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1.
太湖水体中胶体磷含量初探 总被引：37，自引：3，他引：34
室内静态模拟不同温度下太湖15个湖区柱状沉积物磷酸根释放,分析了相应表层沉积物形态磷,以及梅梁湾间隙水中相关离子Al(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)、Ca(Ⅱ)和PO43-含量的季节变化．研究表明,受陆源影响较大的泥区通常是太湖内源磷的稳定源;而在开敞度较大的湖区,由于表层沉积物胶体的物化吸附,使得温度对底泥磷释放的影响作用减弱,并易产生磷的“内汇”现象;在梅梁湾区成汇区,还加上春夏季藻类的局部超负荷需磷这一控制因素,从而使得太湖大部分泥区在一年中至少发生一次源-汇转换过程．化学热力学分析揭示,Al-P较之Fe-P和Ca-P更易在界面发生溶解可能是太湖表层沉积物Al-P与PO43-P释放速率呈显著相关(r=0．3858>r1-0．01,n=45)的内在原因．虽然沉积物中Fe-P有较高的释磷潜力,但浅水湖所营造的沉积物表层氧化层和广泛覆盖的无机胶体及粘土矿物的强吸附介质,可能是抑制沉积物中Fe-P释放成为优势的主要因素．估算太湖沉积物-水界面磷的净通量为899．4±573．6 t／a,约占太湖磷入湖量的1／4-1／2,其中成汇通量约为-91．2±42．4 t/a． 相似文献
2.
湖泊氮、磷通量是表征湖泊营养状态的重要指标,也是探究湖泊富营养化机制的重要途径.通过氮、磷通量的计算和质量平衡关系的分析,可以识别出在湖泊富营养化过程中起关键作用的过程.以三维水动力-水质模型为计算平台,模拟湖泊水动力、水质的动态过程,并以模拟结果为基础核算湖泊氮、磷循环通量及其在氮、磷循环整体中的贡献,识别湖泊氮、磷循环关键源汇过程的变化规律.滇池是我国富营养化湖泊的代表,同时其半封闭特性为营养物质循环提供了更为稳定的环境,以滇池为案例,基于前期校正和验证过的滇池水动力-水质模型来分析循环通量计算方法的适用性.结果发现,研究年度内滇池外海总氮的年总输入量(包括外源和内源)为7620.92 t,总输出量(包括出流、反硝化和沉降)为7637.31 t;总磷的年总输入量为(包括外源和内源)450.23 t,总输出量(包括出流和沉降)为429.57 t,其中陆域输入是最主要的氮、磷输入途径,而反硝化和沉降则是主要的输出过程.相较于传统的质量平衡方法,通过三维模型计算所得的营养盐通量平衡结果能更好地揭示湖体内所发生的氮、磷转化过程. 相似文献
3.
磷的外源输入与底泥源汇变化是湖泊富营养化形成的重要原因,解析磷出入湖关键过程及其平衡变化对湖泊环境治理具有重要意义。本研究针对滇池外海出入湖磷通量变化问题,融合水文水质观测数据和HBV水文模型模拟数据,使用LOADEST负荷统计模型解析了2001-2018年滇池外海入湖河流、大气沉降和出湖河流的磷通量变化特征,评估了湖体总磷的源汇效应及其影响因素。结果表明:①2001-2018年滇池外海入湖磷通量年际间波动范围大,在118~700 t/a之间,多年平均入湖磷通量为280.61 t/a,其中河流平均输入251.97 t/a,大气沉降平均输入28.64 t/a,在研究的气象水文因子中,入湖磷通量主要影响因素是入湖流量和调水量,其次是降水;②滇池外海年均出湖总磷通量42.25 t/a,在8~84 t/a之间波动,出湖通量变化主要受入湖流量与调水量的影响,其次是气温;③在年和月的时间尺度上,滇池外海均表现为磷的环境汇,多年平均磷滞留量为238.36 t/a,但在部分年份(2009、2018年)逐日尺度上存在源效应。针对滇池外海常年表现磷的环境汇问题,调水工程对降低磷的滞留率有显著作用,但仍无法有效解决磷在湖泊中富集的问题。滇池外海持续的磷汇效应将增加湖泊未来水生态安全风险。 相似文献
4.
云南滇池和抚仙湖沉积物-水界面营养盐通量及氧气对其的影响 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
采用间隙水连续采集法考察滇池和抚仙湖沉积物-水界面营养盐通量,并比较在氧气缺乏及氧气充足条件下界面的氮磷行为.结果表明,滇池草海沉积物-水界面营养盐通量显著高于滇池湖心及抚仙湖.对云南滇池及抚仙湖沉积物进行好氧和厌氧处理对照比较,结果显示,好氧组上覆水pH显著大于厌氧组,而间隙水pH在两处理组之间差异不显著;这可能与厌氧呼吸途径过程中产生酸性物质有关;而在两种处理条件下,间隙水均处于厌氧状态.较好氧条件而言,厌氧条件下间隙水磷和铵氮浓度的增加,与有机质矿化增强有关;而间隙水磷还可能受FeOOH-P模型控制.由分子扩散模型计算获得的界面磷或者铵氮扩散通量均高于表观通量,而且好氧条件下的扩散通量与表观通量之间的差异较厌氧条件下的大;这表明两种营养盐均存在释放潜力,但这种潜力的发挥受氧气的影响.较好氧条件而言,厌氧条件下使用分子扩散模型得到的界面营养盐扩散通量更接近于表观通量. 相似文献
5.
滇池流域点源污染控制与存在问题解析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用间隙水连续采集法考察滇池和抚仙湖沉积物-水界面营养盐通量,并比较在氧气缺乏及氧气充足条件下界面的氮磷行为.结果表明,滇池草海沉积物-水界面营养盐通量显著高于滇池湖心及抚仙湖.对云南滇池及抚仙湖沉积物进行好氧和厌氧处理对照比较,结果显示,好氧组上覆水pH显著大于厌氧组,而间隙水pH在两处理组之间差异不显著;这可能与厌氧呼吸途径过程中产生酸性物质有关;而在两种处理条件下,间隙水均处于厌氧状态.较好氧条件而言,厌氧条件下间隙水磷和铵氮浓度的增加,与有机质矿化增强有关;而间隙水磷还可能受FeOOH-P模型控制.由分子扩散模型计算获得的界面磷或者铵氮扩散通量均高于表观通量,而且好氧条件下的扩散通量与表观通量之间的差异较厌氧条件下的大;这表明两种营养盐均存在释放潜力,但这种潜力的发挥受氧气的影响,较好氧条件而言,厌氧条件下使用分子扩散模型得到的界面营养盐扩散通量更接近于表观通量. 相似文献
6.
过氧化钙对水中低浓度磷的去除性能 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对水体中低浓度磷深度净化问题,以过氧化钙为吸附剂,采用等温吸附、吸附热力学模型和吸附动力学模型的方法开展其对磷酸盐吸附特性的研究,讨论p H、共存阴离子对其除磷过程的干扰能力.结果表明:(1)过氧化钙对磷酸盐的吸附等温线方程符合Langmuir方程,过氧化钙对磷酸盐的最大吸附量为381.7 mg/g(25℃);(2)过氧化钙在除磷过程中系统的热力学参数ΔG00,ΔH00,即过氧化钙对磷的吸附作用是一个自发的放热过程;(3)二级反应速率方程可精准地描述过氧化钙的吸附行为,其吸附速率随着溶液中磷酸盐浓度的升高而升高,经过4 min即可达到吸附平衡;(4)过氧化钙在p H=8时除磷效果达到最佳;(5)高浓度倍数的共存阴离子中,CO2-3对过氧化钙除磷影响最大,在10倍浓度下可造成吸附量减少14.7%. 相似文献
7.
湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应：Ⅰ.内源磷释放控制作用 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源磷释放的控制效果,结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中不同形态磷含量与孔隙水中PO43-p含量,在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的PO43-P通量分别为-143.8至14.4与-237.3至3047.6μg(m2·d),疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的磷通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的磷通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年3-10月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面磷释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的磷的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物,研究结果表明,在外源磷得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源磷负荷有效的技术手段. 相似文献
8.
对于多孔介质中发生物理化学反应的溶质运移现象,可以用带有非线性源（汇）项作用的一维对流弥散-反应扩散方程来描述,但方程中反映溶质吸附/解吸附能力的源(汇)项系数往往是未知的. 本文讨论了基于出流端浓度观测数据的源项系数反演问题. 根据Tikhonov正则化和矩阵的奇异值分解系统,建立了一种离散的迭代正则化算法,给出了算法实现步骤.数值模拟结果表明该算法不仅精度高,而且对于数据的随机扰动具有稳定性.最后应用建立的算法反演计算了一个具体的土柱试验源项系数,数值结果也表明文中所构造算法的有效性. 相似文献
9.
水动力条件对沉积物-水界面氧通量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
氧环境决定了水体沉积物中各种生命所需元素的最终归趋,沉积物-水界面是水相与沉积物相氧传递的重要场所,而水动力条件是影响沉积物-水界面氧传递的重要因素.选择三峡库区一级支流御临河为研究对象,根据长年监测数据建立实验室模型,采用声学多普勒流速测试仪及微电极测试系统构建了非侵入式涡度相关测试系统,探究了不同水动力条件对沉积物-水界面氧通量的影响.结果表明：水体静止状态下沉积物-水界面溶解氧浓度随时间的增加而减少,非静止状态下随时间的增加而增加;沉积物-水界面氧通量随水体流速的增加而增加.根据氧通量求解对应流速下垂直涡动扩散系数并进行线性拟合,当水体流速为0.01~0.14 m/s时,垂直涡动扩散系数与水体流速的相关性最好,此时沉积物-水界面氧通量的传递以涡动扩散为主导. 相似文献
10.
人工湿地研究现状与展望 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
自1950s开始系统性研究以来,人工湿地研究日趋深入,也得到了广泛的应用.本文基于文献报道,对人工湿地研究的历程特别是我国的研究进行了分析,分为起步探索、迅猛发展和规范应用三个阶段.梳理了人工湿地的研究现状,主要集中在如何提高脱氮除磷效率、对新兴污染物的去除、人工湿地根区微生物结构与功能以及人工湿地模型四个方面.核心还是提高人工湿地对污染物的去除效率并解释其机理.未来需要长期监测数据支撑的理论实践结合的设计规程;进一步揭示人工湿地的生物过程;建立合理简化的模型,对系统进行准确预测. 相似文献
11.
The ability of wetlands to improve the quality of water has long been recognized and has led to the proliferation of wetlands as a means to treat diffuse and point source pollutants from a range of land uses. However, much of the existing research has been undertaken in temperate climates with a paucity of information on the effectiveness of wetlands, particularly natural wetlands, in tropical regions. This paper contributes to addressing this issue by presenting a comprehensive measurement based assessment of the potential for a naturally occurring tropical riverine wetland to improve the quality of the water entering it. We found small net imports and exports of sediment to/from the wetland in individual years, but over the longer term this kind of wetland is neither a sink nor source of sediment. In contrast, phosphorus was continually removed by the wetland with an overall net reduction of 14%. However, it should be noted that there is no ‘permanent’ gaseous loss mechanism for phosphorus, and its removal from the water column is equal to its accumulation in the wetland soil. We found very little removal of nitrogen by this type of wetland from several analyses including: (i) Surface and groundwater fluxes, (ii) Estimation of water column and soil denitrification rates, (iii) Wetland residence times, and (iv) Hydraulic loading. We also found no clear evidence for transformation of nitrogen to more or less bio‐available forms. Hence, while the benefits of using wetlands to improve water quality in controlled environments have been demonstrated in the literature, these benefits may not always be directly translated to unmanaged natural wetland systems when there is strong seasonality in flows and short residence time during the periods of maximum sediment and nutrient load. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
There is widespread acceptance of the phosphorus retention capability of wetlands even though research findings are often inconclusive and contradictory. The results of a one year phosphorus budget study indicate that internal wetland processes may transform sediment bound phosphorus to plant available orthophosphorus. While total phosphorus imports were nearly double the total phosphorus exports for the study wetland, orthophosphorus exports were 22 per cent greater than imports. This study supports the recent finding that wetlands have limited capability to retain orthophosphorus and indicates that wetlands may even increase the export of orthophosphorus. The generally accepted nutrient retention function of wetlands and their possible role in eutrophication is thus questionable. 相似文献
13.
Floodplain effects on the transport of dissolved and colloidal trace elements in the East Pearl River,Mississippi 
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下载免费PDF全文 Substantial work suggests that floodplain wetlands could play a role in modifying fluvial fluxes of dissolved and colloidal trace elements. Yet, few studies have directly addressed this issue. We examined trace elements in the East Pearl River (Mississippi or Louisiana, USA), which is surrounded by wetlands that are temporally more or less connected to the river depending on river stage. Dissolved and colloidal trace element samples, along with ancillary data, including dissolved organic carbon and nutrients, were collected during eight surveys of this system at different flow stages from November 2007 to September 2008. Hydrology of the system is complex due to seasonal changes in water sources as well as potential inputs from the floodplain wetlands and the hyporheic zone. We therefore considered effects including nonconservative mixing of water sources, saltwater intrusion, and floodplain wetland flux requirements needed to support observed downstream concentration changes. During moderately high discharge, fluxes of many elements (e.g., Cd, Fe, Mn, and Zn) increased downstream by 20% or more, with inputs from the floodplain wetlands as the apparent source. At the highest discharge, however, wetland inputs to the river may have been rate‐limited (i.e., the wetland source was flushed faster than biogeochemical processes could regenerate dissolved or colloidal material). At low discharge, other effects, including saltwater intrusion and hyporheic zone interactions, are important. Both redox processes and organic ligands (or dissolved organic carbon), along with the supply of wetland inputs (or removal) relative to river fluxes, appear to be key factors determining floodplain wetland effects. While the behavior of some elements suggests they were dominantly affected by redox processes (Mn and V) or by organic complexation (dissolved Fe and light rare earths), other elements were affected by more than one process in ways that remain obscure (Cu). Overall our results are broadly consistent with previous field, laboratory, and modeling studies and suggest that a better understanding of the sources and transformations of Fe is a key area for future research. 相似文献
14.
湖泊湿地的水质净化效应——以太湖三山湿地为例 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了解湖泊湿地的水质净化效果,以太湖三山湿地为研究对象,综合利用遥感、GIS技术、现场水质监测、实验室分析和模型模拟等方法,分析三山湿地对污染物的拦截净化效果,进而探讨湖泊湿地对水体氮、磷污染物的削减渠道及其贡献率.结果表明三山湿地对太湖水体和三山岛生活污水均有明显净化效果.2014年三山湿地的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)输入通量分别为549.45和19.4 t,通过水草打捞/收割分别去除20.99和4.52 t,湿地水体内TN、TP变化量分别为528.46和14.88 t,这部分营养盐输出途径包括沉积到底泥、降解转化、水体交换等.湿地的TN、TP拦截能力分别为2723.56和102.48 kg/(hm2·a).水生植物收割打捞与底泥疏浚是提高湿地水质净化能力的有效措施.水动力模拟结果显示,三山湿地建成后使附近水域水体流向发生变化,流速减小,对湿地内水质产生多方面的作用. 相似文献
15.
The water level of marsh wetlands is a dominant force controlling the wetland ecosystem function, especially for aquatic habitat. For different species, water level requirements vary in time and space, and therefore ensuring suitable water levels in different periods is crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity in marsh wetlands. Based on hydrodynamic modelling and habitat suitability assessment, we determined suitable dynamic water levels considering aquatic habitat service at different periods in marsh wetlands. The two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the temporal and spatial variation of water level. The habitat suitability for target species at various water levels was evaluated to obtain the fitting curves between Weighted Usable Area (WUA) and water levels. And then suitable water levels throughout the year were proposed according to the fitting curves. Using the Zhalong Wetland (located in northeastern China) as a case study, we confirmed that the proposed MIKE 21 model can successfully be used to simulate the water level process in the wetland. Suitable water levels were identified as being from 143.9–144.2 m for April to May, 144.1–144.3 m for June to September, and 144.3–144.4 m for October to November (before the freezing season). Furthermore, proposed water diversion schemes have been identified which can effectively sustain the proposed dynamic water levels. This study is expected to provide appropriate guidance for the determination of environmental flows and water management strategies in marsh wetlands. 相似文献
16.
Modelling hydrological connectivity of tropical floodplain wetlands via a combined natural and artificial stream network 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Fazlul Karim Anne Kinsey‐Henderson Jim Wallace Paul Godfrey Angela H. Arthington Richard G. Pearson 《水文研究》2014,28(23):5696-5710
The ecological condition and biodiversity values of floodplain wetlands are highly dependent on the hydrological connectivity of wetlands to adjacent rivers. This paper describes a method for quantifying connectivity between floodplain wetlands and the main rivers in a wet tropical catchment of northern Australia. We used a one‐dimensional hydrodynamic model to simulate time‐varying water depths across the stream network (i.e. rivers, streams and man‐made drains). The timing and duration of connectivity of seven wetlands (four natural and three artificial) with the two main rivers in the catchment were then calculated for different hydrological conditions. Location and areal extent of the wetlands and the stream network were identified using high‐resolution laser altimetry, and these data formed key inputs to the hydrodynamic model. The model was calibrated using measured water depths and discharges across the floodplain. An algorithm was developed to identify contiguous water bodies at daily time steps, and this gave the temporal history of connection and disconnection between wetlands and the rivers. Simulation results show that connectivity of individual wetlands to both rivers varies from 26 to 365 days during an average hydrological condition. Location, especially proximity to a main river, and wetland type (natural stream or artificial drain) were identified as key factors influencing these levels of connectivity. Some natural wetlands maintain connection with the river for most or all of the year, whereas the connectivity of some artificial wetlands varies from 26 to 36 days according to their patterns of network connection to adjacent rivers – a result that has important implications for the accessibility of these types of wetland to aquatic biota. Using readily available river gauge data, we also show how connectivity modelling can be used to identify periods when connectivity has fallen below critical thresholds for fish movement. These connectivity patterns within the floodplain network are central to the setting of river flows that will meet environmental requirements for biota that use floodplain wetlands during their life history. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Wetlands are known for their water filtration (or purification) function. Although different wetland types differ in their filtration capacity, they are usually aggregated together in economic valuation studies. Here, we explicitly separate the valuation of the suspended sediment and phosphorus (P) filtration services of the four major wetland types—bogs, fens, marshes and swamps—found in southern Ontario, Canada. The areal extents of the four wetland types are derived from the Canadian Wetland Inventory (CWI) progress map, while the sediment accretion rate is used as the key variable regulating the suspended sediment and P filtration functions. Based on available literature data, we assess the relationship of the sediment accretion rate to wetland size. Because only weak positive correlations are found, we assign a mean (average) sediment accretion rate to each wetland type. The sediment accretion rates are combined with mean soil P concentrations to estimate Pretention rates by the wetlands. The replacement cost method is then applied to valuate the sediment and P filtration services. The unit values for both sediment and P retention decrease in the order: marshes > bogs ≈ swamps > fens. The total value of sediment plus phosphorus removal by all wetlands in southern Ontario amounts to $4.2 ± 2.9 billion per year, of which about 80% is accounted for by swamps. We further assess the costs of different options to offset the additional P loading generated in a hypothetical scenario whereby all wetlands are converted to agriculture. The results demonstrate that replacing the P filtration function of existing wetlands with conventional land management and water treatment solutions is not cost-effective, hence reinforcing the importance of protecting existing wetlands. 相似文献
18.
巢湖典型子流域上下游水塘对暴雨径流氮磷去除效率比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从流域上下游环境条件及氮磷输出强度差异出发,探讨上下游水塘对径流氮磷去除的特征及效率,选取巢湖小柘皋河源头流域上下游水塘开展水塘去除暴雨径流氮磷的对比试验,研究暴雨及暴雨间期上下游水塘氮磷去除效率差异及原因,为流域上下游设计不同类型净化塘去除氮磷提供科学依据.结果表明:暴雨期,上游径流氮磷浓度高于下游,且颗粒态所占比例上游大于下游,流域上游应作为防治暴雨径流氮磷流失的重点区域;暴雨期,上游塘对暴雨径流中的氮磷去除效果明显,氮、磷去除率分别为74％和52％,且对颗粒态去除效果好于溶解态,下游塘没有表现出明显的去除效果;暴雨间期,上游塘塘内氮磷浓度平均下降50％和20％,下游塘则分别为72％和16％,且均以溶解态去除为主;水塘去除暴雨径流氮磷有一定的浓度适用范围,浓度过低,去除效果不明显;流域部位不同引起入塘径流氮磷浓度和形态的差异是上下游水塘对暴雨径流去除效果差异的主要外部原因.流域上游出山口,可以在渗透性好的山前洪积扇上构建深水宽塘,通过增加暴雨径流拦截量和降低流速增强物理沉降作用,实现暴雨径流氮磷的高效去除;流域下游农田区,宜构建水面较大的浅滩湿地,通过延长滞留时间和促进生物活动增强去除暴雨径流氮磷的效果. 相似文献
19.
Variations in phosphorus (P) speciation were compared for two types of pilot scale wetlands: a blast furnace slag‐based constructed wetland (SCW), and a gravel‐based constructed wetland (GCW). Synthetic secondary effluent was used as the influent of the wetlands, which contained 1.1 mg/L P with more than 95% present as soluble reactive P (SRP). However, dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) emerged in the water along both wetlands. The levels of these three P species varied between the two wetlands. The GCW was more efficient than SCW at removing SRP, but showed a different trend. SRP decreased continually in the SCW, while it increased at the end of the GCW due to biological release. DOP was constant in SCW and GCW, and the mean value was 0.023 and 0.020 mg/L, respectively. The mean values of PP in the GCW ranged between 0.093 and 0.216 mg/L; much higher than the 0.05 ± 0.01 mg/L measured in the SCW. Sequential extractions showed that iron bound PP (Fe‐PP), aluminum bound PP (Al‐PP), organic PP (Org‐PP) and occluded PP (Oc‐PP) were the major components of PP at most locations of the GCW. Fe‐PP decreased from 0.53 to 0.14 mg/L in the upper layer, with DO steady at about 0.15 mg/L at the bottom. Oc‐PP increased at each layer. Al‐PP and Org‐PP were steady in the first 140 cm of the GCW, but decreased sharply at the end. Considering the variation of SRP, DOP and PP fractionations, it can be seen that PP exchanged intensively with SRP in the GCW, and might act as an intermediate in the P removal process. Part of the SRP was first transformed into PP, and then absorbed by substrates or deposited in the wetlands. P removal was mainly via Ca precipitation in the SCW, but involved multiple mechanisms in the GCW, such as precipitation, adsorption and biological interactions. The multiple P removal mechanisms might be the reason for the low proportion of SRP, and the better P removal efficiency observed in the GCW. 相似文献