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Ping Li Xinbin Feng Lihai Shang Guangle Qiu Bo Meng Peng Liang Hua Zhang 《Applied Geochemistry》2008,23(8):2055-2064
Concentrations of total Hg (T-Hg) were measured in mine waste, stream water, soil and moss samples collected from the Tongren area, Guizhou, China to identify potential Hg contamination to local environments, which has resulted from artisanal Hg mining. Mine waste contained high T-Hg concentrations, ranging from 1.8 to 900 mg/kg. High concentrations of Hg were also found in the leachates of mine waste, confirming that mine waste contains significant water-soluble Hg compounds. Total Hg distribution patterns in soil profiles showed that top soil is contaminated with Hg, which has been derived from atmospheric deposition. Data suggest that organic matter plays an important role in the binding and transport of Hg in soil. Elevated T-Hg concentrations (5.9–44 mg/kg) in moss samples suggest that atmospheric deposition is the dominant source of Hg to local terrestrial ecosystems. Concentrations of T-Hg were highly elevated in stream water samples, varying from 92 to 2300 ng/L. Particulate Hg in water constituted a large proportion of the T-Hg and played a major role in Hg transport. Methyl–Hg (Me–Hg) concentrations in the water samples was as high as 7.9 ng/L. Data indicate that Hg contamination is dominantly from artisanal Hg mining in the study area, but the extent of Hg contamination is dependent on the mining history and the scale of artisanal Hg mining. 相似文献
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The problem of defining geochemical baselines. A case study of selected elements and geological materials in Finland 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Although the term ‘geochemical baseline’ appears in the international geochemical mapping programmes IGCP 259 and 360, it has never been well defined. Several considerations relevant to such a definition are discussed. A geochemical baseline for an element refers to its natural variations in concentration in the surficial environment. Geochemical baselines were studied in Finland by comparing results from regional geochemical mapping programmes based on samples of till, clay and organic stream sediment. The geochemical background changes regionally with the basic geology and locally with the type and genesis of the overburden. Baseline concentrations depend on sample material collected, grain size and extraction method. In Finland, concentrations of potentially harmful elements tend to be higher in fine-grained marine and lacustrine sediments than in glacial till. Concentrations are also systematically higher in the < 0.06 mm fraction than in the < 2 mm size fraction of till samples. Only small proportions of the total heavy metal concentrations in Finnish marine clays are bioavailable. Geochemical baselines are needed for environmental legislation and political decision-making, especially in the assessment of contaminated soil. In many areas of Finland, natural concentrations of several heavy metals exceed the guide or limit values designated for contaminated soils. Thus baselines must always be verified in any assessment of sites for contamination. 相似文献
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Biomarker Compounds as Indicators of Paleoenvironments 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In an attempt to assess the paleoenvironments of terrestrial sediments,some twenty-two representa-tive Chinese non-marine sediment samples were studied using the molecular organic geochemistry method.The sediment samples stuied include oilshale,shale,mudstone and glauber salt from Tertiary to Cretaceous in age.Judging from geological/geochemical data and paleosalinity data,the samples studied are of lacustrine sedimentary origin and can be divided into three different types:fresh water,brackish and saline/hypersaline lake sediments.The aliphatic fractions were separated from the extracts of the samples and analysed by means of GC and GC/MS instruments,giving a number of parameters such as relative abundances of alkanes and cycloalkanes as shown in the mass chromatograms. 相似文献
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全球一致性和权威性地球化学观测数据是资源与环境评价的定量标尺。中国实施的"全国地球化学基准计划"作为"全球地球化学基准计划"的一部分,于2008—2014年实施,建立了覆盖全国的地球化学基准网。按照1∶20万图幅为网格单元,在全国1600个网格单元中,共部署3382个汇水域采样基准点,每个基准点同时采集了表层和深层土壤样品,共计采集6617件样品,使用高精度分析技术和严格的质量控制,分析了81个地球化学指标。本文首次给出了全国土壤81个指标地球化学基准值数据,初步阐释了地球化学基准值数据和空间分布特征与地质背景、成矿作用、表生作用以及人类活动的关系。 相似文献
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云南省西部地区土壤地球化学基准值特征及成因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于云南省西部地区土地质量地球化学调查数据资料,采用具有稳健特性的中位数表征深层土壤52种元素的地球化学基准值,对比分析了不同成土母质和用地类型的元素分布特征和富集贫化规律,进一步采用因子分析从元素组合特征角度剖析了地球化学基准值的成因机制。结果表明:研究区土壤中铁族元素、亲铜元素、矿化剂和卤族元素、稀有稀散稀土元素、放射性元素、钨钼族元素、造岩元素等多数元素基准值偏高;碱土金属等元素基准值明显偏低,其中CaO和Na2O基准值仅为全国水平的13%和7%;成土母质是土壤元素基准值的主要控制因素,用地类型对基准值有一定的影响;区内土壤中铁族元素TFe2O3、V、Co、Cr高基准值主要受基性成土母岩的控制,W、Sn、Pb主要与中高温岩浆成矿作用有关,生命元素C、N、S、P、Se与土地利用类型及其表生地球化学作用有关;母岩母质类型及风化淋滤作用、矿化作用、生物富集作用、黏土物理化学吸附作用,共同影响着土壤基准值特征,其中母岩的风化作用有重要影响。研究成果为区域资源环境评价提供了基础地球化学信息。 相似文献
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地壳全元素探测——构建“化学地球” 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
地壳物质探测是地壳探测工程的重要组成部分。化学元素是地球物质组成的最基本单位,被称为地球的基因。矿产资源是由化学元素组成的,环境是受化学元素行为制约的,因此,对地壳中所有元素精确含量和分布的探测,对解决人类所面临的资源和环境问题具有重大意义。地壳全元素探测项目拟发展4种地球化学探测技术,包括地壳中所有天然元素的精确分析技术,中下地壳物质成分识别技术,穿透性地球化学探测技术,海量地球化学数据和图形显示技术。建立1个覆盖全国的地球化学基准网,系统采集代表性岩石样品10000件,疏松物样品6000件,按标准化的方法分析其主量元素和微量元素含量(包含78种元素),建立中国大陆地球化学基准值,为研究化学元素的分布、演化和成矿物质背景提供基准参考数据。进行总长度3300km的3条地球化学走廊带的实验与示范,采集各类代表性岩石样品5000件,进行元素和同位素测定,构建走廊带地壳地球化学模型、跨越不同大地构造单元的元素空间变化和大型矿集区成矿物质背景。为开展全国地壳探测工程奠定基础,并为最终建立"化学地球"进行技术准备和先导性实验。 相似文献
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以山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查取得的区域土壤地球化学数据为依据,研究了区内54种元素或指标的土壤地球化学基准值和背景值与全国土壤的差异。通过对比区内土壤基准值与背景值的变化,认为本区大部分元素或指标在表层土壤中的含量继承了成土母质,后期人类活动对其影响较小,Zn、Pb、Cu、Se、Cd、S、P、Hg、N、OrgC等元素或指标在表生作用或人类活动等因素影响下,其分布分配特征产生明显变化。本文通过对表层和深层土壤元素相关系数的研究,认为深层土壤元素地球化学含量可表征表层土壤原始沉积的地球化学含量;讨论了人为活动导致土壤污染的评价方法,莱州—招远—烟台和牟平—乳山金矿集中区以及人口密集的城镇地带表层土壤中Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Zn、Se、S等元素污染严重。地质背景和人类活动(采金污染、工业生产、城市人口密集生活等)的共同作用,是造成环境中有害元素含量较高的主要原因。 相似文献
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为系统研究石煤矿山周边耕地富硒土壤地球化学特征及影响因素,在浙江省常山县辉埠石煤矿山周边耕地采集了表层土壤样品144件、农产品甘蔗样20件、土壤垂向剖面土壤样6件、岩石样5件和地表水样3件。通过样品Se、有机质、As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Hg、Cr等元素含量指标测定和统计,探究了该区富硒土壤地球化学特征。结果表明:区内表层土壤硒含量主要集中于0.47~1.34 mg/kg之间,平均含量0.87 mg/kg,远高于浙江省平均值,且硒含量高值区与辉埠石煤矿的走向一致;硒含量随着土壤深度增加而逐渐下降;89.58%的土壤样品和65%的甘蔗样品达到富硒标准,但存在土壤和农产品Cd等主要重金属元素含量超标的生态风险。土壤硒含量均值在寒武系下统荷塘组最高(1.31 mg/kg),奥陶系中—下统最低(0.64 mg/kg);旱地硒均值略高于水田,但差异不显著(p>0.05);硒含量均值高低变化为粗骨土>石灰岩土>水稻土>红壤。研究认为,土壤硒含量受地质背景、土壤类型和有机质等因素的影响,含石煤层黑色岩系和碳酸盐岩等富硒地层是形成富硒土壤的主要因素,小部分与矿山开采等人类活动有关。 相似文献
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基于安徽省江淮流域多目标区域地球化学调查数据资料,统计获得了表层和深层土壤地球化学基准值、背景值及相应的地球化学参数,为研究区生态环境评价及相关学科研究提供了基础。研究表明,成土母质类型对土壤元素地球化学基准值影响显著,表层土壤化学组成表现出既对深层土壤具有一定的继承性,又在表生作用下发生某些变化:表层土壤中迁移活动性强的元素和人为扰动污染的元素明显不同于深层土壤;随着地理空间位置的变化,同类成土母质形成环境、成因来源的差异导致其化学组成的空间变异,造成不同地区同类成土母质地球化学基准值有所不同。因此,土壤地球化学基准值研究应更多地考虑地质背景、物质来源等因素的影响。 相似文献
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【研究目的】为仁怀市农业生产中土壤养分的合理利用、农业结构调整及土地利用价值的提升等提供科学依据。【研究方法】本文利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、容量法及电位法获取了5486件表层土壤样品氮磷钾（全量和有效态）及有机质的含量，系统研究了其地球化学特征及含量影响因素。【研究结果】仁怀市耕地土壤氮、磷、钾、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾的平均值分别为1.74 g/kg、0.75 g/kg、19.90 g/kg、30.90 g/kg、100.28 mg/kg、10.40 mg/kg和101.03 mg/kg。其中，氮、碱解氮、磷、钾及有机质的含量及分布与地层关系密切；速效磷及速效钾的含量及分布与地层关系较差。仁怀市耕地土壤肥力较好，以较丰富等级为主，较丰富及丰富等级占比为57.6%。其中，氮、磷及钾皆处于丰富水平；碱解氮及有机质处于中等水平；速效磷及速效钾处于缺乏水平。【结论】仁怀市耕地土壤养分的含量及分布不仅受地质背景、土壤类型、海拔高度、酸碱度及土壤深度等自然因素影响，还与土地利用方式等人为活动有关。创新点：系统统计了仁怀市耕地土壤氮磷钾（全量和有效态）及有机质的含量，对其地球化学等级开展了评价，并系统分析了它们的含量影响因素。耕地土壤养分的含量及分布不仅受地质背景、土壤类型等自然因素影响，还与土地利用方式等人为活动有关。 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2000,15(5):647-653
The problem of a geochemical baseline in areas differing in basic geology was studied by comparing the results of regional geochemical mapping programmes undertaken in Finland and Lithuania using different sample media and a variety of analytical methods. The authors discuss issues relevant to the definition of a geochemical baseline.Most of the differences in geochemical baselines between Lithuania and Finland are due to the dissimilarities in basic geology, which in Lithuania is controlled by Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, but in Finland by Archaean and Proterozoic metamorphic and intrusive rocks. Other important factors are the geological processes that after the last glaciation created the present surficial materials. In Finland, for instance, the abundances of potentially harmful elements derived from crystalline bedrock tend to be higher than in Lithuania. However, in both countries element concentrations are higher in finely-grained marine and lacustrine sediments than in glacial till, and they are also higher in the finer grain size fractions than in the coarser fractions of till samples. Only a small proportion of the total heavy metal concentrations is bioavailable. Thus the baseline concentrations depend not only on the basic geology, but also on sample material collected, its grain size and the extraction method. 相似文献
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硒是人和动物必需的微量元素,基于58件标准物质的化学风化指标和硒的认定值,采用微量元素地球化学背景值的经验方程形式拟合得到表征全国范围内硒背景值的经验方程：lgc=0822×(12-WIG/100)-1061×lg(K2O/SiO2)-2704,式中c为Se的含量(单位为μg/g),风化指标WIG的变化范围为43~1116,风化指标K2O/SiO2变化范围为0020~0137。该方程所表征的是样品因风化程度不同所呈现出的硒地球化学背景值,风化程度强的样品总体上具有较高的Se地球化学背景值。将该经验方程式在广东河台和广东南昆山两个研究区进行应用,认为寻找富硒区应当优先将风化程度较强的地区视为备选区,依据全国区域化探扫面数据可以方便地确定风化程度较强的地区。在环境质量评价中可以利用Se实测值确定足硒和富硒区,利用实测值扣除背景值获得的元素含量剩余值可以有效确定残积层土壤下伏的足硒和富硒岩石,即依据全国多目标地球化学调查数据可以有效地确定足硒和富硒地质体(残积层土壤及其下伏岩石)的分布区。广东南昆山岩体中西部的岩石应属于足硒和富硒地质体。 相似文献
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Sujatha Dantu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(4):955-981
Regional-scale variations in soil geochemistry were investigated with special reference to differences among soil groups and lithology in an area of 9,699 km2 in Medak district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The concentrations of 29 elements (major: Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ti, P and trace: As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, Zr) in 878 soil samples collected (557-topsoil, 321-subsoil) at a sampling density of 1 site/17 km2 from 557 sites representative of all the soil types present in studied area were determined, and their elemental composition are discussed. The baseline levels of these elements in soils are determined over different lithological units for the identification of anomalous values relative to these. For the first time, geochemical maps for Medak district are prepared on 1:50,000 scale and the lithogeochemical database generated provides information on the lateral and vertical distribution of elements in soil. The spatial variations in the distribution of elements reflect underlying geologic characteristics. Box-plots reveal that the concentration of most of the elements in soils were not strongly dependent on the soil group but the soil-geochemistry abruptly changes with the change in the soil parent materials indicating that the distribution of elements is mostly influenced by the bedrock lithology and other natural processes acting on them. For instance, the concentrations of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ti, V and Zn are high in soils developed on basaltic terrain while the soils developed on granitic and gneissic terrain exhibit high elemental concentrations of K, Pb, Rb, Si, Th and Y. Alfisols had relatively high contents of elements while entisols had lower concentrations of most of the elements. The database can be used in the chemical characterisation of different geological units as well as applications in various environmental and agricultural fields. The results indicate that regional geology is an important determinant of soil geochemical baselines for soil pollution assessment and further emphasizes the importance of determining background levels locally. The defined baselines can be used to establish background values for future soil surveys. 相似文献
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A total of 31 topsoil samples were systematically collected from the Panzhihuaminingarea including steel smelting,coal mining ,urban and rural districts.A normalization procedure was adopted to establish the environmental geochemical baseline models for this area.By using the above baseline models,the regional geochemical baseline values of As,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn were determined.On the basis of the baselines,the enrichment factors were used to analyze the mechanism of trace metal pollution in topsoil from anthropogenic sources,and the results showed that the serious trace metal pollution is caused by human activities in coal mine,iron mine,smelting factory,tailing dam and other industrial districts in the Panzhihua area. 相似文献
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Atsuyuki Ohta Noboru Imai Shigeru Terashima Yoshiko Tachibana Ken Ikehara Takashi Okai Masumi Ujiie-Mikoshiba Ran Kubota 《Applied Geochemistry》2007,22(12):2872
A total of 49 elements have been identified in 338 coastal sea sediment samples collected from an area situated off the Ise-Tokai region of Japan for a nationwide marine geochemical mapping project. The spatial distribution patterns of the elemental concentrations in coastal seas along with the existing geochemical maps in terrestrial areas were used to define the natural geochemical background variation, mass transport, and contamination processes. The elemental concentrations of coastal sea sediments are determined primarily by particle size and regional differences. Most elemental concentrations increase with a decrease in particle size. Some elements such as Ca, Mn, and Yb are found to exist in large quantities in coarse particles containing calcareous shells, Fe–Mn oxides, and felsic volcanic sediments. Regional differences reflect the mass transfer process from terrestrial areas to coastal seas and the influence of the local marine geology. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals that for many elements, the particle size effect is predominant over regional difference. The mean chemical compositions of coastal sea sediments are similar to those of stream sediments in adjacent terrestrial areas and in the upper crust of Japan. This observation supports the fact that coastal sea sediments have certainly originated from terrestrial materials. However, the spatial distributions of elemental concentrations are not always continuous between the land and coastal seas. The scale of mass movement observed in marine geochemical maps occurs at a distance of 20 km from the river mouth. A detailed examination of the spatial distribution patterns of K (K2O) and Cr concentrations suggests that terrestrial materials supplied through rivers are deposited near the shore initially, and then gravity-driven processes shift the sediments deeper into the basin. Contamination with heavy metals such as Zn, Cd and Pb was observed in coastal bays surrounded by urban and industrial areas. It is noteworthy that the areas with the highest concentration of these elements usually do not occur near the shore (not near the contamination source) but at the center of the bay. Unexpected low concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb near shore may either be due to a decreased anthropogenic load in the most recent sediments or to dilution by unpolluted flood sediments. 相似文献
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沉积相是在特定环境条件下形成的地质体,沉积相的研究.在石油地质研究中占有重要地位。根据国内外油气勘探表明,油气的生成与分布.均与沉积相带有密切的关系[1]。我国陆相沉积盆地,与海相沉积盆地相比较,具有多物源,多沉积体系,相带多呈环状公布的特征。勘探实践及研究表明,沉积相带的分布与油气生成及聚集关系密切。 相似文献
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土壤重金属元素地球化学行为是目前国内外研究的热点。研究显示重金属元素地球化学行为与土壤理化性质有密切关系。本文选择河北平原农田为研究区,采集了325个根系土样品,测定了Pb、Hg有效态含量,并探讨了影响其地球化学行为的主要因素。研究表明:(1)Pb、Hg水溶态和离子交换态与土壤p H值呈显著负相关关系,土壤酸化使Pb、Hg有效性增加,直接导致农作物中Pb、Hg含量增加,保持土壤p H值在弱酸性至弱碱性范围,防止土壤酸化,可以降低重金属危害。(2)土壤中有机质含量与Pb、Hg全量呈显著的正相关性,但与水溶态和离子交换态呈负相关。所以土壤中有机质的增加可以降低Pb、Hg元素水溶态和离子交换态含量。(3)随着土壤黏粒的增加,Pb、Hg水溶态和离子交换态含量降低,说明黏粒可以吸附一定量的重金属离子,与重金属元素Pb、Hg地球化学行为存在一定关系。土壤p H值、有机质、黏粒是控制重金属元素Pb、Hg地球化学行为的重要因素。 相似文献
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Geochemical studies on urban soil from two sampling depths in Tampere Central Region,Finland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Preliminary geochemical mapping was carried out within urban areas in Tampere Central Region, Finland, to gain a better understanding of element concentrations in urban soil and to provide information on baselines in soil within urban centres for soil contamination assessment purposes. The soil samples were taken from central city parks, day-care centres and school yards, and residential areas. Various sampling depths have generally been used in urban geochemical surveys. The aim of this study was to compare the results from two commonly used sample types taken from the same sites in urban soil: single samples of minerogenic topsoil from the 0–25 cm layer and composite samples of minerogenic topsoil from a depth of 0–2 cm. The concentrations of most of the studied trace elements showed a significant correlation between samples from 0 to 2 and 0 to 25 cm, but element concentrations differed between the two studied sample depths. For most of the studied elements, the median concentrations were higher in the 0–25 cm samples, but anomalous concentrations were more often found in the 0–2 cm samples. Some elements had elevated concentrations when compared with the Finnish guideline values for soil contamination assessment. This study did not conclusively establish whether a sampling depth of 0–2 or 0–25 cm should be recommended for similar studies in the future. Selection of the sampling depth in geochemical studies greatly depends on the aim of the project. In order to determine the upper limits of geochemical baseline variation, the deeper sampling depth appears to be more feasible. However, for the preliminary health risk assessment of areas with sensitive land uses, e.g. children’s playgrounds, samples from 0–2 cm depth are considered informative. Such samples may also be used to indicate local sources of dusting creating site-specific hotspots of potentially harmful elements in urban topsoil. 相似文献