共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
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利用室内外实验和数学模型对波浪和湖流共同作用下太湖水体悬浮物输运过程进行了研究.结果表明:当太湖日平均风速在2~8m/s时,水体悬浮物再悬浮通量与平均风速符合正相关关系;太湖悬浮物沉降属于絮凝沉降.悬浮物浓度较低时,其沉降速率与浓度无明显的相关关系;而浓度较高时,沉降速率随浓度升高而增大.悬浮物浓度和沉降速率符合Logistic函数;将太湖湖流模型和波浪模型耦合,有效地反映了太湖的水动力过程;在太湖悬浮物模型中,引入底泥起悬条件,将底泥的起悬量与沉降量分开处理,有效地模拟了太湖悬浮物的输运过程.模拟结果表明太湖悬浮物沿岸区域受湖流的影响较大,湖心区域受波浪影响较大. 相似文献
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河口入海泥沙沉积固结过程中抗侵蚀性的变化直接决定着沉积物的再悬浮和二次迁移,对河口岸滩的稳定具有重要决定作用。在现代黄河三角洲潮滩模拟入海泥沙快速沉积,现场测试不同固结时间沉积物的抗侵蚀性和物理力学指标的变化。研究发现,黄河入海泥沙沉积物的抗侵蚀性随固结时间增长迅速提高,当沉积固结时间达8h时,其临界侵蚀切应力就超过了原状潮滩表层沉积物;新沉积泥沙的临界侵蚀切应力与其重度、贯入阻力、剪切强度呈良好的正相关关系,与含水率呈良好的负相关关系。黄河入海泥沙临界侵蚀流速的试验值随固结时间的增长速率要高于各泥沙起动公式计算值的增长速率,前者是后者的1.5～4.1倍。 相似文献
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为了解浅水湖泊水体中颗粒悬浮物的静沉降规律,以太湖为例,采用重复深度吸管法计算了2005年4月、5月间在太湖进行的4次静沉降模拟实验中的沉降速度。结果表明:①在悬浮物沉降过程内,3种颗粒物的沉速关系为颗粒无机物(PIM)>悬浮物(SS)>颗粒有机物(POM)。在相同的沉降时间内,PIM的沉速为SS沉速的1.6~2.0倍,POM的沉速为SS沉速的0.3~0.7倍,PIM的沉速为POM沉速的2.5~5.5倍;②水体中悬浮物浓度与沉降时间均呈现出明显的指数衰减规律,悬浮物中无机物含量较高时这种规律更为明显;③悬浮物浓度较低时,太湖悬浮物的沉降速率与水体中的悬浮物浓度无明显的相关关系;而悬浮物浓度较高时,沉降速率随悬浮物浓度升高而增大。 相似文献
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采用Y型沉积物再悬浮发生装置模拟3种风速条件下典型入湖河流河口沉积物再悬浮和沉降过程.结果表明,随着风速的增大,水柱中悬浮物总量增加;3种风速条件下氨氮(NH4+-N)增量均为负;小风和中风过程,正磷酸盐(PO43--P)总量呈减小趋势,大风过程,正磷酸盐总量出现了明显上升,相对于初始值增加了46%,在5.1~8.7m/s的某一模拟风速条件下PO43--P的释放和吸附达到动态平衡,其表观值与初始值相等.总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)总量随着风速的增加而增大,TN最大增量是初始总量的2倍,而TP则是17倍;风浪过后TN、TP总量基本恢复到初始值.典型风速过程中,营养盐垂向分布无明显规律. 相似文献
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太湖波浪与湖流对沉积物再悬浮不同影响的研究 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
基于有关太湖湖流、波浪和水化学指标的实测资料，对太湖中由于风强迫作用和底层湖流分别产生的湖底切应力进行了计算，发现二之间量级相差很大，得出了在风扰动情况下，由于波动而产生的湖底切应力对沉积物的再悬浮起着主导作用的结论，并估算了其临界值。 相似文献
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根据在福建罗源湾互花米草盐沼内的沉积动力要素(水深、流速、悬沙浓度和沉降速率)的观测及表层沉积物的粒度分析结果,罗源湾互花米草盐沼表层沉积物组份以粉砂和粘土为主,为粘性沉积物;互花米草盐沼内的潮流流速很小,最大值不超过7cm/s,相应地,底部切应力也相对较小,悬沙在潮周期内多处于沉降状态,表层沉积物在涨潮初期和落潮后期多发生侵蚀.在台风显著影响下,潮流流速平均值变化很小,但水流紊动能量和底部切应力显著增大,导致表层沉积物多处于侵蚀状态,在台风登陆期间潮周期内净侵蚀通量可达到40.099kg/m2;台风影响过后,底部切应力逐渐减小,沉积物逐渐不发生侵蚀,悬沙多发生沉降,整个潮周期内以悬沙沉降为主. 相似文献
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海底沉积物—水界面的耗氧通量是海底沉积物有机质矿化速率的重要表征参数,因此,开展沉积物耗氧特征的研究有助于了解整个海洋的碳循环过程。目前,海洋沉积物耗氧测量的主流方法包括溶解氧浓度微剖面法、底栖培养箱法以及涡度协方差技术。其中,新兴的涡度协方差技术是一种非侵入式且能反映较大范围内溶解氧通量的测试方法,具有很强的应用前景。从全球来看,大部分海域的海底耗氧通量主要受水深和初级生产力的控制,海底扩散耗氧通量和总耗氧通量均随着水深的增加而显著降低,且海底扩散耗氧通量与总耗氧通量的比值随水深增大逐渐趋近于1,这主要是由底栖生物量及其对海底耗氧的贡献随水深增大而显著降低引起的。尽管海底耗氧观测已开展了逾半个世纪,但海底原位数据仍然十分匮乏,尤其是在深海和一些极端海洋环境,且目前大量实测数据依然以短时间内的单点监测为主。在全球变暖和人类活动对海洋环境和生态系统影响日益增长的大背景下,开展高精度、长时序的海底原位耗氧观测将是今后重要的发展趋势。 相似文献
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泥沙污染物起动再悬浮释放机理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
底泥再悬浮时,颗粒和孔隙水会交替影响底泥污染物的释放通量。通过循环水槽实验,分别以氯化钠和磷来代表典型的非吸附性污染物和吸附性污染物,研究了再悬浮颗粒和孔隙水释放污染物的不同特征。研究表明,再悬浮磷的释放对底面切应力的反应要比氯化钠迟缓,但前者释放通量要比后者大。恒定水流下底泥再悬浮污染物释放过程可以分为两个显著阶段:起动初期2 h内,颗粒和孔隙水共同作用,两者对上覆水体中水溶性污染物的贡献之比最高为3:1,此时悬浮颗粒处于解吸污染物状态;2 h后,悬浮颗粒转为吸附污染物状态,释放通量时正时负。长期悬浮时泥沙颗粒始终为负释放状态,而孔隙水对总通量的贡献之比最高可达到60:1。上覆水体中吸附性污染物液固相浓度比值先增大后减小,悬浮后期始终处于较低值。推导了底泥释放通量的理论公式,理论结果是线性缓慢增加的,而实验值的增加趋势是先快后慢。 相似文献
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在一定的水动力条件下,不同水生植物对水流结构改变的程度及对底泥再悬浮的影响由于其形态结构的差异有所不同.在玻璃水槽中铺设太湖底泥并种植天然沉水植物(水蕨)和挺水植物(菖蒲),通过水槽实验,用三维声学多普勒流速仪ADV对植物段紊流特性进行测量研究,分析含水生植物明渠水流的水力特性及底泥再悬浮规律.结果表明:含沉水植物和挺水植物明渠水流的垂向流速分布各自遵循不同的规律;其紊动强度和雷诺应力具有明显的各向异性特性;在沉水植物冠层交界处及挺水植物的茎杆和枝叶分叉处,紊流强度及雷诺应力均出现最大值;在一定条件下沉水植物和挺水植物均能抑制底泥再悬浮,但当雷诺数达到一定数值时,水生植物的存在反而加剧了底泥的再悬浮,与挺水植物相比,沉水植物对底泥再悬浮的抑制效果要更好. 相似文献
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为研究太湖水体后向散射系数的光学特性,利用太湖实测数据和半分析方法与光学闭合(Optical Closure)原理,对太湖水体的后向散射系数进行模拟,在此基础上对其光学特性和影响因子进行分析.研究结果表明:由于悬浮物浓度的差异,使得太湖水体后向散射系数具有明显的差异性,后向散射主要由无机悬浮物引起,浮游藻类对后向散射系数的贡献较小;由于悬浮物来源不同,使得悬浮物粒径分布、形状以及组成成分不同,导致太湖水体单位后向散射系数存在一定变化;以550 nm作为参考波段对太湖后向散射系数进行参数化,得出该波段后向散射系数与悬浮物浓度具有很好的线性关系,其指数在1.32~2.8之间变化,平均值为2.09. 相似文献
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Channel morphology and bed sediment erodibility are two crucial factors that significantly affect debris flow entrainment processes. Current debris flow entrainment models mostly hypothesize the erodible beds are infinite with uniform slopes. In this study, a series of small-scale flume experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of bed longitudinal inflexion and sediment porosity on basal entrainment characteristics. Experimental observations revealed that sediment entrainment is negligible at early stages and accelerates rapidly as several erosion points appear. Continual evolution of flow-bed interfaces changes interactions between debris flows and bed sediments, rendering the interfacial shear action involved into a mixed shear and frontal collisional action. Lower bed sediment porosity will change the spatial arrangement and orientation of particle mixture, strengthen the interlocking and anti-slide forces of adjacent sediment particles, and promote the formation of particle clusters, all of which will increase bed sediment resistance to erosion. By examining the post-experimental bed morphology, the slope-cutting amounts and topographic reliefs are determined to positively correlate with longitudinal transition angles. These high topographic reliefs may indicate the propensity of triangular slab erosion, rather than strip-shaped slab erosion, in non-uniform channels with relatively steep erodible beds. Empirical formulas are obtained that denote the relationships among bed sediment strength, channel curvature radius, and sediment porosity through a multi-parameter regression analysis. This study may aid in clarifying the complex coupling effects of spatial variations in debris flow dynamics as well as sediment erodibility and bed morphology in non-uniform channels with abundant seismic loose material.
相似文献14.
长江中下游典型湖泊近代环境变化研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
选择长江中下游的典型湖泊洪湖、巢湖、石臼湖和太湖,采集了沉积柱样,测定了总有机碳、总氮、总磷,并采用210Pb和137Cs定年以研究湖泊近代环境演变。根据洪湖137Cs蓄积峰得到过去50 a里洪湖沉积速率经历了一个由慢到快再变慢的过程,1963~1986年之间沉积速率最大,达0.174 cm/a,这可能是因为当时湖区大规模开垦有关。巢湖钻孔核素的研究发现20世纪70年代以来随着深度的减少,巢湖钻孔中沉积通量在增加,可能与流域内水土流失逐步加重有关。对营养盐的分析表明,洪湖50年代以来沉积物中营养元素急剧增加,巢湖70年代以来营养元素开始增加,在太湖中体现为80年代,石臼湖中则为近百年来营养元素开始快速增加。从营养盐增加的幅度来看,草型湖的洪湖、石臼湖要大于藻型的巢湖以及太湖藻型区域。本文尝试利用总有机碳、总磷获取了湖泊环境变化的速率。研究表明总有机碳和总磷的变化速率存在波动性,这可能与湖泊的自我调节有关。而总有机碳的变化速率在最近时间阶段内基本呈正值,对于洪湖来说在80年代初,石臼湖在1970年左右,太湖在80年代初,巢湖在60年代。总有机碳、总磷变化速率的振荡幅度与周期也许对理解当今湖泊处于何种位置,由此采取何种湖泊管理手段提供重要认识。 相似文献
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A discrete element method is applied to a three‐dimensional analysis related to sediment entrainment on a micro‐scale. Sediment entrainment is the process by which a fluid medium accelerates particles from rest and advects them upward until they are either transported as bedload or suspended by the flow. Modelling of the entrainment process is a critically important aspect for studies of erosion, pollutant resuspension and transport, and formation of bedforms in environmental flows. Previous discrete element method studies of sediment entrainment have assumed the flow within the particle bed to be negligible and have only allowed for the motion of the topmost particles. At the same time, micro‐scale experimental studies indicate that there is a small slip of the fluid flow at the top of the bed, indicating the presence of non‐vanishing fluid velocity within the topmost bed layers. The current study demonstrates that the onset of particle incipient motion, which immediately precedes particle entrainment, is highly sensitive to this small fluid flow within the topmost bed layers. Using an exponential decay profile for the inner‐bed fluid flow, the discrete element method calculations are repeated with different fluid penetration depths within the bed for several small particle Reynolds numbers. For cases with slip velocity corresponding to that observed in previous experiments with natural sediment, the predicted particle velocity is found to be a few percent of the fluid velocity at the top of the viscous wall layer, which is a reasonable range of velocities for observation of incipient particle motion. This method for prescribing the fluid flow within the particle bed allows for the current discrete element method to be extended in future studies to the analysis of sediment entrainment under the influence of events such as turbulent bursting. Additionally, predictions for the slip velocities and fluid flow profile within the bed suggest the need for further experimental studies to provide the data necessary for additional improvement of the discrete element method models. 相似文献
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A grain-scale model of fluvial bed load transport is described, with particular emphasis on the equilibrium between the saltating grains and the near bed flow, and its role in determining transport rate. The model calculates, explicitly, the modification of the velocity profile by the moving grains, together with the consequential reduction in surface fluid shear stress. As the surface fluid shear stress is reduced by the moving grains, so the entrainment rate decreases and the model reaches a steady state. The results provide insight into two important questions at a macroscopic level. First, they show that, in the absence of large static roughness, the dynamic roughness caused by the moving grains may be a significant contributor to flow resistance. Secondly, the model indicates the manner in which transport may be limited by a combination of the transport capacity of the flow and the availability of sediment for entrainment. Only in the case of high sediment availability does the fluid shear stress acting at the surface approach the critical entrainment value, reproducing the behaviour suggested by Bagnold (1956 ) and Owen (1964 ). This suggests that prediction formulae based on this assumption only describe the bed load transport system under particular conditions. 相似文献
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The temporal and spatial variations in the rate of sedimentation and sediment resuspension in Lake Rehtijärvi (southern Finland) were studied by sediment traps deployed in the stratifying and non‐stratifying regions of the lake. Both the gross sedimentation rate and the resuspension rate recorded by near‐bottom traps were significantly higher in the stratifying region (>20 m depth) than in the shallow part of the lake (2 m depth). These rate changes were caused by temporarily elevated hypolimnetic resuspension rates exceeding 40 g dry weight m?2 day?1 in July 2005, whereas in the shallow station no such peak was observed and the resuspension rate remained below 30 g dry weight m?2 day?1 throughout the study. The elevated resuspension rate in the hypolimnion could not be attributed to surface wave action or sediment disturbance by fish, but was due to the occurrence of internal seiches. The seiche amplitude was on average the highest in July, although the wind velocities were low; this was because winds temporarily were blowing along the longitudinal axis of the lake. Due to the steep slopes, the sediments of Lake Rehtijärvi are prone to redistribution and sediment focusing towards the accumulation areas also affected trap catches in the deep stations. 相似文献