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1.
Mismatch of labor demand and supply, resulting from economic growth, is referred to here as structural tension. Spatial variations in structural tension are identified for Venezuelan states in 1971. Positive tension, indicating overutilization of human resources, prevails in urban areas. By contrast, rural locales exhibit underutilization due to rapid labor force growth without parallel increases in employment opportunities. Influence of structural tension, coupled with other migration determinants, upon destination choice by economically active immigrants is explored. Structural tension emerges as strongly significant for the total sample, displacing wages from the model. This is consistent with our contention that wages are a less precise indicator of labor supply and demand. 相似文献
2.
Sediment-rich estuaries typically exhibit considerable dynamicity, with channel shifts and shoreline erosion/deposition occurring over timescales of years to decades. Contemporary behaviour is usually attributed to the immediate effect of short-term events (such as storms), longer-term forcing (such as sea-level change) or anthropogenic modifications to system controls (such as wave–tidal–fluvial regime and sediment supply). In this context, geological control is understood to provide an inherited framework within which an estuary will evolve. This paper examines the morphodynamics of two sand-filled, but sediment-limited, mixed-energy estuaries of Loughros Bay in northwest Ireland. Analysis of ebb channel morphometry shows that estuaries can be divided into upper and lower estuary components, which appear to represent a down-valley increasing energy gradient. Examination of historical ebb channel migration reveals three morphodynamic zones delimited by a significant spatial variability in channel mobility that reflects the distribution of specific structural controls along the estuary and their influence on the changing energy gradient. Based upon analysis of low tide channel migration over the last 172 years, three phases of geomorphic response are identified. In Loughros More, the behaviour is characterised by a 19th century phase of steady-state equilibrium; a subsequent period of dynamic response to extrinsic (storm) forcing; and, most recently, adjustment to intrinsically forced changes in structural control. In Loughros Beg, the phases are comparable, but contrast specifically in inlet and ebb-tidal behaviour. This analysis illustrates discontinuities in decadal- to century-scale forcing and morphological response, identified here as complex response. It suggests that the sedimentary evolution of coastal systems that have no appreciable external sediment supply is potentially more strongly determined by local variability in system character than climate or sea-level driven mechanisms. 相似文献
3.
This paper analyzes the migration of Puerto Rican-born women from the United States to Puerto Rico using longitudinal data. We hypothesize that sojourn length in the United States is a function of both structural (macro-level economic and cultural factors) and behavioral (micro-level life-cycle experiences and personal attributes) variables. We test these hypotheses by estimating a proportional hazards model. The parameter estimates of this model indicate that sojourn length in the United States, and thus the decision to return to Puerto Rico, is a function of wage trends and community characteristics on the mainland plus a number of individual attributes that include education, marriage, and childbirth. 相似文献
4.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(2):148-152
This paper analyzes the migration of Puerto Rican-born women from the United States to Puerto Rico using longitudinal data. We hypothesize that sojourn length in the United States is a function of both structural (macro-level economic and cultural factors) and behavioral (micro-level life-cycle experiences and personal attributes) variables. We test these hypotheses by estimating a proportional hazards model. The parameter estimates of this model indicate that sojourn length in the United States, and thus the decision to return to Puerto Rico, is a function of wage trends and community characteristics on the mainland plus a number of individual attributes that include education, marriage, and childbirth. 相似文献
5.
人口迁移的时空分异与影响机制一直是人口学研究关注的焦点。本文基于社保关系转移视角,从时间和空间两个维度探究黑龙江省城镇工作人口省内的中长期迁移规律与时空分异特征,并且结合人口推拉理论与OD模型,综合考虑经济和就业政策因素,建立了能够反映以社保劳动关系转移为基础的中长期人口迁移动力学模型。研究结果表明：基于社保关系的城镇工作人口迁移符合截断指数幂律分布,呈现列维飞行特点;该省省内人口迁出呈现多层级跨区域分布格局,人口迁入呈现“四核心-环东南”格局,人口迁入与迁出空间格局具有一定程度的类似性;黑龙江省边境城市人口流失情况较为严重;城镇职工迁移行为的无序性不断加大,迁移的频率较高;但是经过通过模拟,该省城镇职工的迁移系统趋向于平衡发展。 相似文献
6.
青藏高原人口流入流出时空模式研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在大数据时代,来自网络的人口迁徙数据,为开展区域间人口流入、流出模式研究提供了强有力的数据支撑。本文基于腾讯日迁徙数据（2015—2018年）,借助时间序列、社交网络和时空统计等分析方法,剖析、挖掘了青藏高原人口流入与流出模式,探讨了青藏高原与国内其他城市间的季节性人口流向和人口互动网络特征。结果表明：① 青藏高原人口流动具有显著的周期性特征,年内呈低—中—中高—高的季节性变化规律;2015至2018年,青藏高原在全国城市流动人口互动网络中的地位持续提升,人口流动量提升了8.2%,网络排名提升了24.5%,中值季、中高值季和高值季相对低值季而言,日均人口流动量依次增高14.2%、26.7%、57.8%;② 青藏高原人口流动方向集中在青藏高原NEE-67.5°至SEE-112.5°的45°扇形区间,并且青藏高原与周边省份的省会城市互动频繁;③ 全国大部分城市与青藏高原人口互动强度持续增强,旅游业起到了关键的推动作用;新疆和田和巴音州、重庆、广安、眉山和河南三门峡与青藏高原间呈现中值季—中高值季升高而高值季下降模式,反映了青藏高原的劳务输入存在季节性变化的规律;吐鲁番、东莞和运城出现高值季下降模式则主要是物资供给关系导致的结果。 相似文献
7.
Inferring spatial interaction patterns from sequential snapshots of spatial distributions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Di Zhu Zhou Huang Li Shi Lun Wu 《International journal of geographical information science》2018,32(4):783-805
Spatial interactions underlying consecutive sequential snapshots of spatial distributions, such as the migration flows underlying temporal population snapshots, can reflect the details of spatial evolution processes. In the era of big data, we have access to individual-level data, but the acquisition of high-quality spatial interaction data remains a challenging problem. Most research has been focused on distributions of movable objects or the modelling of spatial interaction patterns, with few attempts to identify hidden spatial interaction patterns from temporal transitions of spatial distributions. In this article, we introduced an approach to infer spatial interaction patterns from sequential snapshots of spatial population distributions by incorporating linear programming and the spatial constraints of human movement. Experiments using synthetic data were conducted using four simple scenarios to explore the characteristics of our method. The proposed method was used to extract interurban flows of migrants during the Chinese Spring Festival in 2016. Our research demonstrated the feasibility of using discrete multi-temporal snapshots of population distributions in space to infer spatial interaction patterns and offered a general analytical framework from snapshot data to spatial interaction patterns. 相似文献
8.
持续活跃的迁移流动不仅深刻改变着中国的人口分布格局,也已成为影响区域人口结构的关键因素。为量化估计人口流动对老龄化进程的影响,本研究构建了一个方法论框架,将人口流动的作用分解为规模效应和年龄结构效应,并从地级尺度分析中国人口流动对区域老龄化进程的作用,解读其空间规律和内在机制。总体而言,人口流动导致多数地区老龄化加深,仅有少数地区的老龄化得到缓解;人口流入对老龄化的降低作用和流出的提升作用并非绝对。人口流动的老龄化效应具有显著的空间分异和聚散特征：“胡焕庸线”是重要分界,人口大量流入的东部沿海城市群、内陆省会等区域性中心城市、西部多数地区降低作用突出,人口大量流出的长江中上游和淮河流域提升作用明显。规模效应在人口流动对老龄化及其空间格局的影响中发挥主导作用;按流入、流出分解后,结构效应的解释力得以体现。规模和结构效应在不同地区存在差异化的作用模式。最后开展了类型分析,并探讨了各类型区人口流动影响老龄化的特征和未来趋势。 相似文献
9.
结构动力机制视角下的城市网络解释框架 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中心地理论采用的是规模—等级分布体系。然而,新时期出现的一些新特征显然无法沿用中心地理论进行解释,如信息技术对城市体系的重构、基础设施网络对时空距离的压缩等。城市网络研究强调外部连接对城市发展的重要作用,可很好地解释城市与城市之间的关联特性,因此对城市与城市之间的关系研究已逐渐从城市等级转向于城市网络研究。通过构建社会分工、技术进步、地方背景三者相互作用的概念性解释框架,阐述城市网络的作用机制。在城市网络解释框架的基础上,提出了单个城市的网络化生存策略—界面交互模型,阐述单个城市与城市网络中其他城市的联系方式与互动关系。 相似文献
10.
基于家庭的城市居民出行需求理论与验证模型 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
西方的城市居民出行需求研究已经由基于出行的分析转向基于活动的分析, 而国内的相关研究几乎空白, 特别是基于家庭的分析。基于出行的交通需求理论在交通规划中的不足, 强调活动分析法的理论基础和应用优势, 提出了基于家庭的活动-移动行为的理论并进行模 型验证。采用天津市居民时间利用日志调查的第一手数据, 以家庭为研究单元, 建立结构方 程模型, 在解读天津市民工作日的活动-移动模式的基础上, 验证了基于家庭的活动分析法 的理论。结果表明, 出行来源于相应的活动参与, 且活动分析法很好地解决了四阶段法等基 于出行的模型的一些不足。男女家长之间存在明显的活动-移动联系, 并且在非工作活动上存在联合参与行为。在考虑活动和家庭成员的间接效应时, 社会经济属性对居民出行时间的的总体效应和直接效应显著程度不一, 验证了基于家庭的活动分析法在出行行为研究上比传统基于出行的分析更加全面和深入。 相似文献
11.
Developing a comprehensive understanding of inter-city interactions is crucial for regional planning.We therefore examined spatiotemporal patterns of population migration across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)using migration big data from Tencent for the period between 2015 and 2019.We initially used decomposition and breakpoint detection methods to examine time-series migration data and to identify the two seasons with the strongest and weakest population migration levels,between June 18th and August 18th and between Oc-tober 8th and February 15th,respectively.Population migration within the former period was 2.03 times that seen in the latter.We then used a variety of network analysis methods to examine population flow directions as well as the importance of each individual city in migra-tion.The two capital cities on the QTP,Lhasa and Xining,form centers for population migra-tion and are also transfer hubs through which migrants from other cities off the plateau enter and leave this region.Data show that these two cities contribute more than 35％of total population migration.The majority of migrants tend to move within the province,particularly during the weakest migration season.We also utilized interactive relationship force and ra-diation models to examine the interaction strength and the radiating energy of each individual city.Results show that Lhasa and Xining exhibit the strongest interactions with other cities and have the largest radiating energies.Indeed,the radiating energy of the QTP cities cor-relates with their gross domestic product(GDP)(Pearson correlation coefficient:0.754 in the weakest migration season,WMS versus 0.737 in the strongest migration season,SMS),while changes in radiating energy correlate with the tourism-related revenue(Pearson correlation coefficient:0.685).These outcomes suggest that level of economic development and level of tourism are the two most important factors driving the QTP population migration.The results of this analysis provide critical clarification guidance regarding huge QTP development dif-ferences. 相似文献
12.
空气质量对中国人口迁移的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着中国流动人口群体构成和迁移模式的持续变化,空气质量等舒适性要素逐渐成为塑造人口迁移空间格局的重要因素。基于2000年以来的人口普查和抽样调查数据,本文探讨了空气质量对人口迁移影响的总体特征、变动趋势和作用模式。研究发现,空气质量已逐渐成为影响中国人口迁移格局的重要因素,且主要表现为推力作用。空气质量直接关系到人口迁出决策,污染严重的地区更难留住人;而在迁入地选择过程中,收入水平和就业机会则更为重要,但其影响近年来有所弱化,城市吸引力更加综合多元。此外,研究还验证了教育资源对人口迁移的导向性作用,并从人口迁移的角度发现了城市群作为城镇化主体形态的地位在持续强化。 相似文献
13.
基于空间化PageRank算法的人口流动空间集聚性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
提出了一种基于空间化PageRank算法的人口流动空间集聚性分析方法。在PageRank算法的基础上增加空间节点间要素流量大小(F)的加权作用以及距离因子(Dst)所引起的流动成本和阻力效应,使该算法具备针对空间网络模型的分析能力,通过对人口流动网络模型中的节点进行集聚性排序,描述人口流动的空间特征。以华东六省一市人口流动状况为例,PR值、区域人口总流入量(RTI)和流动人口密度区位商(MLQ)的计算结果对比表明:空间化PageRank算法可以客观地评估空间节点吸引力,并弥补了总流入量等简单人口学统计指标对于现象背后驱动机制表达不足的缺点。 相似文献
14.
生活方式型移民研究综述 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在经济比较发达以及后现代社会带来个人主体性增强的背景下,以寻找更好的生活方式的迁移——“生活方式型移民”成为一种重要的人口流动类型,并受到西方学者的高度关注。在中国,生活方式型移民开始萌芽,然而研究较少,目前主要集中在对生活方式型旅游企业主移民研究;西方的研究则涉及退休移民、生活方式型企业主移民等多种类型,但尚未形成完整的研究体系,对于生活方式型移民概念界定及其类型划分较为杂乱。为此,本文从现有文献出发,试图对这类移民的研究内容进行介绍、探讨、厘清和评析,首先确定“生活方式型移民”的概念框架,根据生产和消费在时间和空间上的结合状态将生活方式型移民划分为三种类型,并从社会交往、生活状态、旅游行为和自我认知等方面综述其迁移后的行为表现及由此产生的影响,希望借此促进中国学者对生活方式型移民的关注。 相似文献
15.
Graeme Hugo 《The Australian geographer》2006,37(2):211-231
Australia's labour market is most influenced by international migration among OECD nations, but Australian research on this issue focuses almost exclusively on permanent settlement migration. The present paper, however, demonstrates that non-permanent migration has an important impact on the Australian labour market, although such migrants are not included in standard data collections and research on migrants and the labour market. A number of data sources are utilised to estimate the labour-market impact of Working Holiday Makers, Temporary Business Entrants, Overseas Students, and New Zealand temporary migrants. It is shown that their impact is equivalent to more than 400?000 full-time jobs. However, the effect is magnified because it is concentrated in particular sectors of the economy and in particular communities within Australia. A number of issues relating to temporary migration are discussed, including the nature of its relationship with permanent migration, the effects on job training, and the implications for regional development. 相似文献
16.
以淮南煤矿复垦区木本植物女贞为例,根据木本植物吸附土壤重金属特点,提出新的采样方案,布设采样点,采用石墨炉法,测定样品中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb等重金属含量,通过多参数统计回归趋势分析,探寻重金属在土壤—根系系统中的迁移特征。结果表明：木本植物根系对重金属吸收富集能力强,其迁移能力就较强,且迁移特征沿着根系遵循三次曲线模型（y=ax3+bx2+cx+d）;随着根系对重金属的吸收富集能力降低,其迁移能力也逐渐降低,且迁移特征沿着根系由三次曲线模型向直线模型趋势过渡。研究煤矿复垦区土壤—根系系统重金属空间分布特征,对于煤矿复垦区土壤的污染风险评价以及植物修复土壤效应研究,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。 相似文献
17.
基于西方学界中移民产业的相关文献,系统梳理了移民产业概念的形成、发展与应用。研究发现：首先,移民产业概念在分析尺度上将宏观与微观相结合,并引入多主体分析的视角,因此其在解释跨国人口迁移在不同阶段的特征与机制方面显现出相对的灵活性;其次,移民产业概念主要被应用于解释流动性机制、跨国移民治理、跨国移民的在地化3个方面。通过对移民产业概念的渊源、发展和相关实证研究的梳理,以期为中国的移民研究提供新的视角、为移民管制及移民政策的制订提供参考与借鉴。 相似文献
18.
以广东省为研究对象,首先分析其2000―2010年污染产业转移的变化特征,发现从2006年开始出现由珠三角向非珠三角地区转移的趋势,其中粤北山区接受转移最多,转移趋势明显的行业包括采掘业、非金属制品业,而水电煤气供应业、有色金属行业有轻微的转移趋势。然后采用面板数据模型进行实证研究,以单位工业总产值的SO2排放量为环境管制因子,结果发现总污染产业、采掘业、非金属制品业、水电煤气供应业等产业转移与宽松的环境管制相关。环境管制对广东省污染产业转移起重要作用,中国地方政府强制性的“命令―控制式”的环境管制手段对产业转移的影响大。 相似文献
19.
探讨过去人地关系演变机制的"支点"概念模型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
人地关系演变的历史、规律和机制是地理学研究的重要科学问题。在人类社会演化的不同阶段,人与环境相互作用的模式存在显著差异,揭示人地关系在时间维度上的演变轨迹和机制可为有效衔接古今人地关系研究提供重要依据。基于对过去人地关系研究案例的分析和总结,我们提出“支点”概念模型尝试解释人地关系演变的规律和机制。当特定区域人口数量增长到一定程度时,自然生态系统和人类社会系统达到平衡状态,随后的气候环境变化和人类活动变化都有可能打破其平衡状态。人类社会系统在面对生存环境变化压力时可能出现两种不同方式的响应：① 通过人口数量的调节适应生存环境变化而达到新的平衡,其特点是人与环境相互作用的模式（人类社会与自然生态系统平衡“支点”位置）不变;② 通过人类社会组织结构或技术革新方式使社会适应生存环境变化的“韧性”增强,体现为人与环境相互作用模式发生改变。随着时间的推移,社会韧性呈增强趋势,人地关系演变的主导因素也整体呈现由自然因素向人为因素的偏移。最后,以河南、山西和陕西三省仰韶文化时期（约公元前5000—公元前3000年）至周代（公元前1046—公元前256年）的人地关系研究为例,运用“支点”概念模型分析了其演变机制。 相似文献