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1.
黄河源生态环境变化与成因分析   总被引：54，自引：25，他引：29  
王根绪  沈永平 《冰川冻土》2000,22(3):200-205
以７０年代、８０年代和９０年代３个时期的卫星影像资料为基础,结合野外调查,对７０年代以来黄河源区生态环境演变过程及趋势进行了对比分析,并依据时期的气候变化、人为活动强度分析,对该区域生态环境变化的产生原因进行探讨,研究结果表明,与７０年代相比,８０年代和９０年代以高寒沼泽草甸、高寒草罗和高山草原化草甸为代表的主要生态体系均呈明显退化,尤其９０年代中期以来,高寒草原与高寒草甸植被退化剧烈,荒漠化发展  相似文献   

2.
青藏高原典型寒冻土壤对高寒生态系统变化的响应   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7  
高寒生态系统对全球变化非常敏感,以青藏高原腹地的长江黄河源区为研究区域,利用多期遥感TM数据和生态样带调查数据,提出生态综合指数方法.应用土壤结构、组成与水理特性等物理指标和土壤化学性质与养分含量指标,系统分析了青藏高原典型寒冻土壤如钙积寒性干旱土、简育寒性干旱土、草毡寒冻雏形土以及简育寒冻雏形土等对高寒生态系统变化的响应特征.结果表明:随着气候变化,主要高寒生态系统如高寒草甸、高寒草原以及高寒沼泽草甸等显著退化,寒冻土壤表层呈现明显粗粝化,草毡寒冻雏形土以及简育寒冻雏形土表层土壤细粒物质流失38.7%,土壤孔隙度和容重增加;高寒草甸土壤表层饱和导水率随综合生态指标值降低而急剧增大,当植被覆盖度<50%以后,土壤表层水分集聚现象不再存在,高寒草原土壤饱和导水率变化不明显;高寒草甸与高寒草原土壤的有机质和全氮含量均随生态指数减少而分别呈现抛物线和指数曲线形式减少.随着气候变暖和人类活动干扰的加剧,高寒草地生态系统变化将可能导致寒冻土壤环境持续退化并对高原草地碳循环产生重要的影响.  相似文献   

3.
青藏高原高寒区草地生态环境系统退化研究   总被引：38，自引：6，他引：32  
青藏高原高寒地区的草地生态环境是高原生态环境的重要组成部分.近几十年来,在人类活动的强烈干扰和自然环境变化的影响下,高寒草地生态环境严重退化.在退化草地选取典型样地,调查研究了草地退化后土壤水文过程、土壤结构、植被状况等的变化.结果表明:高原高寒地区草场退化以后,土壤水文过程都发生改变,植被退化越严重土壤含水量变化越强烈、土壤入渗过程越快.退化草地的植被群落演替变化明显,优势种群退化严重,植物个体出现了小型化现象.水土流失日趋严重,土壤贫瘠化、沙化、荒漠化增强,鼠虫害等自然灾害频繁.  相似文献   

4.
长江源区高寒生态与气候变化对河流径流过程的影响分析   总被引：24，自引：5，他引：19  
近40 a来长江源区气候变化剧烈,是青藏高原增温最为显著的地区之一,高寒生态系统与冻土环境不断退化.采用多因素逐次甄别方法与半经验理论方法相结合,基于多年冻土的不同植被覆盖降水-径流观测场观测试验结果,分析了长江源区气候-植被-冻土耦合系统中各要素变化对河川径流的不同影响.结果表明:近40 a来长江源区河川径流呈持续递减趋势,年均径流量减少了15.2%,频率>20%的径流量均显著减少,而>550 m3·s-1的稀遇洪水流量发生频率增加;气候变化与高寒草甸覆盖变化对源区径流变化的影响较大,分别占5.8%和5.5%;气候与植被覆盖变化对径流的显著影响是与冻土耦合作用的结果,但冻土环境与冰川变化对径流的贡献尚不能准确评价.高寒沼泽湿地和高寒草甸生态系统对于源区河川径流的形成与稳定起到关键作用,这两类生态系统的显著退化是驱动河川径流过程中变差增大、降水-径流系数减少以及洪水频率增加的主要原因.保护源区高寒草甸与独特的高寒湿地生态,对于维护源区水涵养功能和流域水安全意义重大.  相似文献   

5.
In the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers of China, glaciers, frozen ground, the hydrological system, and alpine vegetation have changed over the past decades years. Climatic causes of these variations have been analyzed using mean monthly air temperature and monthly precipitation between 1956 and 2000, and monthly evaporation from φ20 evaporation pans between 1961 and 1996. In the source region of the Yangtze River, lower temperature and plentiful precipitation during the 1960s and continuing into the early 1980s triggered a glacier advance that culminated in the early 1990s, while a robust temperature increase and precipitation decrease since 1986 has forced glaciers to retreat rapidly since 1995. Permafrost degradation is another consequence of the climatic warming. The variations in the hydrological system and alpine vegetation are controlled mainly by the climate during the warm season. Warmer and drier summer climate is the major cause of a degradation of the vegetation, desiccation of the high-cold marshland, a decrease in the areas and numbers of lakes and rivers in the middle and north source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, and a reduction in surface runoff in the source region of the Yangtze River for the last 20 years. The causes of eco-environmental change in Dari area, near the outlet from the source area of the Yellow River, are different from those elsewhere in the study area. A noticeable reduction in runoff in the source region of the Yellow River and degradation of alpine vegetation in Dari area are closely related to the permafrost degradation resulting from climate warming.  相似文献   

6.
The regional hydrology and ecosystems of the Hexi Corridor region of northwestern China have changed over the last half century under the driving force of intense human activity and regional climate changes. Streamflow issuing from mountains in the eastern section of the Corridor by way of the Shiyang River has decreased significantly. Annual mountain outflow from the Heihe and Shule Rivers in the central and western portions of the Corridor, respectively, have tended to increase; however, their downstream discharge has decreased sharply. These lower reaches clearly display anthropogenic hydrological features. Water salinization and pollution have worsened. Presently, up to 208 km of river courses exhibit the poorest water pollution grades of IV and V. Overall, the forested area in the south Qilian Mountain region has decreased by 16.5% in the last 50 years, but has recently begun to show a gradual increase. However, natural desert forests in the northern portion of the Hexi Corridor have continued in a trend of degradation and rapid disappearance, with 3431 km2 lost in Minqin and Ejin counties alone. Grasslands have been progressively degraded and their area decreased such that grasslands in the Hexi Corridor region only cover 46.86% of their former area. Desertification has been exacerbated and the grasslands' stock capacity reduced. In the Hexi Corridor region desertification has proceeded swiftly over the last 50 years, reaching, in the early 1980s, a maximum annual rate of 2.15% of total initial grassland area. However, from the late 1980s through the 1990s their desertification rate has dropped significantly. A unified watershed-scale plan for water use and management in different regions of the Hexi Corridor, considering water demands for economic development as well as ecosystem maintenance and remediation, must be implemented. The improved and ultimate sustainability of regional development for the Hexi Corridor is linked to following ecological criteria in exploiting land resources, and to systematically protect ecosystem function, allowing for sound ecosystem development.  相似文献   

7.
The 137Cs tracer technique was used to study soil erosion of alpine meadow grassland in two small river basins in the headwater region of the Yellow River. The results show that the levels of 137Cs in soil samples from this alpine meadow vegetation zone exhibit an exponential distribution, generally within a depth of approximately 20 cm. Due to strong winds, freeze-thaw cycles and water, soil erosion was found to be stronger on the upper slope than on the lower slope, and except for the slope crest, the intensity of soil erosion at other sites was as follows: upslope < midslope < downslope. There was a significant negative correlation between the intensity of soil erosion and the extent of alpine meadow vegetation cover (P < 0.01). The mean soil erosion modulus exhibited a linear reduction trend with an increase in vegetation cover, and the correlation coefficient R 2 was ≥ 0.997. The higher the degradation degree of the alpine meadow grassland, the greater is the soil erosion. The mean erosion modulus in the severely degraded meadow zone was 2.23 times greater than the one in the slightly degraded zone, and the maximum erosion modulus reached 2.96 × 106 kg/km2/a.  相似文献   

8.
Alpine grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) are vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, which may have significant effects on the QTP’s carbon budgets. In this study, vegetation and soil characteristics were compared among alpine grassland ecosystems in a semi-arid basin on the northeast ridge of the QTP (1) among alpine swamp meadow, meadow, steppe meadow and steppe soils, which represent the direction of succession under climate-warming conditions, and (2) among alpine, degraded and tilled meadow soils to investigate the effects of human disturbance. The results showed that (1) if the alpine grassland ecosystems succeed in this direction, climate warming will cause a loss of carbon, and (2) tilling activity also results in carbon loss. Therefore, these results indicate that anthropogenic disturbance regimes that change more rapidly than climate may exert a more profound influence on carbon dynamics and balance. However, the plots that were set in the present study represented only part of the basin due to road accessibility. Relationships between leaf area index (biomass and soil carbon) and fractional vegetation cover × vegetation height from this study are fairly good, which can be applied at regional scale to estimate carbon pools. In combination with detailed information of grassland types, climate and human activities, the effects of climate change and disturbances can be estimated using remote sensing datasets.  相似文献   

9.
In alpine meadow ecosystems, considerable spatial heterogeneity in forb-dominant vegetation exists as a result of severe grassland degeneration; however, there is limited quantitative information on the vegetative differences between degenerated and pristine grasslands. Therefore, a field study, which seeks to identify the edaphic factors driving the variation in plant composition and distribution, was conducted in a severely degraded alpine meadow located in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, NW China. Five meadows, an original meadow and four degraded meadows, were used to determine the differentiation and relationships between the vegetation and soil of degraded alpine meadows. The dominated species of these degraded meadows are Ligularia virgaurea–Artemisia gmelinii (LA), Oxytropis ochrocephala–Leontopodium nanum (OL), Aconitum pendulum–Potentilla anserina (AP) and Stellera chamaejasme–Artemisia nanschanica (SA), respectively. The results indicate that vegetation cover, grass biomass, species number and diversity indices clearly decrease from the original to the degraded meadow. Soil water, clay and nutrient content are also reduced with grassland degradation in surface and subsoil layers. The joint study of floristic and edaphic variables confirms that the soil features, especially the bulk density, sand content, pH, salinity, N and K, mainly determine the establishment of vegetation in the severely degraded fields of this study. These results may be useful for alpine grassland ecosystem restoration and management.  相似文献   

10.
The regional hydrology and ecosystems of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau have changed over the past 40 years driven by intense human activity and regional climate changes. Annual mean air temperature has increased in the region. Streamflow from the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has decreased significantly. Overall, a number of Alpine step meadows and Alpine frigid meadows have seriously degraded. Degeneration of vegetation and grassland led to desertification and frequently induced dust storms. With the continuous increase in cultivated land area, grassland area in the region has dropped significantly since the 1960s. At present, degraded grassland occupies about 83% of total usable grassland area. As the number of livestock increased, range condition deteriorated and the carrying capacity was reduced. The forest area in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has decreased by 20%, and the local ecosystem has become very fragile. Given the relatively stable weather conditions, the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau can be characterized by its three major ecosystems: grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem and wetland ecosystem, which are crucial in maintaining the ecological stability. Changes in these ecosystems could influence sustainable development in the region. To avoid further deterioration of the environment and ecosystems, it is important to establish and implement ecosystem protection planning. Some effective measures are essential in this respect, including technical and political considerations.  相似文献   

11.
Changes in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in alpine grasslands are the consequence of climate change and human activities, but it is difficult to disentangle their relative contributions. Based on monthly remote-sensed vegetation index and meteorological data during the period 1982–2010, we analysed the long-term variation of annual ANPP in the source region of the Yellow River and quantified the effects of climate and human activities including grazing on ANPP variability, using the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) model and the ANPP-based residual trend analysis method. Our results suggested that ANPP increased in 80% of alpine grasslands. Areas with negative changes in ANPP were found mainly in the eastern portion of the region, accounting for 0.3% of alpine grasslands. ANPP was positively correlated with the monthly mean temperature from June to September and the sunshine duration in September at a regional scale. Moreover, ANPP was negatively correlated with the total livestock numbers. Using the residual trend analysis method, we demonstrated that climate and human activities accounted for 76.6 and 23.4%, respectively, of the variability in ANPP for the entire study region in 1982–2010. We concluded that climate change alleviated climatic constraints, in particular temperature limitations and sunshine duration, resulting in a significant increase in ANPP. Overgrazing was supposed to be the primary driver for grassland degradation in the eastern region. Our study has implications for grassland management and its sustainability to minimize the risk of grassland degradation and desertification processes in geo-ecologically and socially important regions such as the study region in China.  相似文献   

12.
An analysis, over historical times, of the influence of natural factors such as climate, geological activity, existing landforms, and the activity of aeolian sands on the desertification of oases and other lands in the Heihe River basin of northwestern China revealed that desertification occurred more or less quickly according to whether the prevailing climate was cold or warm, respectively. In the 1990s, the area of desertified lands in the lower reaches of the Heihe River (Ejin region) was 29.1% greater than in the mid 1980s. However, the rate of desertification in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin was relatively slower, only 9.4% from 1949 to 1990 (or 0.27% per year). Since 1990, the rate of desertification has been stable. By 2000, the total area of land desertification in the mid to lower reaches of the Heihe River basin was 13,508.4 km2, or 11.8% of the region monitored. Of the total land desertification area, the regions of Linze, Gaotai, Sunan, Jiuquan, Jia Yuguan, and Jinta accounted for 1.70, 1.71, 1.43, 0.85, 0.28, and 9.39%, respectively, whereas the Ejin region’s 11,434.64 km2 accounted for 84.65%, indicating that land desertification in the lower Heihe River basin was particularly severe. The causes responsible for the occurrence and development of land desertification in the Heihe River basin were analyzed.  相似文献   

13.
长江源沱沱河区45a来的气候变化特征   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8  
利用1959—2003年长江源区沱沱河气象站气温、降水、积雪等地面观测资料,对年代际的气候变化特征及其影响进行了分析.结果表明:该区域45 a来夏季增温比较明显.20世纪90年代四季平均气温、平均最高和平均最低气温比最冷的80(或60)年代偏高0.6~1.2℃;降水量(含积雪量)冬季呈增加的趋势,夏季呈减少的趋势,秋、春季降水量增加而积雪量减少;年大风日数80—90年代较60—70年代偏多.80年代是夏季温度升高、降水减少、大风日数增多的暖干气候背景,90年代以来继续加剧,并逐步扩展到春、秋季节,使得该区域的草场退化、冰川和冻土消融加快、湿地资源减少、生态环境恶化.  相似文献   

14.
青藏公路南段岛状冻土区内冻土环境变化   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：8  
王绍令  赵秀锋 《冰川冻土》1997,19(3):231-239
将９０年代的勘探，钻孔测温和地面综合调查等实测资料与７０年代对比，发现青藏公路南段状多年冻土区内的冻土退化和生态环境变化相当明显，表现为岛状多年冻土南界北移１２ｋｍ，多年冻土岛总面积减少７％，沼泽化湿地面积缩小约三分之一，沼泽化草罗向草原化草甸逐步转化，湖塘和洼地中的水生植物群落向湿。中生植物群落演替。草场退化亚，少数地段土地沙化，形成活动性砂丘，目前区内的生态环境正向劣势方面发展。  相似文献   

15.
祁连山海北高寒湿地气候变化及植被演替分析   总被引：24，自引：7，他引：17  
分析了近40a海北高寒湿地区域气候变化特征,以及近期湿地退化和植被演替的情况.结果表明:祁连山海北地区自1957年以来年平均气温以0.157℃·10a-1的倾向率升高,年降水量约以1859mm·10a-1的倾向率递减,年平均地温比同期气温的增加更为迅速,表现出海北地区气候及土壤性状均向干暖化趋势发展,特别是土壤干暖化程度尤为明显.由于人类活动加剧影响,超载过牧,原生植被遭受破坏,草场退化严重,地表潜在蒸散力加大.深层的多年冻土退化,冻胀草丘坍塌,导致湿地植被发生变化,使沼泽化草甸向典型草甸演替.不同年度调查结果表明,高寒湿地植被在气候干暖化趋势的加剧影响下,植物群落组成发生变异,物种多样性、生态优势度均比湿地原生植被的物种有增多的趋势.原生适应寒冷、潮湿生境的藏嵩草为主的草甸植被类型逐渐退化,有些物种甚至消失,而被那些寒冷湿中生为主的典型草甸类型所替代.组成植物群落的湿中生种类减少,中生种类(如线叶嵩草)大量增加,群落盖度相对降低,群落生产量大幅度下降.  相似文献   

16.
长江黄河源区覆被变化下降水的产流产沙效应研究   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文
在长江和黄河源区的左冒西孔曲和纳通河、垮热洼尔玛河流域的不同植被覆盖下建立了天然径流观测场,利用观测天然降水和人工模拟降水,初步研究了江河源区不同植被覆盖下降水的产流产沙效应。结果表明,长江黄河源区的3个小流域内,在典型高寒草甸草地30°坡面上,退化较为严重的30%覆盖度以下的场地内,地表径流产出量明显大于覆盖度较好的95%、92%和68%场地,同时产沙量显著高于这3个场地,其平均单次降水形成的泥沙量是这三种盖度的2~4倍,由此造成地表侵蚀量平均为这3种盖度的3~10倍。通过对几次典型的降水形态的分析,在长江黄河源区高寒草甸草地的坡面上,不但降水量影响着产流产沙量,降水形态也影响着产流产沙量,降雨仍是引起水土流失的主要降水形态,在降水量相同的条件下,降雪可比降雨和雨加雪增加产流量2.1~3.5倍,可比降雨减少泥沙侵蚀45.4%~80.3%。人工模拟结果表明:对于覆盖度为5%和30%的强度退化草地,次降水量在3.5 mm时,就形成了较为明显的径流和产沙效应,当次降雨量达到7 mm,降雨持续时间15 min,5 m2场地内就会形成1 400 mL以上的径流量;在地表土壤含水量(FDR测0~5 cm平均含水量为36.7%)较高的情况下,次降雨量达4mm,降雨强度超过0.4 mm/min,在5 m2场地内历时5 min就能形成1 060 mL的地表径流,每100 mL径流中含泥沙高达1.6 g。这一试验结果在长江黄河源区3个不同的河源小流域是一致的。  相似文献   

17.
Land degradation imposes a great threat to the world. It is not merely an environmental issue, but also a social and economic problem. Land desertification is among the main aspects of environment changes in the source region of the Yellow River. Previous studies focused on water resource utilization and soil erosion, but land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River even the whole Qinghai-Xizang Plateau received little attention. Based on the data obtained by field investigation and TM satellite images of 2000, this study provides the classification and evaluation information of the land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River. There are six types of land degradation in this region: water erosion in the northern mountains around the Gonghe Basin, sandy desertification in the Gonghe Basin and Upland Plain Area, aridization in the lower reaches, salinization in the Gonghe Basin, vegetation degradation in the intramontance basin and freezing and thawing erosion in the high mountains. The total degraded area is 34,429.6 km2, making up 37.5% of the land in the study area. Finally, land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River was evaluated according to changes in the physical structure and chemical component of soils, land productivity, secondary soil salt and water conditions.  相似文献   

18.
Human-driven dynamics of land cover types in the Tarim Basin are able to affect potential dust source regions and provide particles for dust storms. Analyses about dynamics of potential dust source regions are useful for understanding the effects of human activities on the fragile ecosystem in the extremely arid zone and also provide scientific evidence for the rational land development in the future. This paper therefore selected the Tarim Basin, NW China, as a representative study area to reveal spatiotemporal dynamics of land cover and their impacts on potential dust source regions. The results showed that farmland, desert and forest increased by 28.63, 0.64 and 29.27%, while grassland decreased by 10.29% during 1990–2010. The largest reclamation, grassland loss and desertification were 639.17 × 103, 2350.42 × 103 and 1605.86 × 103 ha during 1995–2000. The relationship between reclamation and grassland loss was a positive correlation, while a highly positive correlation was 0.993 between the desertification and grassland loss at different stages. The most serious dust source region was the desertification during 1990–2010 (1614.58 thousand ha), and the serious region was stable desert (40,631.21 thousand ha). The area of the medium and low dust source region was 499.08 × 103 and 2667.27 × 103 ha. Dramatic reclamation resulted in the desertification by destroying natural vegetation and breaking the balance of water allocation in various regions.  相似文献   

19.
为了阐明高寒草甸退化过程中植物群落物种多样性、生产力与土壤特性的关系, 在青藏高原东缘的玛曲县沿着高寒草甸退化梯度选取了轻度退化草甸、中度退化草甸、重度退化草甸和沙化草甸, 测定了高寒草甸退化过程中植物群落物种多样性、生产力与土壤理化性状. 结果表明: 从轻度退化到中度、重度和沙化草甸, 植被地下生物量分别降低了36%、48%和91%, 总生物量分别降低了34%、47%和91%, 土壤有机碳分别下降了18%、81%和97%, 全N分别下降了25%、82%和95%, 全P含量分别下降了14%、33%和41%. 随着高寒草甸的退化, 植被群落的生物多样性和地上生物量呈先稳定后降低的趋势, 土壤砂粒含量、pH值和全K含量呈增加趋势, 黏粉粒呈降低趋势, 速效N、速效P和速效K呈先增加后降低的趋势. 相关分析表明, 群落物种多样性和生产力与土壤有机碳、全N、全P、速效N、速效P、速效K、黏粒含量、粉粒含量、水分含量均呈显著正相关(P<0.01), 而与土壤砂粒、全K和pH值均呈显著负相关(P<0.05). 因此, 高寒草甸退化过程中, 土壤质地、养分和水分等的复杂变化及其相互关系共同决定着高寒草甸群落物种多样性和生产力的变化. 同时, 植被生产力和土壤碳、氮的降低产生明显的正反馈效应, 导致在重度退化阶段和沙化阶段, 植被生产力和土壤碳氮的急剧下降.  相似文献   

20.
近22年长江源区植被覆盖变化规律与成因   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
利用GIMMS-NDVI遥感数据以及植被类型等专题信息,结合遥感图像处理以及地理信息系统技术,统计分析了1982—2003年长江源地区时间和空间上植被覆盖变化规律,并分析了植被覆盖变化的地形地貌因素与人为因素影响。结果表明:近22a,长江源植被覆盖呈总体增加趋势,而高寒草甸退化较严重,喜湿植被退化快于耐干旱植被,植被的生存环境趋于干旱化。研究结果表明,植被退化受到海拔、坡向、人类活动和地下水位的影响。海拔4400～4600m的较低海拔地带退化最强烈,主要为高寒草甸与高寒沼泽草甸受牧业影响较大;牧业影响半径为24km;道路的影响范围为24km,道路的修建加速了人类对高原植被的破坏作用;阳坡植被呈现趋于稳定和退化的趋势,阴坡植被表现为增长的趋势,降水量增加是源区植被,尤其是阴坡植被变好的重要原因,而太阳光照增强是导致阳坡干旱和植被趋于退化的潜在原因;近河床区地下水位埋深较浅,植被生长具有稳定的地下水源;在远离河床的一定区域内,地下水易于疏干,植被易于退化,河流影响范围为24km。  相似文献   

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