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本文采用ECOMSED模式模拟了影响东中国海的3次台风过程,经与实测资料对比验证了模型的可靠性。在此基础上设计了敏感性试验以考察海平面上升对风暴潮造成的影响。结果表明,海平面上升对风暴潮的影响在空间分布上不是一致的,且因具体台风过程而异。整体而言,海平面上升对风暴潮造成的影响有限。海平面上升0．5m,大部分站位风暴增水极值基本不变,即使海平面上升5m大部分站位的风暴增水极值相对改变量都小于10％。 相似文献
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以海口湾为例,通过建立天文潮与风暴潮耦合数值模型,以典型强台风海鸥为基础,对未来台风增强、海平面上升和填海工程对海口湾风暴潮的影响分别进行了诊断分析,并计算了三者的共同作用在未来100年对风暴增水最大值的变化幅度。结果表明:1)台风强度增强大幅度增加海口湾沿岸风暴增水最大值,台风强度增强10%时,海口湾沿岸控制点风暴增水最大值增加12%~18%;2)海口湾地区在海平面上升的影响下风暴增水最大值反而减小,仅有部分岸段风暴增水值最大增加,不同海域风暴增水变化对海平面上升的响应不同;3)不合理的人工岛建设方案会显著增加对岸风暴最大增水值;4)在台风增强、海平面上升和不合理的海湾填海共同影响下,未来100年风暴增水最大值将增加12%~28%。显然这样的风暴增水变化会引起严重的灾害和后果,本研究可为海口湾防灾减灾工作提供依据。 相似文献
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全球变暖引发的海平面上升将加剧风暴潮增水,进而危及沿海经济发展与社会安全保障。本文基于模型耦合与模型嵌套技术构建北部湾台风风暴潮数值模拟系统,以2012年台风"山神"为天气背景,通过设计7组情景模拟研究未来不同海平面上升背景下北部湾风暴潮增水变化。结果表明:风暴潮期间水位从南向北沿北部湾逐渐涌高,最高水位发生在广西沿岸,达2.4 m以上。天文潮和台风风场拖曳力是形成高水位的主要驱动力,其中天文大潮和最大风场拖曳力对最高水位的贡献率分别约占70%和30%。海平面上升对风暴潮增水的影响具有时空非线性和非均一性特征。其中,潮位波动和波-流耦合效应会改变实际最大增水发生时间,导致钦州湾附近高潮位大致提前1天半,海平面上升1.1 m使得最大风暴潮增水大致提前30 min;未来海平面上升0.66～1.1 m将导致北部湾大部分海域风暴潮增水幅度放大6%～10%,广西沿岸钦州湾和大风江河口出现负增加效应,可能与溺谷海湾地形特征有关。研究结果可为未来北部湾沿岸防御风暴潮灾害提供理论依据。 相似文献
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气候变化背景下,海平面上升叠加台风—风暴潮、天文大潮等产生的海岸极值水位事件趋多增强,对我国滨海城市社会经济可持发展构成了严重威胁。为认识未来我国滨海城市海岸极值水位危害性（强度和频率）的变化,本文首先采用第五次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）数据,分析了不同气候情景下（RCP2.6, 4.5, 8.5,简称为RCPs）下,未来不同年代（2030年、2050年和2100年）我国滨海城市沿岸海平面变化幅度;其次,基于沿海验潮站的历史观测资料和文献数据,分析了未来热带气旋强度变化对海岸极值水位的影响;最后,利用皮尔逊Ⅲ型（P-Ⅲ）水文概率曲线方法,预估了不同气候（RCPs）情景下未来不同年代（2030年、2050年和2100年）我国9个滨海城市海岸极值水位重现期的变化。结果表明：（1）在不同气候情景下,我国滨海城市沿海平均海平面均呈现上升趋势,其中,到21世纪末,长三角地区沿海海平面上升幅度最大,上升速度比全国平均高出约30%;（2）热带气旋的强度与台风—风暴潮的增水幅度存在正相关关系。预计到21世纪末,热带气旋的整体强度很可能将增强,热带气旋引发的台风—风暴潮的增水幅度较当前很可能有明显提高。（3）未来我国滨海城市沿海极值水位将有显著增高的趋势,当前极值水位的重现期将明显缩短。到21世纪末,我国滨海城市当前百年一遇的极值水位,重现期几乎都将缩短至20年一遇以下,其中,大连、青岛、上海和厦门等城市海岸极值水位重现期很可能缩短为（或低于）1年一遇。本文虽在一定程度上反映了不同气候情景下海岸洪水危害性的变化,但对于未来热带气旋的变化及其影响的研究尚有待进一步深入。 相似文献
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长江口受台风影响严重,台风风暴潮、上游洪峰及天文大潮相遇将致使长江下游至长江口水位暴涨,对沿岸至河口的防汛安全构成严重威胁。基于ADCIRC模型构建东中国海至长江口风暴潮数学模型,模拟9711号台风和0012号台风两场典型台风水位过程。以典型台风为基础构成多种台风路径,分析不同登陆位置和走向对长江沿线风暴增水影响。研究大洪水、不同路径台风、天文大潮共同影响下长江下游沿线风暴增水分布规律。结果表明:登陆位置处于长江口南侧情况下长江河道沿线增水大于正面登陆长江口和北侧登陆型台风;平行于长江河道方向移动的台风造成沿线增水大于斜向穿越长江口的台风,不同台风走向对于风暴增水影响程度小于登陆位置;台风风暴潮、上游洪峰及天文大潮“三碰头”情形下长江沿线增水分布呈单峰型,从大通至江阴不断增大,江阴至中浚维持高位,中浚至口外迅速减小。 相似文献
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作为影响我国沿海的主要自然灾害之一,台风风暴潮的产生和影响机制与防灾减灾息息相关。双台风引起的风暴潮因台风强度、路径等相对关系复杂多变,目前双台风相互作用下的风暴潮研究还不充分。采用参数化台风模型对2012年典型双台风"苏拉"和"达维"的风场、气压场过程进行了模拟与融合,并采用ELCIRC模型对双台风作用下的风暴潮过程进行了模拟。引入单台风单独作用的假设算例,探讨了双台风之间对增水、流场的相互影响和影响区域。研究结果表明,虽然两个台风登陆强度相当,但台风"达维"在海州湾海域引起的增水要远大于"苏拉"在台湾、福建海域引起的增水。风暴潮引起的增水及流速变化与台风在海表的风应力密切相关,较大变化幅值分布在台风行进路径的右侧。与台风单独作用时相比,台风"苏拉"与"达维"引起的风暴潮增水与流速变化在两者相互作用下均有所削弱,其中"苏拉"引起的风暴潮受到的影响更大。双台风风暴潮之间的非线性效应在不同区域的强度存在差异,在台风"苏拉"主要影响区域内非线性效应较强,其他区域则相对较弱。以上结果表明产生风暴潮较弱的台风一方对气象环境敏感性更高,风暴潮的响应更显著。 相似文献
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为研究江苏近海海域风暴潮的特性以及为该海域风暴潮增水变化机理及后报做铺垫,本文基于FVCOM(Finite Volume Coast and Ocean Model)海洋模式和Jelesnianski圆形台风风场模型,建立了江苏近海风暴潮数值模型,并对江苏近海的天文潮以及1109号台风和1210号台风引起的风暴潮进行模拟。结合验潮站水位观测,研究了连云港站和吕泗站的天文潮和风暴潮增水过程。我们将风暴潮与天文潮非线性作用下的风暴潮增水和纯风暴潮增水过程进行对比,讨论了天文潮与1109号和1210号台风风暴潮之间的非线性作用引起的增水特征。结果均表明,在天文潮高潮时,天文潮和风暴潮之间的非线性作用可以抑制增水,在天文潮低潮时,天文潮和风暴潮之间的非线性作用有利于增水。除了气象因子以及天文潮和风暴潮之间的非线性作用外,该海区的地理环境也对台风风暴潮增水产生影响。因此对江苏近海的海岸线变化和浅滩地形变化进行敏感性试验,结果表明,本文所设计的海岸线变化对该海域的风暴潮增水影响较小,江苏沿海岸线的向外推移使得江苏海域风暴潮的增水略微上涨,而本文所设计的地形的变化对风暴潮增水影响较大。 相似文献
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基于FVCOM海洋模式对珠江口伶仃洋内及周边海域的风暴潮增水传播过程进行研究。首先,建立珠江口风暴潮模型,采用超强台风“山竹”作为典型案例进行风暴潮过程模拟,并对模型的计算结果进行验证,发现模拟结果和测站潮位结果比较吻合;然后,对伶仃洋在“山竹”登陆前后的风暴潮增水过程的时空分布及变化特征进行分析。从伶仃洋湾口到湾顶选取12个点进行时间序列分析,发现除了因距离外海远近不同导致的相位差异外,基本特征相似,符合国际上类似海湾内的风暴潮增水波动特征,可分为初振段、主振段和余振段。为了进一步研究台风参数差异对伶仃洋风暴潮增水的影响,本文基于“山竹”超强台风的特征参数,设计了一系列变化条件下的数值试验,结果发现：（1）台风的登陆时间会影响到风暴潮增水和天文潮之间的相位关系,进而影响到增水的大小。如果风暴潮增水极值正好在天文潮高潮位,风暴潮增水就会削弱,而风暴潮增水正好在天文潮低潮位,风暴潮增水就会增强。（2）台风中心压差决定了台风风力的大小,从而影响风暴潮增水。但是在同一海湾内的影响在空间上并不相同,在较浅区域影响大而较深区域影响小。（3）台风路径会对风暴潮增水产生较大影响。基于“山竹”的路径,... 相似文献
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Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
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Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
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Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
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G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
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The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
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Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
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The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
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