-mineral compositions of 73 surface sediment samples collected in a variety of environmental settings in the White Sea are presented to characterize recent sedimentation processes, reconstruct transport pathways, and identify potential source areas of the terrigenous components. Areas >100 m deep are invariably characterized by silty clay, whereas areas <100 m deep exhibit more heterogeneous grain-size compositions plausibly explained by coastal erosion and (re-)distribution mechanisms, particularly tidal currents. The dominance of sand in the estuarine areas of the Onega and Dvina rivers as well as toward the Gorlo Strait connecting the White Sea with the Barents Sea is attributed to increased current speeds. Illite and smectite are the dominant clay minerals in recent sediments of the southwestern and eastern White Sea sectors, respectively. Their distribution patterns largely depend on the geology of the source areas, and mirror surface circulation patterns, especially in Dvina Bay. Smectite is a key clay mineral in White Sea surface sediments, as it reveals the dominating influence of the Northern Dvina’s runoff on sedimentation and water circulation throughout the basin. In comparison to other Eurasian shelf seas, the White Sea is characterized by a greater diversity of clay-mineral assemblages, which range from illite- to smectite-dominated sectors containing variable amounts of chlorite and kaolinite.  相似文献   

17.
Organic matter in a tropical mangrove ecosystem was characterized by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyze, conducted on various organic samples, including land and mangrove plants, soils, particulate organic matter (POM), and sea and river sediments along the southwestern coast of Thailand. The δ13C values of land plants and POM in river water can be explained in terms of a greater influence of C3 plants than C4 plants in this area. The POM and sediments from the Trang River and Ko Talibong area showed systematically higher δ15N values than those from Ko Muk and other coastal areas. Organic matter in the Trang River might be influenced by nitrogen released from agricultural or human waste, which could affect the isotopic composition of POM and sediments in the Trang River estuary and along the coast near the river mouth. We used a stochastic method to estimate the contributions of four organic end-members, identifiable by their δ13C and δ15N values. The results implied that seagrasses were a major source of sedimentary organic matter, contributing 42 ± 5% in the Ko Muk area and 36 ± 5% in the Ko Talibong area. The contribution of coastal POM to sediments was estimated to be only 13% in Ko Muk and 19% in Ko Talibong. Mangrove plants contributed approximately 23% in both areas. It was concluded that seagrasses are an important source of sedimentary organic matter in this coastal region of southwestern Thailand. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

18.
S. A. Lapin 《Oceanology》2011,51(6):925-934
The assessment of the hydrological regime under the high- and low-water conditions in the Ob’ Inlet was based on the results of two comprehensive surveys performed by the VNIRO and IO RAS in the summer and autumn of 2010. The summer hydrological regime, which is associated with the peak of the biological activity, was compared with the late autumn one, which was closely followed by the freeze up. Special attention was paid to the assessment of the interseasonal variability of the hydrological state and the processes that continued in the area of the mixing of the riverine waters (the outflux from the Ob’ Inlet) and the water of the Kara Sea. We followed the transition of the hydrologic front from the summer stratification (high waters) into the autumn distortion driven by the intensive mixing of the waters under a sharp decrease in the river discharge.  相似文献   

19.
The concentrations of rare earth elements in the dissolved, acid-soluble and residual phases in surface waters of the Changjiang Estuary were determined using ICP-MS. The main purposes of the study are to understand the estuarine geochemistry of rare earth elements and to explore water-particle interactions in the Changjiang estuarine mixing zone. The results show that there are two distinct processes operating on dissolved rare earth elements in the estuary: large scale removal at low salinities due to salt-induced coagulation and remarkable release at mid to high salinities. These processes result in modification of the effective river water flux and the systematical fractionation of the dissolved rare earth elements toward the East China Sea. The increase in concentration of dissolved rare earth elements in the mid to high salinity waters of the Changjiang Estuary suggests a sediment source in the mixing zone of the estuary, which is located over a shallow, broad shelf where there is extensive physical contact between bottom sediment and estuarine waters. Acid-soluble rare earth elements, the concentrations of which also dropped sharply in the low salinity region, appear to be controlled by salt-induced coagulation process and intense deposition of suspended particulate matter in the low salinity region. In the mid to high salinities, all acid-soluble rare earth element concentrations increase slightly with increasing salinity, suggesting that resuspension of sediments occurred. In contrast, the residual rare earth element concentrations are relatively constant with salinity variation in the Changjiang estuarine surface waters.  相似文献   

20.
Freshwater concentrations confirm the pristine character of the Lena River environment as already pointed-out in a previous study with a limited set of data (Martin et al., 1993). Total dissolved concentrations of the freshwater are 13.8 ± 1.6 nM, Cu, 4.4 ± 0.1 nM, Ni, 0.054 ± 0.047 nM, Cd, 642 ± 208 nM, Fe, 0.2–0.3 nM Pb and 1.2 ± 1.0 nM, Zn. For Zn and Pb, a simple mixing of the Lena River waters with the Arctic waters is observed. Relationships with salinity suggest that for Cu, Ni and Cd, there is a mobilization of the dissolved fraction from the suspended matter, with an increase of the dissolved concentration of 1.5, 3 and 6 times, respectively. For Fe, the total dissolved concentrations follow an exponential decrease in the mixing zone and 80% of the total “dissolved” Fe is removed from the solution. For Cu, Ni, Cd and Fe, the riverine end-members are 20 nM, 12 nM, 0.3 nM and 47 nM, respectively. When considering the input of total dissolved metals to the Arctic Ocean, the fraction attributed to the freshwaters from the Arctic rivers appears to be small (4% of the input of dissolved metal to the Arctic Ocean for Cd, 27% for Cu, 11 % for Ni and 2% for Zn). Metal concentrations in the Laptev Sea and Arctic Ocean are very similar, indicating a generally homogeneous distribution in the areas sampled.  相似文献   

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