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1.
Cholinesterases (ChEs) have been characterized in marbled sole (Limanda yokohamae) for use as a possible biomarker of pollution exposure. In brain, ChEs existed almost exclusively (>95%) as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) whereas in muscle, about 20-30% of ChE activity was in the form of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; pseudocholinesterase). Acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine (identified in mammalian studies as diagnostic substrates for AChE and BChE respectively) were hydrolyzed mainly, but not exclusively, by these enzymes. The inhibitors BW284C51 and iso-OMPA (identified in mammalian studies as diagnostic inhibitors of AChE and BChE respectively) were not specific for these enzymes in marbled sole. Brain AChE and muscle AChE and BChE were characterized in terms of their kinetic properties (KM etc.) and optimal conditions (substrate concentration, protein concentration, pH etc.) were established to allow routine assays of ChE activity to proceed under pseudo-first order conditions. The sensitivity of ChEs to a locally significant pesticide, iprobenfos (IBP; kitazin) was established in terms of IC50 concentrations. Brain AChE was relatively insensitive to IBP, but muscle AChE and BChE were sensitive to IBP concentrations in the high nM range. However, ambient IBP concentrations in Korean coastal waters are usually not high enough to cause detectable ChE inhibition in this species.  相似文献   

2.
Biochemical characterization of cholinesterase activity (ChE) was carried out on the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki collected in winter 2000 from Campo Icaro (Ross Sea, Antarctica) in order to increase its suitability as a sentinel organism for monitoring the Antarctic environment. The digestive gland, gills and adductor muscle were investigated for substrate specificity and inhibitors sensitivity using acetylthiocholine iodide (ASCh) and butyrylthiocholine iodide (BSCh) as substrates and tetra (monoisopropyl)pyrophosphor-tetramide (Iso-OMPA), 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl)-penthan-3-one dibromide (BW284c51) and the insecticide chlorpyrifos as inhibitors. Effect of in vivo exposure to ZnCl(2) was also investigated. All the tissues expressed ChE activity (gill > adductor muscle > digestive gland) and low substrates specificity throughout the hydrolysis of both ASCh and BSCh substrates. Partial (25-29%) and total inhibition (100%) of ChE activity in gills was demonstrated following in vitro incubation with Iso-OMPA and BW284c51 (3 mM), respectively. Concentration-dependent inhibition was also evident with chlorpyrifos in the range 10(-4)-10(-10) M (IC(50) 10(-6)) while in vivo exposure to ZnCl(2) did not seem to affect ChE activity in the scallop. The potential use of ChE in the A. colbecki as biomarker for monitoring water contamination in the marine Antarctic environment is discussed.  相似文献   

3.
Ocean Science Journal - As a suspension feeder, Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (A. Adams and Reeve 1850) plays a crucial role in the coastal soft bottom ecosystem in the temperate region,...  相似文献   

4.
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) may impose a serious threat to aquatic lives and human health. We determined the effects of a toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (clone ATCIO1, isolated from Hong Kong coastal waters) on the energy budget, quantified as scope for growth (SFG), and the growth rate of the manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis. To quantify the SFG, clams and mussels were dosed with different amounts of toxic A. tamarense for 6 days, resulting in different toxin burdens in the tissues. Clearance rate, absorption efficiency, and respiration rate were subsequently measured in these toxin containing bivalves. Clearance rate significantly declined at the highest toxin burden in the clams only, while there was no significant difference in the clearance rate among different treatments for the mussels. The respiration rate of either bivalve was not significantly affected by toxin accumulation in the tissues. In contrast, the absorption efficiency of both clams and mussels decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner for mussels but not for clams, when the tissue accumulated the toxins. With an increase in paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin burden, SFG in both clams and mussels was significantly reduced, primarily because of the decrease of absorption efficiency. The growth rate of juvenile clam R. philippinarum, measured as an increment in tissue dry weight over a 15 d exposure period, was significantly lower during their feeding on toxic dinoflagellate than the growth rate of clams feeding on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. The juvenile mussel P. viridis, however, exhibited similar growth rates after feeding on the toxic dinoflagellates and the nontoxic diatom. This study showed that SFG can provide a sensitive and integrated measure of the effect of HAB on the physiology of bivalves. Clam R. philippinarum may be more sensitive, in terms of their energy budget, to PSP toxin accumulation than the mussel P. viridis.  相似文献   

5.
Biochemical characterization of cholinesterase activity (ChE) was carried out on the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki collected in winter 2000 from Campo Icaro (Ross Sea, Antarctica) in order to increase its suitability as a sentinel organism for monitoring the Antarctic environment. The digestive gland, gills and adductor muscle were investigated for substrate specificity and inhibitors sensitivity using acetylthiocholine iodide (ASCh) and butyrylthiocholine iodide (BSCh) as substrates and tetra (monoisopropyl)pyrophosphor-tetramide (Iso-OMPA), 1,5-bis(4-allyldimethylammoniumphenyl)-penthan-3-one dibromide (BW284c51) and the insecticide chlorpyrifos as inhibitors. Effect of in vivo exposure to ZnCl2 was also investigated. All the tissues expressed ChE activity (gill > adductor muscle > digestive gland) and low substrates specificity throughout the hydrolysis of both ASCh and BSCh substrates. Partial (25–29%) and total inhibition (100%) of ChE activity in gills was demonstrated following in vitro incubation with Iso-OMPA and BW284c51 (3 mM), respectively. Concentration-dependent inhibition was also evident with chlorpyrifos in the range 10−4–10−10 M (IC50 10−6) while in vivo exposure to ZnCl2 did not seem to affect ChE activity in the scallop. The potential use of ChE in the A. colbecki as biomarker for monitoring water contamination in the marine Antarctic environment is discussed.  相似文献   

6.
研究利用中型生物扰动系统 (AFS)对胶州湾薛家岛潮间带菲律宾蛤仔 (Ruditapesphilippinarum)养殖断面和非养殖断面的中潮和低潮 4个站位的生物沉降和沉积物的再悬浮过程进行测定。结果表明生物沉降作用与大型滤食性双壳类动物 -菲律宾蛤仔的丰度呈显著的正相关关系 (r=0 .984 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,养殖断面的生物沉降作用要明显地大于非养殖断面。在菲律宾蛤仔的低密度区 ,生物沉降的作用小于自然沉降 ,而在其养殖的高密度区 ,生物沉降率约为自然沉降率的4倍。薛家岛潮间带沉积物的临界侵蚀速率为 17.4～ 2 0 .4 cm/ s。沉积物的稳定性与所测生物因子的关系不密切 (P>0 .0 5 )。作者推测两个断面中潮站位沉积物的相对易侵蚀性 ,可能是由于此处环境受到某些大型动物及高潮带人工养殖带来的扰动所致  相似文献   

7.
应用单因素方差分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析方法,对海州(HZ)、南浦(NP)、莱州(LZ)、莆田(PT)和汕尾(SW)等不同海域的5个菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)野生群体形态数据进行比较分析。单因素方差分析表明HZ群体在多个形态参数上与其它组差异显著;聚类分析显示HZ群体与其它组距离较大;主成分分析共提取2个主成分,贡献率为28.28%和20.77%,累计贡献率为49.05%,散布图表明HZ群体与其他组区分明显;建立了5个群体的判别函数,判别准确率P1和P2均为36.0%~80.0%,综合判别率为53.6%,HZ群体的判别率最高。以上结果说明HZ群体与其它4组形态差异显著。  相似文献   

8.
In this study the clam, Tapes philippinarum, a filter-feeding bivalve living in soft bottoms, was used to investigate the water/sediment pollution in Venice Lagoon (Venice, Italy), a heavily urbanised and industrialised area. To this end, clams collected from indigenous populations in a clean farming area (Val Dogà) were transplanted into a relatively low contaminated site (Palude della Rosa) and in a heavily polluted area (Porto Marghera), for 5 weeks. A range of possible induced stress indices were measured, on the basis of potential toxicity mechanisms, including specific enzymatic activities [Bap hydroxylase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and propionaldehyde dehydrogenase (PDH)] and general cellular responses (lysosomal latency). Moreover, chemical analyses (polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, DDTs) were carried out on sediments and animal tissues at the beginning and end of the transplantation experiments. The chemical results show an active bio-accumulation activity from sediment in clams translocated to the most polluted area. Correspondingly, biological data indicate marked effects on PDH activity and latency in T. philippinarum from the same site. In contrast, no similar pattern has been observed in the other considered indices, possibly due to antagonistic effects of the complex contaminant mixture present in the environment.  相似文献   

9.
Pathologic condition of Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum collected from Haeju off the west coast of North Korea in February and March 2007 was investigated in this study. The diagnostics included a protozoan parasite, Perkinsus olseni, the brown ring disease (BRD) caused by bacteria Vibrio tapetis and metazoan parasites Trematod and Cestod. P. olseni infection was examined using histology and Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) assay along with Choi’s NaOH digestion technique. Trematode and cestode infection was also examined from the histology. A total of 140 clams with 35–45 mm in shell length (2–3 years old) were analyzed. Condition factor (CF), a ratio of the wet tissue weight to the shell dry weight, ranged from 0.445±0.074 (February) to 0.544±0.132 (March). Total body burden of P. olseni (i.e. infection intensity) ranged from 18,644±37,755 (February) to 26,933±80,611 cells/g wet tissue (March) with the prevalence of 76.7–43.3% (March) respectively. Prevalence of trematode and cestode infection in February and March varied 22.5–25.0 and 15.0–22.5% respectively. Infection intensity of V. tapetis ranged 1–2 and the prevalence was 1.4 (February) and 5.7% (March). Prevalence and infection intensity of P. olseni in clams from Haeju was comparatively lower than those of clams reported on the west coast of Korea. BRD and the other metazoan parasite infection were also relatively lower or similar to the condition of the clams reported previously. CF of Haeju clams was also relatively higher than the clams in Gyeonggi Bay and Taean, suggesting that Haeju clams had relatively better pathologic and health condition.  相似文献   

10.
The paper examines the relative lethal and sublethal response of five important tropical marine mussels (Perna viridis, Perna perna, Brachidontes striatulus, Brachidontes variabilis and Modiolus philippinarum) to different chlorine concentrations varying from 0.25 to 15 mg l(-1). The mussels were observed to co-exist in the cooling water circuits of a coastal power station that adopted intermittent chlorination as a fouling control technique. The five mussel species showed, in response to chlorination, 100% mortality at significantly different exposure times, indicating significant species-specific variability in chlorine tolerance. For example, at 1 mg l(-1) residual chlorine, B. variabilis and P. viridis took 288 and 816 h, respectively, to achieve 100% mortality. The time taken for 100% mortality decreased with increasing chlorine residual concentration. The effect of mussel size (= mussel age) of P. viridis, P. perna, B. striatulus and M. philippinarum on mortality was significant between 1 and 5 mg l(-1) residual chlorine, with larger mussels showing greater resistance than smaller ones. All mussel species showed progressive reduction in physiological activities when chlorine residuals were increased from 0 to 1 mg l(-1). However, species-specific differences in the relative rate of physiological activities were observed. Accordingly, relative reduction in physiological activities in response to chlorination was the lowest in P. viridis and the highest in B. variabilis. The data clearly indicate significant differences in the lethal and sublethal responses of the five mussel species to chlorination. The results, therefore, suggest that for effective fouling control, chlorine treatment against mussels has to be employed judiciously, depending on the mussel species involved.  相似文献   

11.
海鱼AChE监测海水有机磷农药的可行性研究   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
有机磷农药(OPs)对乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE EC 3.1.1.7)具有专一性抑制作用,因此AChE常作为淡水和土壤OPs污染的特异性标识物(biomarker).本文在海水背景下,通过测定两种有机磷农药(马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷)对海洋鱼类-鲈鱼[Lateolabrax japonicus(cuvier)]脑组织AChE的抑制效应,分析了海鱼AChE监测海水OPs的可行性.结果显示,抑制时间为20min时,抑制程度达到相对稳定;在低浓度OPs抑制下,纯酶液比粗酶液表现出更好的敏感性,对马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷的灵敏度分别达到0.28μg*L-1和0.2μg*L-1;在一定浓度范围内,AChE活力对OPs具有显著的线性响应.研究表明,利用鲈鱼AChE指示和监测海水OPs的微污染是完全可行的.  相似文献   

12.
Copper is an important heavy metal contaminant with high ecological risk in the Bohai Sea. In this study, the metabolic responses in the bioindicator, Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum), to the environmentally relevant copper exposures were characterized using NMR-based metabolomics. The significant metabolic changes corresponding to copper exposures were related to osmolytes, intermediates of the Krebs cycle and amino acids, such as the increase in homarine, branched chain amino acids and decrease in succinate, alanine and dimethylamine in the copper-exposed clam gills during 96 h exposure period. Overall, Cu may lead to the disturbances in osmotic regulation and energy metabolism in clams during 96 h experimental period. These results demonstrate that NMR-based metabolomics is applicable for the discovery of metabolic biomarkers which could be used to elucidate the toxicological mechanisms of marine heavy metal contaminants.  相似文献   

13.
胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔死壳分布与生态环境关系的研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔栖息地带由于近年受拖耙捕生产，底质遭到频繁骚动。同时沿岸带局部水域环境污染严重，以及河口盐度突发性骤降等因素，直接影响了蛤仔的存活率。因而蛤仔死壳逐年增多。据１９９０年调查，９月份幼蛤和成蛤死壳平均密度比同年４月分别增加３．５倍和１．８倍，蛤仔资源量亦受一定损失。  相似文献   

14.
An individual-based mathematical model was developed to investigate the biological and environmental interactions that influence the prevalence and intensity of Brown Ring Disease (BRD), a disease, caused by the bacterial pathogen, Vibrio tapetis, in the Manila clam (Venerupis (= Tapes, = Ruditapes) philippinarum). V. tapetis acts as an external microparasite, adhering at the surface of the mantle edge and its secretion, the periostracal lamina, causing the symptomatic brown deposit. Brown Ring Disease is atypical in that it leaves a shell scar that provides a unique tool for diagnosis of either live or dead clams. The model was formulated using laboratory and field measurements of BRD development in Manila clams, physiological responses of the clam to the pathogen, and the physiology of V. tapetis, as well as theoretical understanding of bacterial disease progression in marine shellfish. The simulation results obtained for an individual Manila clam were expanded to cohorts and populations using a probability distribution that prescribed a range of variability for parameters in a three dimensional framework; assimilation rate, clam hemocyte activity rate (the number of bacteria ingested per hemocyte per day), and clam calcification rate (a measure of the ability to recover by covering over the symptomatic brown ring deposit), which sensitivity studies indicated to be processes important in determining BRD prevalence and intensity. This approach allows concurrent simulation of individuals with a variety of different physiological capabilities (phenotypes) and hence by implication differing genotypic composition. Different combinations of the three variables provide robust estimates for the fate of individuals with particular characteristics in a population that consists of mixtures of all possible combinations.The BRD model was implemented using environmental observations from sites in Brittany, France, where Manila clams routinely exhibit BRD signs. The simulated annual cycle of BRD prevalence and intensity agrees with observed disease cycles in cultured clam populations from this region, with maximum disease prevalence and intensity occurring from December to April. Sensitivity analyses of modeled physiological processes showed that the level of hemocyte activity is the primary intrinsic determinant of recovery of infected clams. Simulations designed to investigate environmental effects on BRD suggested that the outcome of the host–parasite interaction is dependent on food supply (high values being favorable for the host) and temperature. Results of simulations illustrate the complex interaction of temperature effects on propagation and viability of the bacterium, on the phagocytic activity of the hemocytes, and on other physiological processes of the host clam. Simulations using 1 °C and 2 °C increases in temperature generally favored disease development, indicating that climate warming might favor the spread of BRD.  相似文献   

15.
环境条件变化是造成贝类挥发性有机物质(VOCs)组成变化的主要原因。菲律宾蛤仔养殖生产中,常进行从开放式自然滩涂迁移至人工围塘养殖的活动。本文研究了这一过程前后菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)肌肉组织的VOCs组成特征、变化及其与环境因子相关性。结果显示:基于固相微萃取和气质联用技术,共鉴定出52种VOCs,分别属于醛、醇、酯、烃、呋喃、烷烃、烯、芳香烃、含硫和含氮化合物等。迁移前样本中,检出41种化合物,迁移至人工围塘养殖20 d后,检出32种。迁移造成了化合物种类数量降低、种类发生变化。醛、醇类的相对含量最高、迁移前后的变化尤为显著,呈现由醛高醇低的组成逆转为醇高醛低的特点。溶氧是影响VOCs组成变化及其醇、醛类差别的重要因子。饵料生物量、相对丰度和多样性与VOCs的组成具有显著相关性:自然滩涂微型真核生物多样性高但生物量和丰度相对低,人工围塘多样性低但生物量和丰度高,是VOCs组成差异的关键影响因子。本研究建立了贝类VOCs与关键环境因子的直接联系,为进一步解析贝类品质的环境关系、优化和调控养殖环境等研究提供了参考。  相似文献   

16.
In order to evaluate the gill glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity as a biomarker of effect of fungicide exposure in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta), the fungicides propiconazole [(R,S)-1-[2-(2,4-diclophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioolan-2-ylmetyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole] and fenpropimorph [(+/-)-cis-4-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-metyl propyl]-2,6 dimetylmorfolinc] were administrated in the water separately and together in a static system (80 microg/l for each pesticide) for 5 days. The combined fungicides gave a significant decrease in gill GST activity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), whilst hepatic GST-activity was not significantly changed. Furthermore, continuous exposure to 540 ug/l thiabendazole[2-(thiazol-4'-yl)benzimidazole] in a flow-through system for 4 days significantly increased the gill glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity towards CDNB, whilst hepatic GST and cytochrome P450 (CYP 1A) activities were not increased by the treatment.  相似文献   

17.
Dissected tissues of three shellfish species,the Chinese scallop,Chlamys farreri,Manila clam,Ruditapes philippinarum,and Razor shell,Solen strictu were evaluated for in vitro transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) toxins. Tissue homogenates were incubated with extraction from toxic algae Alexandrium minutum to determine toxin conversion. The effects of heating and addition of a natural reductant(glutathione) on toxin conversion were also assessed. The toxin profile was investigated through high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection(HPLC-FLD) . The evident variations in the toxin content were observed only in Chinese scallop viscera homogenates. The concentration of GTX4 was reduced by 45%(approximately 0.8 μmol/dm 3 ) and 25%(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) for GTX1,while GTX2 and GTX3 increased by six times(approximately 1 μmol/dm 3 ) and 3 times(approximately 0.3 μmol/dm 3 ) respectively. Simultaneously,the total toxicity decreased by 38% during the 48 h incubation period,the final toxicity was 20.4 nmol STXeq/g. Furthermore,heated Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with non-heated samples. The concentration of the GTX4 and GTX1 was clearly 28%(approximately 0.53 μmol/dm 3 ) and 17%(approximately 0.69 μmol/dm 3 ) higher in heated samples,GTX2 and GTX3 were four times(0.66 μmol/dm 3 ) and two times(0.187 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively. GSH(+) Chinese scallop viscera homogenates samples were compared with GSH(-) samples,the concentration in the GTX4 and GTX1 was 9%(approximately 0.12 μmol/dm 3 ) and 11%(approximately 0.36 μmol/dm 3 ) lower respectively,GTX2 and GTX3 was 17%(approximately 0.14 μmol/dm 3 ) and 19%(approximately 0.006 μmol/dm 3 ) higher respectively. In contrast,there was a little change in the concentration of PSP toxins of Manila clam and Razor shell tissue homogenates. These observations on three shellfish tissues confirmed that there were species-specific differences in PSP toxins transformation. PSP toxins transformation was more pronounced in viscera tissue than in muscle tissue. PSP toxins was possibly interfered by some carbamoylase enzyme,and the activity in Chinese scallop viscera tissue is more remarkable than in the other two species.  相似文献   

18.
胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔生长特征研究   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
为对胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔增养殖业的可持续发展提供技术支持,2004年5～9月,通过对胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔进行定点采样调查和生物学特性测定,分析研究了菲律宾蛤仔的生长特征.结果表明：近几年胶州湾菲律宾蛤仔的底播增殖,苗种平均体重0.26g、壳长11.1mm;1～3龄期间个体生长速度较快,1～2龄、2～3龄,体重分别增长3.88g和4.02g;1～2龄生物量增长最快,2～3龄由于死亡率提高,使生物量增长缓慢;壳长、壳高、壳宽与体重关系式分别为y=0.000 2x^3.053 3,y=0.000 4x^3.088 6,y=0.005 3x^2.683 4,壳高、壳宽与壳长关系式分别为y=0.667 4x＋0.305 9,y=0.457 5x-0.967 8;1～3龄蛤仔软体部的生长速度快于贝壳,5～6月份是菲律宾蛤仔的肥育期.由个体生长特性分析,3龄为最佳采捕年龄,从生物量上分析,采捕2龄蛤收益最高;6月是最佳的捕获季节.  相似文献   

19.
1 IntroductionManila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is aworldwide distributed species. In China, it is foundfrom the northern to southern seashores (Wang etal., 1993; Zhuang, 2001). This species is eura-line with the salinity tolerance ranging from 20 to4…  相似文献   

20.
Paralytic shellfish toxins(PSTs) are notorious neurotoxins that threaten public health and food safety worldwide.Although PST monitoring programs have recently been established throughout China, the profiles and variation of PSTs in important commercial clams(e.g., Mactra veneriformis, Ruditapes philippinarum, and Meretrix meretrix) along the Jiangsu Province coastline remain largely unexplored. In this study, a validated hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(HILIC-MS/MS) method was used to examine PST profiles and levels in 540 clam samples from natural production areas along Jiangsu Province coastline during2014–2016. Although the PST levels(≤6.38 μg saxitotoxin equivalents(eq)/kg) were consistently below European Union regulatory limits(≤800 μg saxitotoxin eq/kg) during this time period, saxitotoxin, decarbamoylsaxitotoxin,and gonyautoxins 1 and 4 were detected, and nearly 40% of the samples were saxitotoxin-positive. The PST levels also varied significantly by seasons, with peak values observed in May during 2014–2016. This is the first systematic report of PSTs in clams from Jiangsu Province, and additional research and protective measures are needed to ensure the safety of clams harvested in this area.  相似文献   

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