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TANG Congguo LIU Congqiang 《中国地球化学学报》2007,26(3):284-289
Surface runoff in the Wujiang River watershed was simulated by a GIS-based method using precipitation, hydrology data, and land-use data. The volume of surface runoff is chiefly controlled by climates, topographical characteristics and types of land use at the watershed. Five subwatersheds that can represent the whole watershed were chosen and their average annual precipitation, average annual surface runoff and current land use were calculated respectively in the grid model of the Wujiang River watershed based on the climate and hydrology data from 1965 to 2000 and the land-use data acquired in the year of 2000. Surface runoff is assumed to be a function of precipitation and land use and the multiple regression tool is used to determine the relationship between surface runoff, precipitation and present land use. Thus, the rainfall-runoff model for each land-use type has been established. When calibrating these models, the results show that the percent errors are all below 7%, which indicates that the accuracy of this simulation is high. 相似文献
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As the most important part of the global carbon cycle,soil carbon pool is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil carbon pool in permafrost regions is the most sensitive carbon pool to climate change. Weak climate change will have a huge impact on the organic carbon production in the shallow soil,and then affect the regional landscape and ecology. As an indicator reflecting the antioxidant capacity of soil organic carbon,oxidation stability affects the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon,and its variation has a certain regularity in the alpine permafrost region under the influence of climatic factors. In order to explore the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and its oxidation stability in frozen soil,based on the experimental data and the climatic data from 2011 to 2019,the random forest model was used to conduct multi-factor digital mapping on soil organic carbon content,soil organic carbon components with different oxidation difficulty degrees,and soil organic carbon oxidation stability coefficient and environmental variables（average annual precipitation,average annual sunshine hours,average annual air temperature,and altitude）and analyze the controlling factors. The results showed that the model had an interpretation degree of more than 54% for the shallow soil organic carbon in frozen soil area of Three River Source Region,and the digital mapping could reflect the distribution of soil organic carbon well. Soil organic carbon was mainly affected by precipitation and sunshine duration,and temperature took second place. The spatial distribution of components with different oxidation difficulty is different,but the oxidation stability has the distribution characteristics of high in the north and low in the south. Cold and dry are conducive to improving the oxidation stability of organic carbon in shallow soil of frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China). 相似文献
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Finite Element Method has been used to operate the numerical analysis and comparison between the traditional ventilated embankment and the adjustable ventilated embankment adopted in Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction. The numerical results show that: 1) The adjustable ventilated embankments can prevent the thermal entry from air into ducts during summer from thawing the permafrost beneath the embankments; 2) The cooling effects of the adjustable ventilated embankments on permafrost is much better than the traditional ventilated embankments although two kinds of embankments can generate the thawing bulbs at the beginning of finishing construction; 3) The drop of the mean temperature of permafrost under the adjustable ventilated embankments keeps faster than that of the mean temperature of permafrost under the traditional ventilated embankments. It is clear that the adjustable ventilated embankments can keep the embankment more stable than the traditional ventilated embankments. 相似文献
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The distribution of permafrost and taliks is very complex in the Tuotuo River Basin(TRB), which is located in interior of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Characterizing the spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and taliks is of great significance to community activities and engineering construction in TRB. Based on the zonation of permafrost and talik distribution around TRB conducted in the 1980s, the soil temperature and its variation process of permafrost and taliks in the south and north banks of the Tuotuo River were analyzed by using the observation data of five boreholes(N1~N5)along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the north bank and five boreholes(S1~S5)on the first terrace in the south bank. The results showed that, under the climate warming, permafrost and taliks in the north banks experienced significant degradation and warming process. From 2005 to 2020, the permafrost at the N1 borehole has undergone a significant down-draw degradation process, from extremely unstable and high-temperature permafrost to thawed zone. From 2005 to 2013, the annual average ground temperature of the talik at N2 increased at a rate of 0. 3~0. 4 °C·(10a)-1. At Maqutang on the south bank, permafrost prevails from the first-class terrace to the gentle slope of the Kaixinling Mountain, with both through and non-through taliks on the first-class terrace. The spatial distribution and the thermal stability of permafrost and talik in the TRB are further promoted by analyzing the changes in temperatures at boreholes in the basin. However, to meet the requirements of mapping and engineering construction of permafrost and taliks in the TRB, it is still necessary to carry out geological investigation with multiple methods and in-depth research on development mechanism of taliks in the future. © 2022 Nanjing Forestry University. All rights reserved. 相似文献
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The effective and assured measures in criteria of formulation, procedures, techniques and methods for geological prospecting of Qinghai-Xizang Railway have been made. The permafrost engineering geological investigation indicate the talik and those sections with annual average ground temperature higher than 1 ℃ takes up 68.8% of total amount; the high ice content permafrost also account for 50% of real permafrost section. The distribution of permafrost characteristics is obviously influenced by altitude and latitude. The prospecting also shows the distribution of permafrost characteristics is rather complicated. Based on two predications of air temperature-rising tendency, by calculating climate model of permafrost thermal status, and comparing and analyzing geological distribution of Qinghai-Xizang Railway, the tendency of permafrost recession range has been predicated. 相似文献
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In permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the critical embankment height must be considered in the process of the construction of highway, especially for the global climatic warming. In this paper, the two-dimensional numerical analysis for the critical embankment height (for gravel road surface and coarse-grained soil) has been performed by using thefinite element method. In the calculation, we think that the service life of the construction is at least 50 years. The mean annual air temperatures applied to the calculation model are -6.5 ℃, -6.0 ℃, -5.5 ℃, -5.0 ℃, -4.5 ℃ and -4.0 ℃, respectively, and the value of temperature rise are taken as 1.10℃ in the coming 50 years. The minimum embankment heights derived from the analysis are 0.85 m, 0.92 m, 1.01 m, 1.18 m, 1.60 m and 2.66 m for the different mean annual air temperatures and the maximum embankment heights are 7.68 m,7.55 m, 7.34 m, 7.00 m, 6.45 m and 5.85m, accordingly. On condition that the service life of embankment is 50 years, the critical value of the mean annual air temperature is -3.5 ℃. Namely, in the areas where the mean annual air temperature is higher than -3.5 ℃, the critical embankment height does not exist. 相似文献
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The stability of railway subgrade in permafrost regions is crucial to the safety of railway operation. In this paper, we first analyze the main factors influencing the stability of frozen subgrade. Then,we build an experimental equipment in which regulation-tubes are arranged axially in subgrade and arranged slantways at the foot of slopes, and make the model experiments on maintaining the stability of frozen subgrade by collecting- controlling cold energy. The experiments include two groups. One is maintaining the stability by collecting-controlling natural cold energy in winter, and another is maintaining the stability by collecting-controliing natural cold energy in winter and artificial cold energy in summer. Finally, we obtain the behavior of temperature fields in the subgrade during the experiments,which establishes basis for further study on the subgrade stability and on the feasibility of rushing to deal with freezing damage of frozen subgrade. 相似文献
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Proterozoic(pre-Ediacaran) glaciations occurred under strongly seasonal climates near sea level in low palaeolatitudes.Metre-scale primary sand wedges in Cryogenian periglacial deposits are identical to those actively forming,through the infilling of seasonal(winter) thermal contraction-cracks in permafrost by windblown sand,in present-day polar regions with a mean monthly air temperature range of40 ℃ and mean annual air temperatures of-20 ℃ or lower.Varve-like rhythmites with dropstones in Proterozoic glacial successions are consistent with an active seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.The seasonal(annual) oscillation of sea level recorded by tidal rhythmites in Cryogenian glacial successions indicates a significant seasonal cycle and extensive open seas.Palaeomagnetic data determined directly for Proterozoic glacial deposits and closely associated rocks indicate low palaeolatitudes:Cryogenian deposits in South Australia accumulated at 10°,most other Cryogenian deposits at 20° and Palaeoproterozoic deposits at 15° palaeolatitude.Palaeomagnetic data imply that the Proterozoic geomagnetic field approximated a geocentric axial dipole,hence palaeolatitudes represent geographic latitudes.The Cryogenian glacial environment included glacier-free,continental permafrost regions with ground frozen on a kyr time-scale,aeolian sand-sheets,extensive and long-lived open seas,and an active hydrological cycle.This palaeoenvironment conflicts with the 'snowball Earth' and 'slushball Earth' hypotheses,which cannot accommodate large seasonal changes of temperature near the equator.Consequently,their proponents have attempted to refute the evidence for strong seasonality by introducing Popperian'auxiliary assumptions'.However,non-actualistic arguments that the Cryogenian sand wedges indicate diurnal or weakly seasonal temperature changes are based on misunderstandings of periglacial processes.Modelling of a strongly seasonal climate for a frozen-over Earth is invalidated by the evidence for persistent open seas and glacier-free continental regions during Cryogenian glaciations,and gives a mean monthly air temperature range of only 10 ℃ for 10° latitude.By contrast,a strongly seasonal climate in low palaeolatitudes,based on the actualistic interpretation of cryogenic sand wedges and other structures,is consistent with a high obliquity of the ecliptic(54°) during Proterozoic low-latitude glaciations,whereby the equator would be cooler than the poles,on average,and global seasonality would be greatly amplified. 相似文献
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Extremely cold weather has an important influence on winter production and life in the Greater Khingan Mountains region. This paper uses the daily minimum temperature data of ground observation stations during extreme cold weather from 1974 to 2021 in the Greater Khingan Mountains region, monthly circulation index data, the spatial distribution and temporal variation characteristics of extreme cold days and extreme minimum temperature were analyzed by climate statistical method; The abrupt changes and periods of extreme cold days and extreme minimum temperature were tested by Mann-Kendall method and Morlet wavelet analysis; calculating the recurrence period of extreme minimum temperature by empirical frequency method; correlation method was used to analyze the circulation factors which had significant influence on the number of extremely cold days. The results are followed: (1) The spatial distribution of extreme cold days in the Greater Khingan Mountains region was not uniform, and gradually decreasing from northwest to south. The extreme cold days was at most 717 d in Huzhong, and at least 29 d in Gagadaki, the extreme cold days in the whole region mutated in 1979, and the average annual extreme cold days decreased 14.2 d after the mutation compared with that before the mutation, and the annual extremely cold days have a significant cycle of 2 to 4 years. (2) The extreme minimum temperature in the whole region mutated in 1990, before the mutation the extreme minimum temperature was low and after the mutation began to rise, the significant cycle of annual extreme minimum temperature was 4 to 5 years, the extreme lowest temperature was -49.6 ℃ in Mohe, followed by -49.2 ℃ in Huzhong; the extreme lowest temperature occurs once every 2 years, once every 5 years and once every 10 years in Huzhong, while the extreme lowest temperature occurs once in 20 years, once in 50 years and once in 100 years in Mohe. (3) SCAND teleconnection patterm has a good correlation with extreme cold days in winter(January, February and December)in the Greater Khingan Mountains region. Positive growth of the circulation mode, it has great influence on the extreme cold weather in winter in the Greater Khingan Mountains region. © 2022 Science Press (China). 相似文献
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Using the long-term ground temperature monitoring data of the permafrost zone along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway from 2006 to 2020,three types of typical roadbed structures were analyzed. Traditional embankment（TE）,U-shaped crushed rock embankment（UCRE）and crushed rock revetment embankment（CRRE）were included the three types of typical roadbed,which were selected to the long-term monitoring sections within the warm permafrost zones. The evolution of ground temperature field,mean annual ground temperature （MAGT）and annual maximum ground temperature（AMGT）in the depth range of 20 m under the embankment were analyzed and studied since 15 years of operation. The monitoring and analysis results show that：the growth rate of MAGT under the left and right shoulders of the TE is always higher than that of the same depth in the natural site. The MAGT under the UCRE is always lower than the natural site and always maintains a certain difference,whereas,the difference in ground temperature under the left and right shoulders is also not negligible. The MAGT of the left shoulder in the CRRE is not much different from that of the natural hole,while the MAGT of the right shoulder is always lower than that of the natural hole,and the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders is smaller than that of the UCRE. The artificial permafrost table（APT）under the TE is always lower than that of in the natural site. Both the UCRE and CRRE,the APT in the left and right shoulders of them has been elevated into the embankment,and the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders is about 1. 0~1. 5 m. the differ of APT between the left and right shoulders in the CRRE is slightly lower than that of UCRE. Overall,because of the influence of thermal disturbance about engineering and climate warming,the TE in the warm permafrost zones cannot keep the thermal stability of permafrost under the embankment. Some active-cooling and reinforcement measures need to be taken. Both of the UCRE and CRRE,have a certain active-cooling effect on the permafrost under embankment,but the differ in ground temperature between the left and right shoulders still needs to be taken seriously. © 2022 Science Press (China). 相似文献
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黑河流域年冻融指数及其时空变化特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用黑河流域气象站点的逐日平均温度数据计算空气及地表冻融指数,并分析其变化趋势以及空间分布。结果表明,黑河流域空气冻结指数、空气融化指数、地表冻结指数和地表融化指数变化范围依次为:673~2 135℃·d,1 028~4 177℃·d,682~1 702℃·d,1 956~5 278℃·d;黑河流域冻结指数出现明显的下降趋势,其中空气冻结指数(1951—2007年)下降速率为56.0℃·d/10a,地表冻结指数(1954—2005年)下降速率为35.4℃·d/10a;融化指数表现为上升,其中空气融化指数(1951—2008年)整体以每年47.8℃·d/10a的速率上升,地表融化指数在1954—1975年以135.9℃·d/10a的速率下降,在1976—2006年以185.3℃·d/10a的速率上升;黑河流域各站点冻结指数受海拔及纬度双重影响,而融化指数则主要受海拔影响;年平均气温与冻融指数有非常强的线性关系。 相似文献
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利用我国北疆地区49个主要气象站1961-2017年的逐日平均气温观测值计算了年冻融指数,并分析其变化趋势及分布特征。结果表明：北疆地区冻结指数出现明显的下降趋势,下降速率为51.6℃·d·（10a）-1。冻结指数的范围在509~2 304.9℃·d之间,平均值为1 240℃·d。北疆地区融化指数出现明显上升趋势,上升速率为73.9℃·d·（10a）-1。融化指数的范围在526.4~4 531.1℃·d之间,平均值为3 516℃·d。冻结指数表现出在经纬度和海拔较低的准噶尔盆地和伊宁地区较小,在海拔高的高山地区如阿尔泰山和天山山脉较大;融化指数与之相反。北疆地区冻结指数受经纬度及海拔的综合影响,融化指数则主要受海拔影响;年平均气温和冻融指数有非常强的线性关系。 相似文献
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青藏高原地气温度之间的关系 总被引：20，自引：10，他引：10
应用多元线性回归分析方法,对位于40°~25°N,75°~102°E范围内的119个气象观测台站的1991—2000年平均气温和地面温度观测资料进行分析,获得了研究区域的月平均气温、地面温度与纬度、经度和海拔高度间关系的线性统计系数.统计结果和实测资料的比较以及统计分析的相关系数结果表明,高原地区的气温、地面温度和它的年较差与经度、纬度及海拔高度具有很好的相关性.应用曲线拟合方法将所得统计分析系数拟合成时间函数,就可将高原地区的气温和地面温度表示成统一的空间坐标和时间的函数.如果将已验证的1991—2000年平均地面温度与气温差统计结果作为气温与地面温度间关系的实验结果,那么,就可以解决长期困扰多年冻土预报研究中在任意已知时间和空间点上气温条件下,难以确定影响多年冻土温度状况变化上边界条件的变化这一难题.这一结果对于目前正在进行的青藏铁路冻土工程和环境预报研究具有重要意义. 相似文献
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依据祁连山和青藏高原气温、地温、冻土厚度与经纬度以及海拔的经验公式, 通过ArcGIS空间分析, 获得了祁连山地区年均气温、年均地温和冻土厚度的空间分布规律。祁连山多年冻土区年均气温和年均地温分别为-12~-6 ℃和-4~-2 ℃, 多年冻土厚度变化于90~140 m之间。其中, 哈拉湖地区海拔4300 m以上的高山区温度最低、冻土最厚, 年均气温和年均地温分别低于-10 ℃和-4 ℃, 多年冻土厚度大于140 m。结合祁连山烃源岩区域分布特征和木里天然气水合物钻孔的冻土厚度资料, 认为中祁连盆-山构造地貌发育区为天然气水合物成藏最有利区域。 相似文献
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祁连山中东部的冻土特征(Ⅱ):多年冻土特征 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
祁连山中东部地区多年冻土年平均地温、冻土厚度等基本特征参量与海拔具有明显的相关性,海拔越高,地温越低,厚度亦越厚.年平均地温、厚度与纬度、经度关系不明显,可能与工作范围较小有关.对比分析了地表植被、地层岩性、土层含水(冰)量等局域性(非地带性)因素对冻土年平均地温的影响,发现腐殖层较厚,下伏细粒土层,较高的含水(冰)量对保持多年冻土较低的温度有利.阐述了冻土厚度的变化及其影响因素.与前人工作比较,分析冻土层钻孔测温曲线,发现该地区多年冻土正处于退化之中. 相似文献
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青藏公路下伏多年冻土的融化分析 总被引：14，自引：6，他引：8
基于青藏公路沿线高温冻土区和低温冻土区2组地温观测孔5 a的地温观测资料, 研究了路基下伏多年冻土的融化状态, 定量分析了进入路基下多年冻土内的热状况. 结果表明: 路基近地表地温明显高于对应天然地表下的地温, 路基近地表经历的融化期长于对应天然地表, 高温冻土区路基内已形成贯穿融化夹层;进入高温冻土区路基下伏多年冻土内的热收支处于持续不断的吸热状态, 进入低温多年冻土区的热收支也呈现出吸热明显大于放热的周期性变化;高温冻土区接近0℃的地温及其持续不断的热积累是引起下伏多年冻土不断融化的主要原因. 低温冻土区进入多年冻土的热积累暂时以增高地温耗热为主, 随着地温的增高, 低温冻土区也可能发生强烈的冻土融化. 相似文献
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青藏高原封闭道碴层对下部多年冻土保护作用的现场实验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了研究封闭道碴层对其下部多年冻土是否具有积极的保护作用,在青藏铁路北麓河试验段附近建立了封闭碎石道碴坑和卵石地表对比试验场,并对下部地温进行监测.结果发现:经过两个冻融循环后,道碴坑底部(1.3 m深度处)年平均地温为-1.11℃,比卵石地表相同深度低0.73℃;道碴坑中部(0.7m深度处)年平均地温为-1.60℃,比卵石地表相同深度地温低1.4℃.封闭碎石道碴层可以提升冻土上限,降低多年冻土温度,对下部多年冻土起到很好的保护作用.封闭道碴层的这种降温效果是由于道碴层具有可变导热系数的特点,暖季道碴层上部温度高,下部温度低,不产生对流,等效导热系数小,传入道碴层以下土体的热量较少;相反寒季道碴层上部温度低,下部温度高,产生自然对流,等效导热系数增大,有利于道碴层以下土体释放热量. 相似文献
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冻土覆盖率高的小流域的径流形成受温度因素控制明显,普通水文模型不适用,而常规冻土水文模型因需要较多的气象观测要素而难以应用。考虑冻土流域产流机制,利用青藏高原腹地风火山小流域2017—2018年逐日降水、气温、径流观测数据,以降水、气温为输入,径流为输出,基于长短期记忆神经网络（LSTM）建立了适用于小流域尺度的冻土水文模型,并利用2019年观测数据进行验证。模型得益于LSTM特殊的细胞状态和门结构能够学习、反映活动层冻融过程和土壤含水量变化,具有一定的冻土水文学意义,能很好地模拟冻土区径流过程。模型训练期R2、NSE均为0.93,RMSE为0.63 m3·s-1,验证期R2、NSE分别为0.81、0.77,RMSE为0.69 m3·s-1。同时,为了验证模型可靠性,将模型应用于邻近的沱沱河流域,模型训练期（1990—2009年）R2、NSE均为0.73,验证期（2010—2019年）R2、NSE分别为0.66、0.64,模拟结果较好。考虑到未来气候变化,通过模型对风火山流域径流进行了预测：降水每增加10%,年径流增加约12%;气温每升高0.5 ℃,年径流增加约1%;春季融化期、秋季冻结期径流增幅明显,而由于蒸发加剧、活动层加深,径流在8月出现了减少。模型经训练后依靠降水、气温作为输入能较好地模拟、预测青藏高原冻土区小流域径流,为缺少土壤温度、水分等观测数据的冻土小流域径流研究提供了一种简单有效并具有一定物理意义的方法。 相似文献