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1.
近21年青藏高原植被覆盖变化规律 总被引：30，自引：0，他引：30
利用GIMMS NDVI遥感数据和GIS技术，结合多种统计、计算方法，定量分析了1982—2002年青藏高原植被覆盖随时间和空间的变化规律，评定了植被变化的自然和人类的影响。结果表明，21年来，青藏高原植被覆盖呈总体增加的变化趋势，平均增长率为3 961.9 km2/年，仅局部出现退化现象，人类对高原植被覆盖未造成破坏性影响。1982—1991年，高原植被呈现良好增加趋势，增加幅度从东部南部向西部北部逐渐减弱，表明由东南向西北逐步减弱的有利气候条件具有经向和纬向的变化规律。1992—2002年，高原中部和西北地区植被呈现退化趋势，强烈退化的地区集中在长江、黄河、澜沧江和怒江的源头地区，显示了高原中部和西北地区的气候条件向不利于植被生长方向转变，高原中部和西北地区植被是响应气候变化的最敏感区。高原植被变化具有7年、3.5年两个显著周期，均为温度所致，表现对温度的变化敏感性。21年期间，高原的8种主要植被类型中有7种类型表现为波动上升的趋势，且寒区旱区植被表现出脆弱性和难恢复性。 相似文献
2.
青藏高原高寒区草地生态环境系统退化研究 总被引：38，自引：6，他引：32
青藏高原高寒地区的草地生态环境是高原生态环境的重要组成部分.近几十年来,在人类活动的强烈干扰和自然环境变化的影响下,高寒草地生态环境严重退化.在退化草地选取典型样地,调查研究了草地退化后土壤水文过程、土壤结构、植被状况等的变化.结果表明:高原高寒地区草场退化以后,土壤水文过程都发生改变,植被退化越严重土壤含水量变化越强烈、土壤入渗过程越快.退化草地的植被群落演替变化明显,优势种群退化严重,植物个体出现了小型化现象.水土流失日趋严重,土壤贫瘠化、沙化、荒漠化增强,鼠虫害等自然灾害频繁. 相似文献
3.
青藏高原地表能量通量的估计 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1981—2000年逐日气候、植被和土壤基础资料作为输入,以大气—植被相互作用模式（AVIM2）计算了青藏高原0.1°分辨率的年平均地表能量通量的空间分布和季节变化特征。结果显示,年平均地表净辐射通量由高原西南部的100 W/m2减少到东部的70 W/m2左右。高原东南部的林区潜热通量强而感热通量弱,从高原东南向西、向北潜热通量逐渐减少,而感热通量逐渐增大。夏季这种趋势更加显著。冬季除东南部外,高原上广大地区地表能量通量都较低。 相似文献
4.
青藏高原南北降水变化差异研究 总被引：13，自引：5，他引：8
利用青藏高原1960-2004年近45 a气象台站年降水记录, 对高原中东部年降水做了空间变化分析, 发现高原以唐古拉山为界, 高原南北降水变化存在明显差异, 特别是高原南部和东北部降水几乎成相反的变化. 进一步分析5个重建的长时间降水序列, 发现青藏高原南北降水在百年时间尺度上也存在明显的差异. 在百年时间尺度上, 过去600 a高原南北降水变化都在1740年和1850年左右发生突变. 1740年以前, 整个高原北部降水都在波动中增加, 而高原南部在减小;1740-1850年期间, 高原北部降水在波动中减小, 而高原南部在增加;1850年以后, 高原北部降水又在波动中增加, 而高原南部降水在减小. 高原南北降水变化的空间差异主要是由季风和西风带决定的. 相似文献
5.
基于GIMMS NDVI的青藏高原植被指数时空变化及其气温降水响应 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
青藏高原植被生态系统脆弱, 是研究全球气候变化陆地植被生态系统响应的理想场所。以GIMMS NDVI、 气温和降水及植被类型数据为基础, 利用一元线性回归模型、 相关系数、 偏相关系数及t检验方法, 分析了青藏高原1982 - 2015年NDVI时空变化及其气温降水响应特征, 结果表明： 1982 - 2015年青藏高原NDVI时间变化过程总体表现为不显著的增加过程, 空间变化以显著增加为主, 占总面积的63.26%, 分布在高原北部、 西部和南部; 显著减少集中分布在高原中东部和东南部, 仅占总面积的3.45%。青藏高原主要植被类型NDVI平均值表现为： 阔叶林>针叶林>灌丛>草甸>高山植被>草原>荒漠, 其中草原、 高山植被和荒漠植被NDVI呈显著线性增加过程, 灌丛、 针叶林和阔叶林植被的NDVI呈不显著的减少过程。青藏高原NDVI与气温相关系数空间上呈南北向分布, 具有纬度地带性特征, 显著正相关分布在高原中北部, 显著负相关分布在高原中南部; NDVI与降水的相关系数呈东西向分布, 具有干湿度地带性特征, 显著正相关分布在高原中部, 显著负相关分布在高原东西两侧。研究认为1982 - 2015年青藏高原北部水热条件缺乏区域NDVI出现显著增加趋势, 而高原东南部水热条件充足地区NDVI呈现出显著减少趋势。深入开展植被类型NDVI气候响应的差异性研究, 有助于深入理解全球气候变化影响的区域差异及科学制定植被生态保护政策。 相似文献
6.
申扎地区属青藏高原南羌塘高寒草原区,具有典型的高原植被.根据水体条件、植被组成和地貌特征等,划分了7种草地植被类型和2个木本植物分布区.藏北地区生态系统十分脆弱,高原植被面临严峻的破坏、退化和沙漠化环境,生物链严重失调,高原鼠兔由于几乎没有天敌而大量繁殖.对高原草地的破坏因素进行分析认为:高寒、冻融作用、地下水位下降、雪线上升和冰川萎缩、猖獗的鼠害、超载过牧是高原植被(草地)退化的主要因素,其中高寒、缺水、鼠害和超载过牧是最重要的原因.藏北申扎地区年降水量与年蒸发量比例为约1:9,湿地和植被供水系统受到严重损害,造成大面积草场萎缩,形成了环状草地退化带.藏北草地向恶化方向发展是不可逆的,根治鼠害,改良牲畜品种,提高经济效益,可以减缓草场退化速度. 相似文献
7.
青藏高原陆表特征与中国夏季降水的关系研究 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
利用青藏高原72个站逐日积雪、冻土观测资料,AVHRR归一化植被指数（NDVI）和全国550个站逐日降水资料,分析了青藏高原陆表特征与中国夏季降水的关系。结果表明,我国夏季降水在华北和东北南部,长江中下游和华南地区降水空间一致性较好,相邻站点间降水变化趋势近似。华南、长江中下游和淮河降水呈增加趋势,其中长江中下游每10年增加37 mm,但华北降水呈减少趋势。华南、长江中下游和华北对高原积雪、冻土和植被的变化均较为敏感,而淮河仅对高原植被变化较为敏感。利用高原积雪、冻土和植被建立了代表高原地表特征的变化序列,其对长江中下游、淮河、华北夏季降水均有较好指示意义,与夏季降水的相关系数由南到北表现为"负-正-负"的分布特征。最后,提出一种高原陆表状况影响中国夏季降水的概念模型：高原冬春积雪偏多（少）、冬季冻土偏厚（薄）、春季植被偏多（少）会使得夏季高原地区土壤湿度偏大（小）,高原地表感热偏弱（强）,从而使得南亚高压和西太副高偏弱（强）,南海季风偏弱（强）,长江流域降水偏多（少）,华南和华北地区降水偏少（多）。 相似文献
8.
降水变化对陕北黄土高原植被覆盖度和高度的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
植被特性及生长模式是土壤侵蚀研究的重要因子,而降水是植被生长的主要限制因素.通过3年的观测数据,分析了陕北黄土高原地区降水年际变化和年内变化对6种植被覆盖度和高度的影响,得到如下主要结论:①年降水量对刺槐林、灌木林、荒草地和农地植被的影响较大,平水年份和干旱年份最大覆盖度相差约一倍.而对于植被高度来说,受影响最大的是休闲地和农地植被.②降水的年内分布,尤其是6～8月份的降水量是限制植被覆盖度和高度的主要原因.对于荒草地、农耕地覆盖度和高度的影响尤为显著.农作物覆盖度、高度甚至每年播种日期和种类都受到生长季降雨量的制约.研究结果对于估计黄土高原地区植被参数的变化,以及对土壤侵蚀模拟和退耕还林还草都具有参考价值. 相似文献
9.
第三纪青藏高原面高程与古植被变迁 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
收集了近半个世纪以来、几乎全部有关青藏高原第三纪古植被的研究资料,从整体角度对青藏高原的古植被演化史与高原面高程变化史进行了初步研究。认为青藏高原第三纪古植被经历了由古老、湿热环境下的热带低地森林,脉动式地渐变为热带、亚热带山地森林及灌丛草原。反映高原是阶段性、持续上升的,其间不存在大幅的降低过程。冈底斯山、念青唐古拉山、唐古拉山、昆仑山所围限的藏北高原比喜马拉雅山系隆升早,且在整个第三纪都比喜马拉雅山高,到上新世的中、晚期其高度已达海拔３０００ｍ以上。喜马拉雅山系成为世界屋脊是第四纪以来的事。 相似文献
10.
采自青藏高原腹地温泉地区新生代地层中的孢粉组合资料表明:从古新世到早中新世,古植被由早期的针阔叶混交林-森林草原植被向晚期的疏林草原植被演化,古气候也由亚热带暖湿气候向温凉气候演化;从上新世到早更新世,阔叶树种明显减少,而草本植物显著增多,反映气候开始向干冷方向演化;而中更新世晚期以来,出现稀疏草原植被向荒漠草原植被的演化,最终塑造了现代以藜、蒿为主的荒漠草原植被环境。高原腹地生态环境变化揭示了青藏高原自古新世以来至少经历了3次具有生态环境意义的表面隆升事件:古新世—早渐新世沱沱河组冲积扇砾岩沉积以及孢粉组合分析表明,青藏高原在白垩纪末—古新世初已隆升至1000～1500m,高原地形可能是高原(高山)与盆地相间的地貌格局;早中新世五道梁组植被中亚热带成分的显著增高,可能与高原表面隆升诱发高原季风而导致气候湿润有关,推测高原已隆升至2000～2500m;而中更新世晚期以草本植物为主,反映高原植被已经发生了转型,高原已隆升至3000m以上。 相似文献
11.
西南地区2001-2014年植被变化时空格局 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
时序植被动态变化研究一直是全球变化研究的热点之一,对地区生态治理有重要意义。基于西南地区2001至 2014年的MODIS植被指数数据集以及DEM数据和土地利用数据,进行季节合成植被指数（SINDVI）的趋势模拟、空间统计和相关分析,探讨西南地区植被变化趋势和空间分异特征,研究结果表明:（1）74.52%的区域SINDVI变化不显著,显著改善的区域占22.07%,而显著退化的区域占3.41%,改善面积远远大于退化面积。（2）从地形因子结果来看,中低海拔地区和缓坡地区植被变化趋势最明显,海拔3 500 m以下植被变化趋势比海拔3 500 m以上明显。随着坡度的增加,改善趋势和退化趋势都在变小。（3）从土地利用分析结果来看,SINDVI变化趋势在人工表面最明显,改善和退化趋势都相对较大。（4）受人类活动的影响,人工表面和裸地的增多、林地的减少是植被呈退化趋势的主要原因。 相似文献
12.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(1-2):189-200
We use the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System at a 50 km spatial resolution to explore the impact of large-scale vegetation changes on the Australian monsoon. We simulate multiple Januaries using vegetation cover representative of the present day, the last interglacial (LIG) (125,000 BP) and the last glacial maximum (20,000 BP), interpreted from palaeoecological data, to determine whether changes in vegetation can affect the Australian monsoon. We find that the large-scale replacement of current vegetation, to vegetation representing the LIG and the last glacial maximum has a substantial impact on the simulated latent heat flux and surface air temperature. Precipitation is affected, but only by approximately 5%. We show that the impact of vegetation change on precipitation is due to changes in the surface roughness length that affects the surface frictional drag, wind velocities and moisture convergence. The impact of large-scale vegetation changes on all quantities is restricted to the regions of land cover change. The perturbation induced by vegetation change interacts with the monsoon system by changing the local intensity of the atmospheric circulation causing relatively small intensification/moderation of the wind velocities. There is little evidence that the vegetation change induces a change in the large-scale structure of the meteorological system and there is no evidence that the vegetation changes induce a southward extension of the monsoon. We therefore find no evidence to support a hypothesis that vegetation feedbacks explain observed changes in lake levels in the Australian arid interior. We highlight some strengths and weaknesses of our approach and emphasise that the limitations implicit in our analytical methods means we cannot conclusively demonstrate that biospheric feedbacks can be ignored. Substantial additional work is therefore required to finally assess the role of biospheric feedbacks on the Australian palaeomonsoon. 相似文献
13.
Brian Huntley 《第四纪科学杂志》1990,5(2):103-122
Pollen data are the most important source of information with respect to late Quaternary vegetation history. Broad-scale palaeovegetation patterns have been subjectively inferred from mapped pollen data by previous authors. In this study, multivariate classification was applied to European pollen data for the last 13 000 yr. The resulting clusters are mapped at millennial intervals and can be equated with vegetation units. The maps portray the changing vegetation of Europe since the last glacial. They reveal the impermanence of the assemblages of species that ecologists recognise as communities. The dominant patterns in the maps also change through time, indicating important changes in palaeoenvironmental conditions and in the alignment of major environmental gradients. Human impact upon European vegetation history is seen to be relatively unimportant when the vegetation is viewed at a continental scale. 相似文献
14.
植被覆盖与沙尘暴日数分布关系的探讨——-以内蒙古中西部地区为例 总被引：46，自引：4，他引：46
利用NOAA/AVHRR的NDVI数据和地面气象观测数据，以植被覆盖率和年沙尘暴日数为指标，分析了内蒙古中西部地区植被覆盖与沙尘暴分布的关系。研究结果表明，在内蒙古中西部地区，80年代沙尘暴日数的正距平与植被覆盖率的负距平、90年代沙尘暴日数的负距平与植被覆盖率的正距平是相互对应的；沙尘暴日数与植被覆盖率之间呈现负的相关关系，这种相关关系在不同地貌类型区和不同季节有所差异；沙地区的夏季（7、8、9月平均）植被覆盖率与第 2年沙尘暴日数之间的负相关最为显著。 相似文献
15.
以广西白色强膨胀土为研究对象,对有、无植被覆盖和农膜覆盖的膨胀土分别进行30 d持续蒸发试验,研究持续蒸发过程对膨胀土湿热和裂隙拓展特性的影响。结果表明,无植被覆盖时表层土体脱湿量及脱湿速率分别为7.38%和0.17%/d,植被覆盖时分别为5.29%和0.07%/d,显然植被覆盖的脱湿量和脱湿速率均小于无植被覆盖的,而农膜覆盖土体蒸发受到遏制,水分无散失;无植被覆盖和农膜覆盖土体平均温度变化分别是7.36 ℃和9.72 ℃,比植被覆盖的2.03 ℃大5～ 8 ℃,可见植被覆盖降低了土体温度变化幅度;无植被覆盖土体裂隙深度达32 cm,与湿热影响深度28 cm较接近;植被覆盖和农膜覆盖土体平面及竖向均无出现明显裂隙,植被覆盖和蒸发受到遏制的状态可阻止土体裂隙开展。 相似文献
16.
典型喀斯特石漠化地区植被动态监测与土地利用变化的影响分析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
基于2001至2014年MOD13Q1数据集、数字地面高程数据以及中梁山地区多期土地覆盖数据,进行植被覆盖度（FVC）估算及其变化趋势模拟、多期土地利用转移矩阵分析,探讨中梁山地区植被覆盖度动态变化特征、土地利用的时空变化特征以及土地利用和地形同植被覆盖度间的响应机制。研究结果表明:中梁山76.69%的区域为植被改善区,退化区面积占总面积的10.12%,存在明显的改善趋势,生态情况得到良好恢复;人类活动对中梁山区域影响方式主要表现为耕地向林地和建设用地转化的特点;植被生长趋势的空间异质性与坡度有关,坡陡区植被改善面积约为退化面积的14倍,缓坡区仅为7倍;植被退化现象受人览活动的影响较大,而人类晃动对植被改善影响较小,植被改善主要与植物的自然生长演替有关。 相似文献
17.
Baoqing Zhang Pute Wu Xining Zhao Yubao Wang Xiaodong Gao 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(8):2427-2438
This study characterized and compared changes in vegetation condition in areas with different gradients during the past three decades across the entire Loess Plateau. For this purpose, changes in vegetation type and vegetation coverage at sites with 0 – 15° and >15° slope gradients were determined by analyzing land use data and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data, respectively. The software Arc/Info 9.3, land use transformation matrix, linear regression analysis, and Mann–Kendall test were used for the data processing and analysis. Policy influences, human impacts, and climate variability were also taken into account to find the reasons for vegetation condition change. The results indicated that the “Grain-For-Green” project achieved initial success. Areas of farmland and grassland changed most extensively, and far greater areas of farmland were transformed into forest and grassland than vice versa. Moreover, the conversion of farmland to forest and grassland mainly occurred in areas where slopes exceeded 15°, while grassland was mainly changed to farmland in areas with gentle slopes. Vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau exhibited overall increases after the implementation of “Grain-For-Green” project. Regions with sparse vegetation have declined sharply, mostly in steeply sloped areas. Vegetation coverage has increased significantly in most regions, particularly in the parts traversed by the principal sediment source of the Yellow River, which could help to control the severe soil and water losses. However, regions with sparse vegetation on the Loess Plateau still covered 71.1 % of the total area in 2010. Therefore, it is important to further increase vegetation coverage in the future. 相似文献
18.
Application of meteorological and vegetation indices for evaluation of drought impact: a case study for Rajasthan, India 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Drought is a serious climatic condition that affects nearly all climatic zones worldwide, with semi-arid regions being especially
susceptible to drought conditions because of their low annual precipitation and sensitivity to climate changes. Drought indices
such as the standardized precipitation index (SPI) using meteorological data and vegetation indices from satellite data were
developed for quantifying drought conditions. Remote sensing of semi-arid vegetation can provide vegetation indices which
can be used to link drought conditions when correlated with various meteorological data based drought indices. The present
study was carried out for drought monitoring for three districts namely Bhilwara, Kota and Udaipur of Rajasthan state in India
using SPI, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), water supply vegetation index (WSVI) and vegetation condition index
(VCI) derived from the Advanced Very High resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The SPI was computed at different time scales of
1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months using monthly rainfall data. The NDVI and WSVI were correlated to the SPI and it was observed
that for the three stations, the correlation coefficient was high for different time scales. Bhilwara district having the
best correlation for the 9-month time scale shows late response while Kota district having the best correlation for 1-month
shows fast response. On the basis of the SPI analysis, it was found that the area was worst affected by drought in the year
2002. This was validated on the basis of NDVI, WSVI and VCI. The study clearly shows that integrated analysis of ground measured
data and satellite data has a great potential in drought monitoring. 相似文献
19.
Eco-environmental degradation and causal analysis in the source region of the Yellow River 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
Based on three phases of satellite-image data and field investigation results collected between 1976 and 1996, climate changes and intensity of human activity were studied for the time period to investigate the causes responsible for the region's environmental changes. The results show that, compared with the data for the 1970s, the eco-environment in the source region of the Yellow River degraded markedly from the 1980s to the 1990s. Degradation was most prominent from the mid-1990s onward, with significant degradation of high-cold grassland and high-cold meadow vegetation, and also a rapid expansion of desertification. The area of degraded vegetation increased from 24.5% in the 1980s to 34.5% of total grassland and high-cold meadow in the 1990s. The rate of land desertification increased from 3.96% in the 1980s to 34.72% in the 1990s. The main reasons for these changes include the intensity of overgrazing (which was very high), and the climate in this region which is becoming drier and warmer, resulting in a gradual degradation of the permafrost. 相似文献
20.
Desert riparian forest colonization in the lower reaches of Tarim River based on remote sensing analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guilin Liu Alishir Kurban Huanming Duan Umut Halik Abdimijit Ablekim Luocheng Zhang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(10):4579-4589
The ecological water conveyance project that pipes water from Daxihaizi reservoir to lower reaches of Tarim River has been implemented ten times since 2000. After ecological water conveyance, restoration has taken place for vegetation along the dried-up lower reaches of the Tarim River. The changes of vegetation fluctuated yearly due to ecological water conveyance. In order to reveal the detailed process of vegetation changes, remote sensing images from 1999 to 2010 were all classified individually into vegetated and non-vegetated areas using the soil-adjusted vegetation index threshold method. Then inter-annual changes of vegetation over a period of 12 years were obtained using a post-classification change detection technique. Finally, spatial–temporal changes distribution of vegetation cover and its response to ecological water conveyance were analyzed. The results indicate: (1) vegetation area increased by 8.52 % overall after ecological water conveyance. Vegetation between 2003 and 2004 increased dramatically with 45.87 % while vegetation between 2002 and 2003 decreased dramatically with 17.83 %. (2) Vegetation area gain is greater than vegetation loss during 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004 and 2009–2010 periods. Although vegetation restoration is obvious from 1999 to 2010, vegetation loss also existed except for the periods above. It indicates that vegetation restoration fluctuated due to ecological water conveyance. (3) Spatial distribution of vegetation restoration presented “strip” distribution along the river and group shaper in the lower terrain area, while spatial distribution of vegetation loss mainly located in the upper reaches of river and area far away from the river. (4) Vegetation restoration area had a positive relative with total ecological water conveyance volume. The scheme and season of ecological water conveyance had also influenced the vegetation restoration. The vegetation change process monitoring, based on continuous remote sensing data, can provide the spatial–temporal distribution of vegetation cover in a large-scale area and scientific evidences for implementing ecological water conveyance in the lower Tarim River. 相似文献