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1.
In order to provide a theoretical basis for the protection and development of T. ciliata germplasm resources, we studied the genetic diversity of T. ciliata by using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) primers to evaluate the genetic diversity of 192 T. ciliata germplasm samples from 24 populations of 5 provinces. DataFormater, Popgene, NTSYS, TFPGA and other software were used for genetic data conversion, genetic parameter estimation, dendrogram construction and genetic variation analysis. The results showed that: 1) a total of 17 alleles (Na) were detected in seven pairs of primers, with an average of 2.260 for each primer. Among them, the highest numbers of alleles (4) were detected in primers S11 and S422.The mean value of Nei’s genetic diversity index (H) was 0.4909, the mean value of Shannon information index (I) was 0.7321, and the mean value of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.5182. The mean expected heterozygosity (He) and observed heterozygosity (Ho) were 0.1055 and 0.4956, respectively. The Nei°s genetic distances of the populations ranged between 0.0002 and 2.6346, and the mean was 0.5477. The average genetic diversity level (H=0.1044) of the 24 populations was lower than that of the species (H=0.4909). 2) The genetic differentiation coefficients (Fst) varied from 0.2374 to 0.9148, with an average value of 0.7727. The mean of population gene flow (Nm) was 0.0735, indicating a low level of genetic exchange between populations, and suggesting that the genetic variation mainly came from within populations. 3) With the UPGMA method, the 24 populations were clustered into 3 groups at Nei’s genetic identity (0.99): the populations from Guizhou Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were clustered into one group, the populations from Hunan Province were in another group, and the populations from Hubei Province were in the third group. The Mantel test analysis showed a significant correlation between Nei’s genetic distance and geographic distance (r=0.6318, P=0.009?0.05). The genetic diversity of the 24 populations of T. ciliata was at a low level. Geographic isolation was the main reason for genetic differentiation among T. ciliata provenances. In the protection of germplasm resources of T. ciliata, emphasis should be placed on breeding genetic resources from the populations with higher genetic diversity (P14, for example). As for the populations with low genetic diversity, an ex-situ protection strategy as well as ecological and timber objectives, should be taken into account to maximize the conservation and utilization of the diversity of T. ciliata. 相似文献
2.
Caragana microphylla is the most dominant and constructive shrub species in the Horqin Sandy Land of northeastern
China. We evaluated the level of genetic variation within and among C. microphylla populations sampled from three
different temperature gradients in the Horqin Sandy Land by using inter-simple sequence repeat polymorphism (ISSR)
molecular markers. The results show that eight ISSR primers generated 127 bands, of which 123 (96.85%) were
polymorphic. At the species level, genetic diversity was relatively high (P = 96.85%, h = 0.3143, I = 0.4790). The
highest genetic diversity was observed in the Subp6 population from low temperature regions, whereas the lowest diversity
was found in the Subp2 population from high temperature regions. Six populations of C. microphylla clustered
into two clades. These results have important implications for restoring and managing the degraded ecosystem in arid
and semi-arid areas. 相似文献
3.
运用空间自相关分析,对我国西北地区28个红砂种群的60个ISSR位点进行空间分布的研究,从14个ISSR引物扩增的多态位点中,选取基因频率在30％~70％之间的位点,根据等样对频率和等距离间隔的方法对红砂种群进行空间结构的分析。通过Moran’s I值显示:红砂种群的多数ISSR位点在种群间的分布缺乏一定的空间结构,为随机分布,少数ISSR位点表现出微弱的空间结构,红砂种群总体的空间结构为随机分布。红砂种群遗传变异空间模式的形成是基因流、自然选择、种群隔离以及物种扩散特性综合作用的结果。对红砂种群的空间结构分析能有助于进一步探讨红砂随机大种群的进化与生态过程,为以后的保护工作提供科学依据。 相似文献
4.
Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare L. Link) is an African agamospermous grass that has been widely introduced into arid regions of the world to improve rangelands for cattle production and as a result, it has invaded adjacent habitats. In this study, ISSR markers were employed to assess genotypic variation in populations of P. ciliare from north-western Mexico. We sampled plants from pasture and from colonizing roadside populations in order to explore if invasion success is associated with greater levels of genotypic diversity. Three ISSRs primers produced 27 reproducible bands that were used to screen 480 plants from sixteen populations. Mean values of the proportion of distinguishable genotypes (G/N) were 0.29, Nei's genotypic diversity was 0.75 and multilocus evenness (E) was 0.50. Sixty-seven multilocus genotypes were detected among 480 plants, with 46 (69%) restricted to single populations and 21 (31%) found in two or more populations. Our results showed no significant differences in genotypic diversity between pasture and roadside populations, suggesting that in P. ciliare invasion success is not directly associated with greater levels of genotypic variation. Probably, other factors such as phenotypic plasticity and propagule pressure could be major determinants of the invasion success of buffelgrass in this region of Mexico. 相似文献
5.
The genetic diversity of Artemisia halodendron(Asteraceae), a constructive and dominant species in Horqin Sandy Land,was investigated to examine the genetic relationships with different hydrothermal regions in Horqin Sandy Land. We sequenced chloroplast DNA(cp DNA) fragments(trn L–F) of 243 plants from 10 populations across the Horqin Sandy Land.The analyses of cp DNA variation identified seven haplotypes. A low level of haplotype diversity(H_d=0.706) and nucleotide diversity(π=0.0013) was detected. Haplotypes clustered into two tentative clades. Low genetic differentiation among regions was consistently indicated by hierarchical analyses of molecular variance(AMOVA). Across the sampled populations, the haplotype distributions were differentiated with hydrothermal gradients. 相似文献
6.
内蒙古中西部草原区五种针茅的遗传多样性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用RAPD（Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA, RAPD）分子标记技术,对内蒙古中西部草原区16个不同地理种群的五种针茅的遗传多样性及其种间关系进行了研究。从102个10碱基随机引物中筛选出28个有效引物,共扩增出389条带,多态性条带345条,占88.69%,说明针茅属植物具有丰富的遗传多样性,对环境的适应能力较强,PCA分析表明水热成为其地理分布的决定性因素。依据五种针茅的Jaccard相似系数所做的UPGMA聚类分析表明,大针茅和克氏针茅之间的遗传距离比较小聚为一类,它们与本氏针茅、短花针茅和小针茅间的遗传距离都比较大。 相似文献
7.
盐城滩涂野生动物保护与自然保护区建设 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
建立自然保护区足生物多样性保护最有效的措施之一。盐城滩涂动物种类繁多、遗传多样性丰富,这里建有盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区、大丰麇鹿Elaphurus davidianus国家级自然保护区和东台中华鲟Acipenser sinensis自然保护区。本文介绍了盐城滩涂野生动物、保护动物及经济动物的种类,论述了盐城滩涂白然保护区建设的基本情况、取得的成绩及存在的问题,并提出了自然保护区建设及野生动物保护的对策。 相似文献
8.
利用ISSR分析获得的数据,研究了依据Nei & Li、SM和Jaccard遗传距离,采用UPGMA聚类法进行逐步聚类筛选核心种质的效果,并最终采用SM遗传距离逐步聚类从175份兰州百合种质中筛选出了37份核心种质。保留了初始种质21.14%的样品,多态性位点数、多态性位点百分率、Nei's遗传多样性指数和Shannon's信息指数的保留率分别为96.08%、96.59%、105.27%、103.62%,t检验表明核心种质的Nei's遗传多样性指数和Shannon's信息指数与原种质没有显著差异,表明构建的核心种质能很好的代表原始种质的遗传多样性。 相似文献
9.
巴丹吉林沙漠周边植被特征和物种多样性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过对巴丹吉林沙漠周边地区的野外调查,以重要值为测度指标,计算物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数,对巴丹吉林沙漠周边地区荒漠植物群落物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:(1)该区域共计植物37种,各区域重要值大于0.1的物种中,灌木和半灌木占优势;(2)8个区域的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、丰富度指数和优势度指数差异显著,区域5(北部)和7(西部)因含有单物种群落,Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数显著低于其他区域;(3)荒漠植物群落结构层次中,8个区域的灌木层片每个多样性指数均没有显著性差异,草本层片在8个区域中多样性水平差异显著,由于荒漠区植被物种稀少、数量少,灌木层和草本层并未表现出显著差异;(4)巴丹吉林沙漠物种多样性水平较低,生态系统脆弱,对巴丹吉林沙漠周边地区生态系统重建时应该关注各种生态型植被的恢复重建。 相似文献
10.
锦鸡儿属植物的遗传多样性及其种间关系 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
利用RAPD技术,对甘肃省自然分布的11种锦鸡儿属(CaraganaFabr.)植物的遗传多样性及其种间关系进行了研究。从34个10碱基随机引物中筛选出能产生稳定多态性标记的引物11个,共扩增出128个位点,主要集中在200~2000bp之间,其中104个表现出多态性,多态性比率高达81.25%;根据POPGENE32软件计算的Shannon多样性指数与Nei指数也较高,分别为0.3889和0.2517。说明锦鸡儿属植物具有丰富的遗传多样性,对环境变化的适应能力较强。应用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,结果表明,RAPD分析所反映的种间遗传关系与传统的形态学分类结果基本一致,但也有个别种的从属地位稍有变化。这说明还需要将分子标记的研究结果与形态学和其他方法结合起来进一步进行研究。 相似文献
11.
Genetic diversity is crucial for plants to respond to global climate change, and exploring relationships between genetic diversity and climatic factors may help predict how global climate change will shape the genetic diversity of plants in the future. So far, however, the extent and magnitude of the impact of climatic factors on the genetic diversity of plants has not been clarified. We collected data from 68 published papers on two widely used measures of genetic diversity of populations (average expected heterozygosity (He) and average observed heterozygosity (Ho)) and on localities of populations of 79 vascular plants, and extracted data on 19 climatic factors from WorldClim. We then explored the relationships between measures of genetic diversity and climatic factors using linear regressions. He of plant populations was significantly correlated with climatic factors in 58.7% (44) of the 75 species that used He as a measure of genetic diversity, and Ho was correlated with climatic factors in 65.1% (41) of the 63 species that used this genetic diversity measure. In general, Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, Precipitation Seasonality, Precipitation of Driest Quarter and Temperature Seasonality played a vital role in shaping He, and Ho was mostly correlated with Precipitation of Warmest Quarter, Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, Precipitation of Driest Quarter and Precipitation of Driest Month. Also, the proportion of the significant correlations between genetic diversity of populations and climatic factors was higher for woody than for herbaceous species, and different climatic factors played different roles in shaping genetic diversity of these two growth forms. Our results suggest that climate may play an important role in shaping genetic diversity of plant populations, that climatic change in the future may alter genetic diversity of plants, and that genetic diversity of different plant forms may respond to climatic change differently. 相似文献
12.
The Chinese yew (Taxus wallichiana), which is widely distributed in the Himalayas and in southern China, is now on the edge of extinction. In order to understand the evolutionary processes that control the current diversity within this species at the genetic and ecological levels, its genetic patterns and range dynamics must first be identified and mapped. This knowledge can then be applied in the development of an effective conservation strategy. Based on molecular data obtained from 48 populations of T. wallichiana, we used GIS-based interpolation approach for the explicit visualization of patterns of genetic divergence and diversity, and a number of potential evolutionary hotspots have been specifically identified within the genetic landscape maps. Within the maps of genetic divergence and diversity, five areas of high inter-population genetic divergence and six areas of high intra-population genetic diversity have been highlighted in a number of separate mountain regions, and these evolutionary hotspots should have the priority to be protected. Furthermore, four geographical barriers have been identified: the eastern Himalayas, the Yunnan Plateau, the Hengduan Mountains and the Taiwan Strait. According to ecological niche modeling (ENM), the populations of T. wallichiana within the Sino-Himalayan Forest floristic subkingdom experienced westward expansion from the periods of Last Inter-glacial to Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Following the LGM, the distribution range overall became reduced and fragmented. These findings challenge the classic mode of contraction-expansion in response to the last glaciation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the changes in geographical landscapes and climate that occurred during the Quaternary resulted in current genetic landscape patterns. 相似文献
13.
Ecological and functional roles of mycorrhizas in semi-arid ecosystems of Southeast Spain 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
J.M. Barea J. Palenzuela P. Cornejo I. Sánchez-Castro C. Navarro-Fernández A. Lopéz-García B. Estrada R. Azcón N. Ferrol C. Azcón-Aguilar 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(12):1292-1301
Mycorrhizas are worldwide symbiotic associations established between certain soil fungi and most vascular plants and are fundamental in optimizing plant fitness and soil quality. Mycorrhizal symbioses improve the resilience of plant communities against environment stresses, including nutrient deficiency, drought and soil disturbance. Since these stresses are paramount in the degradation of semi-arid ecosystems in the SE Spain, a series of basic, strategic and applied studies have been made to ascertain how the activity and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi affect plant community composition, structure and dynamics in this region. These investigations are reviewed here in terms of: (i) analysing the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi; (ii) assessing the ecological and functional interactions among plant communities and their associated mycorrhizal fungal populations; and (iii) using mycorrhizal inoculation technology for the restoration of degraded semi-arid areas in Southeast Spain. Disturbance of the target semi-arid ecosystems decreases the density and diversity of mycorrhizal fungust populations. Nevertheless, the mycorrhizal propagules do not disappear completely suggesting a certain degree of stress adaptation, and these remaining, resilient ecotypes are being used as plant inoculants. Numerous field experiments, using plant species from the natural succession inoculated with a community of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi, have been carried out in revegetation projects in the semi-arid Iberian Southeast. This management strategy improved both plant development and soil quality, and is a successful biotechnological tool to aid the restoration of self-sustaining ecosystems. However, despite a 20-year history of this work, we lack a comprehensive view of the mycorrhizal potential to improve the composition, diversity, structure and functionality of drought-adapted plant communities in the Region. 相似文献
14.
Antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata Pursh DC; Rosaceae) is an arid-land shrub that occupies an important ecological niche in various fire-dominated communities across much of the western United States. Because of its importance as a browse for large mammals and a food source for granivores, P. tridentata is frequently planted by Federal agencies in arid-land revegetation. We are currently analyzing the range-wide genetic diversity of this species as part of a larger effort to develop seed movement guidelines. In this study, we describe the development of eight novel nuclear microsatellite loci and characterize the amount and apportionment of range-wide nuclear genetic diversity. The eight microsatellite loci exhibited a high level of polymorphism (13–33 alleles per locus) and in general, observed levels of heterozygosity did not deviate form Hardy–Weinberg expectations. An initial screen of 196 individuals from 12 widely distributed populations revealed a moderate amount of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.09, p < 0.001). Moreover, these loci successfully produced PCR products in cross-species amplifications with two closely related Purshia species. These results demonstrate the utility of these markers and provide useful measures of neutral genetic diversity and population differentiation. 相似文献
15.
野外实地调查表明,光滩、藻类盐渍带-藨草、海三棱藨草带-芦苇带-堤内养殖塘4种典型湿地生境是长江口北支湿地水鸟的主要活动区域。光滩、藻类盐渍带中水鸟的种类和数量均最多,其次为堤内养殖塘和藨草、海三棱藨草带,芦苇带中水鸟的种类和数量均最少,食源状况是导致不同生境中水鸟群落分布差异的主要原因。在4种典型湿地生境中,鸟类群落的物种多样性和均匀度均存在差异,但总体上差异不明显,物种多样性均处在中等偏上水平,而均匀度普遍较低。光滩、藻类盐渍带与堤内养殖塘水鸟群落的相似性最高,相似性指数高达0.697;芦苇带与其他3种生境中水鸟群落的相似性均很低,相似性指数均不大于0.257。表明芦苇带与其他3种生境中水鸟群落组成有较大差异。 相似文献
16.
Populations of Eruca sativa from arid environments exhibit greater physiological dormancy than those that originated in more favorable ones. We tested the possible relative contribution of the soil seed bank (SSB) to the aboveground cohorts in desert and semiarid populations. Seedlings that emerged from the SSB under controlled irrigation were distinguished from those that emerged after exposure of the remaining ungerminated SSB to gibberellic acid as constituting non-dormant and dormant SSBs, respectively. On average, the total SSB was significantly larger in the semiarid than in the desert population. In both sites, the aboveground and SSB cohorts exhibited closely similar genetic diversity, and in the aboveground cohorts similar year-to-year genetic diversity was found. These results indicate continuous recruitment from the SSB to the aboveground cohorts. Nevertheless, Ne estimates indicated that the SSB can contribute to enlarging the aboveground effective populations in both habitats. Furthermore, Nei's genetic distances suggested that the non-dormant SSB contributed more than the dormant SSB to the aboveground cohorts. These results highlight the potential of the SSB to maintain a genotype reservoir that protects annual populations in arid environments. 相似文献
17.
Patterns of plant diversity were examined across 24 ironstone ranges in arid south western Australia. The high levels of beta diversity displayed between ranges primarily resulted from high turnover of perennial species and was not influenced by the lower species richness on the more arid ranges. The variance in composition of the vegetation across the ranges was evenly distributed between the broad spatial pattern and environmental factors measuring climate gradients, local site variables and soil chemistry. In contrast broad scale spatial and climatic gradients were most important in explaining the variance in perennial species richness. Ranges along the boundary of the Arid Zone appear to have acted as refugia during the climatic cycles of the Tertiary with several hotspots of species endemism and taxa with distributions centered on these ranges. On the more arid ranges these specialist ironstone taxa are largely absent. The variation in richness of these specialists taxa was strongly influenced by patterns in soil chemistry in addition to the broad scale spatial and climate gradients. The concentration of the ironstone specialist taxa is largely coincidental with the most prospective areas for iron ore mining and this will provide considerable challenges in conserving these unique ecosystems. 相似文献
18.
F. Sánchez-Teyer S. Moreno-Salazar M. Esqueda A. Barraza M.L. Robert 《Journal of Arid Environments》2009,73(6-7):611-616
Agave angustifolia is taken from wild populations in the desert of Sonora, Mexico, to make the alcoholic drink known as “bacanora”. An increase in the demand for this beverage has led to overexploitation of these agaves. We used AFLP to measure the genetic variability within and between natural populations of the species. The fixation index (FST) and population genetic distances (GD) were determined for three populations of A. angustifolia. At the clonal level, the expected heterozygosis (HE), the proportion of polymorphic loci (P), and the genetic similarity indices (GSIs) were lower in one population. Total GSI for adults and offshoots was 0.924. There were no differences in the GSI within or between the populations and dendrogram showed three groups that partially reflect the geographical distribution of the populations. Some degree of genetic variation between mother plants and their vegetatively produced rhizomes was observed. At the species level, total expected heterozygosity was high (HT = 0.314) with a P value of 78%, and intermediate gene flow (Nm = 1.18), giving rise to a moderate fixation index (FST = 0.175). Nm, FST and GD values observed, indicate that urgent measures must be implemented to preserve the genetic diversity. 相似文献
19.
甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠-湿地生态系统优势植物种群分布格局及种间关联性 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
基于25个样地、375个样方和150条样线的调查资料,采用扩散系数(C)、负二项参数(K)、平均拥挤度(m*)、丛生指标(D、聚块性指标(PI)、Green指数(GI)、Cassie指标(GA)和Moristia指数(Ⅰδ)等8个指标以及方差比率(VR)法,对甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠-湿地生态系统优势植物种群的空间分布格局、聚集强度和种间总体关联性进行了研究.结果表明:①研究区8种优势种群均为聚集分布(p＜0.01).其中,多枝柽柳群落、多枝柽柳沙包群落和胡杨群落均具有较高聚集程度,而疏叶骆驼刺群落和芦苇群落均具有较低聚集程度.②研究区优势种群中灌(乔)木层均为聚集分布(p＜0.05).③研究区优势种群在各海拔梯度上均为聚集分布(p＜0.05).随海拔梯度的增加,种群聚集强度增加,且种群聚集程度变化较为平缓.④研究区植物群落中,灌(乔)木层主要种群的种间联结表现为显著的正关联,乔灌草和草本层的主要种群的种间联结表现为显著的负关联.应用2×2联列表x2统计量、联结系数(AC)和共同出现百分率(PC)等方法,综合分析了敦煌西湖主要种群的种间联结显著性和关联强度.结果表明:研究区大多数种群种间关联程度不显著(p＞0.05),不关联的种对数明显要多于显著关联种对数,显著负关联的种对数多于正关,说明种群对生境和资源要求不一样,与总体种间相关性检验的方差比率VR值的结果一致,群落中优势物种处于不稳定阶段. 相似文献
20.
Laura R. Lewis 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):377-394
Sahelian Africa makes up the native range of pearl millet and the impact of domestication on the genetic diversity of wild, intermediate, and cultivated subspecies is still poorly understood. Wild populations are known to spontaneously germinate throughout this range and hybridize with cultivated material. To investigate genetic structure, populations of pearl millet from several African countries were analyzed at the morphological and molecular levels for diversity. Results demonstrate how little differentiation there is between subspecies and populations. It appears that pearl millet throughout the Sahel remains a metapopulation with large hybrid zones. These results have important implications for conservation of pearl millet. 相似文献