首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The latest hydraulic fracturing and stress relief measurement data in the Chinese mainland were collected. The total of 3856 data entries are measured at 1474 locations. The measured area covers 75–130°E and 18–47°N, and the depth range varies from surface to 4000 meters depth, which generally includes each active tectonic block of China and each segment of North–South seismic belt. We investigated the tectonic stress field by removing the effect of gravity. For this, we assume lateral constraints and Heim’s rule. The gravity contribution is removed by using the assumption of lateral constraint and Heim’s rule. Our results show: (1) the maximum and the minimum horizontal principal stress σH, σh and the vertical stress σV in the shallow crust of China all increase linearly with depth: σH = 0.0229D + 4.738, σh = 0.0171D + 1.829, σV = 0.0272D. Maximum and minimum horizontal tectonic stress varies as a function of depth D linearly 4.738 < σT < 0.0139D + 4.738 and 1.829 < σt < 0.0162D + 1.829. The horizontal tectonic differential stress is σT − σt = 0.0058D + 2.912. (2) The intermediate value of σT1 (regression value of tectonic stress inferred from the assumption of lateral constraint at 2000 m depth) changes in different areas, the maximum value of which is 45.6 MPa, while the minimum value of which is 26.8 MPa. Horizontal tectonic differential stress σT − σt increases linearly with depth and the maximum and minimum of σT − σt is 25.3 MPa and 13.0 MPa, respectively. In general, the stress magnitude is much higher in western than in eastern China. This indicates that the strong Indo-Eurasian collision dominates the present tectonic stress field in Chinese mainland. (3) Compared with other study regions, the northward crustal compression to the Qinghai-Tibet block is relatively lower in magnitude in the shallow subsurface and higher at deeper depth. (4) The orientations of σT in China mainland generally form a radial scattering pattern centered in Tibetan Plateau. From western to eastern China, they rotate gradually clockwise from NS to NNE, NE, NEE, and SE, which is consistent with the result of focal mechanism solutions.  相似文献   

2.
The natural stress state in the lithosphere consists of the vertical load and Poisson ratio, and then additional horizontal compression and extension (denoted by ΔσH and ΔσT, respectively) are assumed to be superimposed upon this gravitational stress field. The resulting stress state is composed of the maximum, medium and minimum stresses denoted by σ1, σ2, and σ3, respectively. The stress ratio is given as Φ = (σ2 − σ3)/(σ1 − σ3). A linear relation is found between Φ or 1/Φ and the vertical load in wrench-faulting and extensional stress regimes, respectively. The slope and intercept of the linear relation result in the additional horizontal stresses and level of (average) paleo-surface, respectively. Stress ratio is also determinable by the stress tensor inversion of fault-slip data. The earliest tectonic event (T_1 Event) in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin consists of coexisting E–W compression and N–S extensional faulting episodes. Plots of Φ or 1/Φ against the burial depth (or vertical load) display several linear trends: two clusters in extensional episodes, and two or three clusters in wrench-faulting episodes. Because ΔσH is assumed to be null or negligible in the extensional regime, ΔσT is determinable from the slopes of two linear clusters as being −2.5 to −4.0 MPa. In wrench-faulting episodes, the values of ΔσH are given to be 61.6–101.4 MPa by applying determined additional horizontal extensions. Determined levels of average paleo-surfaces and those of syndepostional structures illustrate that more than five wrench-faulting or extensional episodes have occurred during the T_1 Event, whose active age, consequently, ranges from the Barremian to the Coniacian. This supports that the coexisting coaxial faulting episodes with the same extension may correspond to the alternation of wrench-faulting and extensional episodes.  相似文献   

3.
In 2001, a special issue of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (BSSA) featured seismological research for the 1999 Chi–Chi Taiwan earthquake. This study uses source parameters suggested by the first author in this special issue to estimate static stress drop associated with the Chi–Chi earthquake. The waveform simulation method was used to carefully examine these source parameters. The simulation results indicate that source parameters, inferred from near-fault observations, are well determined. According to the rupture area and slip, the static stress drops (Δσs) obtained were distributed between a small value of 47 bars near the epicentral region and a much larger value (>200 bars) to the north. Similar trends in dynamic stress drop (Δσd) were also recognized by the first author in his paper published in 2001 BSSA special issue. Comparing the Δσs with Δσd, satisfies the relation Δσs/Δσd ≈ 1. This relation suggests that fault motion is mostly spent releasing seismic wave energy during the rupture process of the Chi–Chi earthquake. The consistency between static and dynamic stress drops thus provides a measure of energy-moment (Es/M0) ratios, which range from 9.0 × 10−5 to 6.5 × 10−4. The average Es/M0 ratio estimated for the northern portions of the fault is 3.4 × 10−4, which is about 3 times that of the south. Such a high Es/M0 ratio can be interpreted as having low strength in the rupture for the northern portions of the fault, where the fault would release less energy per unit rupture surface to create the new rupture.  相似文献   

4.
The normal and shear strains obtained in torsion shear tests may be interpreted in two different ways to gain insight into (1) the type of plastic potential to be employed in hardening plasticity stress–strain models, and (2) the coincidence in physical space of the plastic strain increment direction with the stress direction during principal stress rotation. Thirty-four drained torsion shear tests were performed on hollow cylinder specimens of Santa Monica Beach sand deposited by dry pluviation. Twenty-six tests were performed on tall specimens with height of 40 cm, and eight tests were performed on short specimens with height of 25 cm to investigate the effect of the specimen height on the soil behavior in hollow cylinder specimens. Each test was conducted with the same, constant inside and outside confining pressure, σr, thus tying the value of b = (σ2–σ3)/(σ1– σ3) to the inclination, β, of the major principal stress. The directions of strain increment vectors at failure are compared with the directions corresponding to associated and non-associated flow. The relation between the directions of major principal strain increment and major principal stress during rotation of principal stress axes in physical space are investigated.  相似文献   

5.
Increased seismicity and occurrences of hot springs having surface temperature of 36–58 °C are observed in the central part of India (74–81° E, 20–25° N), where the NE trending Middle Proterozoic Aravalli Mobile Belt meets the ENE trending Satpura Mobile Belt. Earlier Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) studies along Thuadara-Sendhwa-Sindad profile in the area has showed Mesozoic Sediments up to around 4 km depth covered by Deccan Trap and the Moho depth with a boundary velocity (Pn) of 8.2 km/s. In the present study, surface heat flow of 48 ± 4 mW m?2 has been estimated based on Pn velocity, which agrees with the value of heat flow of 52 ± 4 mW m?2 based on Curie point isotherms estimates. The calculated temperature-depth profile shows temperature of 80–120 °C at the basement, which is equivalent to oil window temperature in Mesozoic sediments and around 570–635 °C at Moho depth of 38–43 km and the thermal lithosphere is about 110 km thick, which is comparatively higher than those of adjoining regions. The present study reveals the brittle–ductile transition zone at 14–41 km depth (temperature around 250–600 °C) where earthquake nucleation takes place.  相似文献   

6.
Jurassic to Cretaceous red sandstones were sampled at 33 sites from the Khlong Min and Lam Thap formations of the Trang Syncline (7.6°N, 99.6°E), the Peninsular Thailand. Rock magnetic experiments generally revealed hematite as a carrier of natural remanent magnetization. Stepwise thermal demagnetization isolates remanent components with unblocking temperatures of 620–690 °C. An easterly deflected declination (D = 31.1°, I = 12.2°, α95 = 13.9°, N = 9, in stratigraphic coordinates) is observed as pre-folding remanent magnetization from North Trang Syncline, whereas westerly deflected declination (D = 342.8°, I = 22.3°, α95 = 12.7°, N = 13 in geographic coordinates) appears in the post-folding remanent magnetization from West Trang Syncline. These observations suggest an occurrence of two opposite tectonic rotations in the Trang area, which as a part of Thai–Malay Peninsula received clockwise rotation after Jurassic together with Shan-Thai and Indochina blocks. Between the Late Cretaceous and Middle Miocene, this area as a part of southern Sundaland Block experienced up to 24.5° ± 11.5° counter-clockwise rotation with respect to South China Block. This post-Cretaceous tectonic rotation in Trang area is considered as a part of large scale counter-clockwise rotation experienced by the southern Sundaland Block (including the Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo and south Sulawesi areas) as a result of Australian Plate collision with southeast Asia. Within the framework of Sundaland Block, the northern boundary of counter-clockwise rotated zone lies between the Trang area and the Khorat Basin.  相似文献   

7.
The 10 June 2012 Mw 6.0 aftershock sequence in southwestern Anatolia is examined. Centroid moment tensors for 23 earthquakes with moment magnitudes (Mw) between 3.7 and 6.0 are determined by applying a waveform inversion method. The mainshock is a shallow focus strike-slip with reverse component event at a depth of 30 km. The seismic moment (Mo) of the mainshock is estimated as 1.28 × 1018 Nm and rupture duration of the Fethiye mainshock is 38 s. The focal mechanisms of the aftershocks are mainly strike-slip faulting with a reverse component. The geometry of the focal mechanisms reveals a strike-slip faulting regime with NE–SW trending direction of T-axis in the entire activated region. A stress tensor inversion of focal mechanism data is performed to obtain a more accurate picture of the Fethiye earthquake stress field. The stress tensor inversion results indicate a predominant strike-slip stress regime with a NW–SE oriented maximum horizontal compressive stress (SH). According to variance of the stress tensor inversion, to first order, the Fethiye earthquake area is characterized by a homogeneous interplate stress field. The Coulomb stress change associated with the mainshock and the largest aftershock are also investigated to evaluate any significant enhancement of stresses along the Gulf of Fethiye and surrounding region. Positive lobes with stress more than 0.4 bars are obtained, indicating that these values are large enough to increase the Coulomb stress failure towards NNW–SSE and E–W directions.  相似文献   

8.
The seismological study of recent seismic crises near Oleron Island confirms the coexistence of an extensional deformation and a transtensive regime in the Atlantic margin of France, which is different from the general western European stress field corresponding to a strike-slip regime. We argue that the switch of the principal stress axes σ1/σ2 in a NW–SE vertical plane is linked with the existence of crustal heterogeneities. Events of magnitude larger than 5 sometimes occur along the Atlantic margin of France, such as the 7 September 1972 (ML = 5.2) earthquake near Oleron island and the 30 September 2002 (ML = 5.7) Hennebont event in Brittany. To test the mechanism of local strain localization, we model the deformation of the hypocentral area of the Hennebont earthquake using a 3D thermo-mechanical finite element code. We conclude that the occurrence of moderate earthquakes located in limited parts of the Hercynian shear zones (as the often reactivated swarms near Oleron) could be due to local reactivation of pre-existing faults. These sporadic seismic ruptures are favoured by stress concentration due to rheological heterogeneities.  相似文献   

9.
We conducted paleomagnetic investigations on limestone from the Lower Carboniferous Huaitoutala Formation in the Qaidam Basin near Delingha City, Qinghai Province, China. The characteristic remanent magnetization (D = 5.8°, I = − 25.7°, k = 114.3, α95 = 4.8°) passes a fold test and indicates a paleopole position of − 39.2°N, 90.4°E and a paleolatitude of 13.5°N for the Qaidam Block for the early Carboniferous. Based on global tectonic reconstructions and paleontological evidence, we suggest that the Qaidam Block was adjacent to, but independent from, the North China, South China, Alashan–Hexi and Tarim blocks at this time. This result suggests that Pre-Carboniferous sutures reported around the Qaidam Basin represent collisional events within Gondwana, rather than the final sutures that gave rise to the present tectonic configuration.  相似文献   

10.
The Aolunhua porphyry Mo–Cu deposit is located in the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), and belongs to the northern part of the Xilamulun metallogenic belt. More than 90% of the mineralization occurs within the Aolunhua monzogranite-porphyry; a small part is hosted within quartz veins that crosscut Late Permian strata. The syenogranite, occurring as dikes and cutting through the Aolunhua monzogranite-porphyry, is radially distributed in the mining district. Zircon U–Pb ages show that the Aolunhua monzogranite-porphyry and the post-ore syenogranite have concordant 206Pb/238U ages of 138.7 ± 1.2 Ma and 131.4 ± 2.8 Ma, respectively. Based on analyses of major, trace elements and Hf-isotopes, the Aolunhua porphyry is characterized by high Sr low Y with high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios typical of adakitic granites, whereas the post-ore syenogranite has lower Sr and higher Y values, showing apparently negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.26 to 0.31). The Hf isotopic composition of the Aolunhua porphyry [εHf(t) = + 3.6 to + 9.2] and the post-ore syenogranite [εHf(t) = + 3.6 to + 8.7] indicates that both juvenile crustal sources and depleted mantle contributed to their origin. The regional geological setting together with the discrepancy of geochemistry between the Aolunhua porphyry and the post-ore syenogranite probably indicates that they formed in different tectonic regimes. The Aolunhua porphyry is derived from partial melting of the thickened crust due to underplating of the basaltic magma under the transformation tectonic regime, while the post-ore syenogranite comes from the crustal root melting during the lithospheric delamination stage under the lithosphere thinning regime of northeast China.  相似文献   

11.
The Longquan–Shan fault and the Huya fault are two major neighboring faults of the Longmen–Shan fault zone where the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) occurred. To study the influence of the Wenchuan event on these two active faults, we calculate changes of Coulomb stress on the Longquan–Shan fault and the Huya fault caused by the Wenchuan mainshock. Our results indicate that the Coulomb stress in the northern section (Zone A) of the Longquan–Shan fault is increased by 0.07–0.10 bars, that in the middle section (Zone B) by 0.04–0.11 bars, and that in the southern section (Zone C) shows almost no change. For the Huya fault, the Coulomb stress is decreased by 0.01–0.03 bars in the northern section (Zone A), 0.10–0.35 bars in the middle section (Zone B), and nearly 0.5 bars in the southern section (Zone C). The epicenter distribution of small earthquakes (ML ⩾ 1.5) on the Longquan–Shan fault and the Huya fault after the Wenchuan earthquake is consistent with the distribution of the Coulomb stress change. This implies that the Wenchuan earthquake may have triggered small events on the Longquan–Shan fault, but inhibited those on the Huya fault. We then use the rate/state friction law to calculate the occurrence probability of future earthquakes in the study region for the next decade. They include the distribution of b-values, magnitude of completeness (Mc), the background seismicity rate, a value of Aσn and the duration for the transient effect (ta) in the study region. We also estimate the earthquake occurrence probabilities on the neighboring faults after the Wenchuan earthquake. Our results show that, the occurrence probability of future earthquakes in the Longquan–Shan has a slight increase, being 7% for M ⩾ 5.0 shocks during the next decade, but the earthquake probability in the Huya region is reduced obviously, being 5–20%, 7–26% and 3–9% for M ⩾ 5.0 shocks during the next decade in sections A, B and C of the Huya fault, respectively.  相似文献   

12.
The unconformity-type uranium deposits of the Athabasca Basin (Saskatchewan, Canada) are hosted near the unconformity between a middle Proterozoic intracratonic sedimentary basin and an Archean to Paleo-Proterozoic metamorphic and plutonic basement. These deposits, which are considered to be the richest U deposits in the world, are the result of massive basinal fluid migrations in the basement rocks.This study shows that basinal brines have strongly penetrated into the basement not only through faults and major pathways but also by way of dense networks of microfractures which favoured the percolation of fluids down to considerable depths (hundred metres below the unconformity) and their chemical modification (salinity increase) by interaction with basement lithologies. These processes are one of the major causes of uranium mobility within the basement rocks and the formation of unconformity-type mineralization.Microfracture networks, which opened during the basinal brine stage (ca. 1600–1400 Ma) are interpreted as sets of mode I cracks corresponding to a specific stage of deformation and occur as fluid inclusion planes after healing. The stress field at that stage (σ1 = N130–150 °E, subvertical) partly reopened the earlier microcrack networks (σ1 = N80–110 °E and N130–150 °E, subvertical) issued from the Trans-Hudson Orogeny late retrograde metamorphic stage (ca. 1795–1720 Ma). The circulation of the two types of fluids (carbonic and brines) occurs thus at two distinct events (Trans-Hudson Orogeny late retrograde metamorphism for carbonic fluids and maximal burial diagenesis for brines) but the same main microfissure geometry was used by the fluids. This demonstrates the existence of a similar stress field direction acting before and after the basin formation. Moreover, the brine circulations in the basement acted in a wider volume than the clay-rich alteration halo surrounding the U-ores, generally considered as the main envelope of fluid percolation outside the fault systems. The data on the chemistry of the fluids and on the geometry of their migration at various scales emphasise the fundamental role of the basement in the chemical evolution of highly saline brines linked to unconformity-related uranium mineralization in the Athabasca Basin.  相似文献   

13.
The Philippine Fault results from the oblique convergence between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Sunda Block/Eurasian Plate. The fault exhibits left-lateral slip and transects the Philippine archipelago from the northwest corner of Luzon to the southeast end of Mindanao for about 1200 km. To better understand fault slip behavior along the Philippine Fault, eight GPS surveys were conducted from 1996 to 2008 in the Luzon region. We combine the 12-yr survey-mode GPS data in the Luzon region and continuous GPS data in Taiwan, along with additional 15 International GNSS Service sites in the Asia-Pacific region, and use the GAMIT/GLOBK software to calculate site coordinates. We then estimate the site velocity from position time series by linear regression. Our results show that the horizontal velocities with respect to the Sunda Block gradually decrease from north to south along the western Luzon at rates of 85–49 mm/yr in the west–northwest direction. This feature also implies a southward decrease of convergence rate along the Manila Trench. Significant internal deformation is observed near the Philippine Fault. Using a two dimensional elastic dislocation model and GPS velocities, we invert for fault geometries and back-slip rates of the Philippine Fault. The results indicate that the back-slip rates on the Philippine Fault increase from north to south, with the rates of 22, 37 and 40 mm/yr, respectively, on the northern, central, and southern segments. The inferred long-term fault slip rates of 24–40 mm/yr are very close to back-slip rates on locked fault segments, suggesting the Philippine Fault is fully locked. The stress tensor inversions from earthquake focal mechanisms indicate a transpressional regime in the Luzon area. Directions of σ1 axes and maximum horizontal compressive axes are between 90° and 110°, consistent with major tectonic features in the Philippines. The high angle between σ1 axes and the Philippine Fault in central Luzon suggests a weak fault zone possibly associated with fluid pressure.  相似文献   

14.
The Zhifang Mo deposit is located in the northeastern Qinling Orogen along the southern margin of the North China Craton. The deposit represents a quartz-vein system hosted in the Mesoproterozoic Xiong'er Group volcanic rocks. We identify three hydrothermal stages (early, middle and late), characterized by veinlets of quartz–pyrite, quartz–molybdenite–pyrite–chalcopyrite–galena–sphalerite, and quartz–carbonate assemblages, respectively. Five molybdenite samples from the Zhifang deposit yield Re–Os ages ranging from 241.2 ± 1.6 Ma to 247.4 ± 2.5 Ma, with an isochron age of 246.0 ± 5.2 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 7.4), and a weighted mean age of 243.8 ± 2.8 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 5.5). The Re–Os age shows that the Mo mineralization occurred during the Indosinian Orogeny, and suggests that the mineralization is unrelated to the Yanshanian magmatism or the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic volcanic–hydrothermal event.This study also reports a new Sr–Nd–Pb isotope dataset from ore sulfides in an attempt to constrain the source of the ore-forming fluids. Ten sulfide samples from middle stage of the Zhifang Mo deposit yield ISr(t) ratios of 0.710286–0.711943, with an average of 0.711004; εNd(t) values between − 19.5 and − 14.8, with an average of − 16.7; and (206Pb/204Pb)i, (207Pb/204Pb)i and (208Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 17.126–17.535, 15.374–15.466 and 37.485–37.848, with averages of 17.380, 15.410 and 37.631, respectively. One pyrite from the early stage yield ISr(t) of 0.722711–0.722855, with an average of 0.722783, which is higher than those of the middle stage sulfides and suggests equilibration with wallrocks. The εNd(t) values are in the range of − 17.3 to − 16.6 with a mean at − 17.0; and (206Pb/204Pb)i, (207Pb/204Pb)i and (208Pb/204Pb)i ratios are 17.386, 15.405 and 37.622, respectively. The ore sulfides show higher Pb-isotope ratios, higher εNd(t) and lower ISr(t) values than the host rocks. The results suggest that the ore-forming fluids had lower ISr(t), and higher εNd(t) values than the ore sulfides, and were possibly sourced from the Dengfeng Complex. The southward subduction of the North China Craton beneath the Huaxiong Block during the Triassic was possibly responsible for the formation of the Waifangshan orogenic Mo system.  相似文献   

15.
Surface sediments from the Gulf of Cádiz (GoC) were analyzed by alkaline CuO oxidation, in order to estimate the contribution of terrigenous organic matter (TOM) to the inner continental shelf of the southwest Iberian Peninsula. The parallel analysis of sediment samples from the two most important rivers draining to this coastal area (i.e. Guadiana River and Tinto–Odiel fluvial system) provided fundamental information regarding local terrestrial sources. Relatively constant intensive lignin parameters (S:V = 1.0 ± 0.1 and C:V = 0.22 ± 0.04) and high values of the lignin phenol vegetation index (LPVI = 155 ± 43) indicated that non-woody angiosperm tissues constitute the dominant component of vascular plant material reaching the shelf sediments. The NW to SE decreasing isotopic (13C) and molecular (Λ8) signatures found among the sediments, coinciding with the Guadiana delivery plume, suggest that this river is the main terrestrial source in the inner GoC shelf. Slightly elevated values of degradation indicative ratios ([Ad:Al]V = 0.41 ± 0.10; [Ad:Al])S = 0.34 ± 0.07; [3,5-Bd:V] = 0.14 ± 0.05; P:[V + S] = 0.24 ± 0.09) suggested the alteration state of the shelf sediments. The two fold higher ratios of the river sediments (Guadiana: [Ad:Al]V = 0.82 ± 0.08; [Ad:Al]S = 0.84 ± 0.03; Tinto–Odiel: [Ad:Al]V = 0.86 ± 0.12; [Ad:Al]S = 0.83 ± 0.013) and the increasing degradation trend observed outward in the shelf, lead us to consider preferential sorption processes, instead of in situ diagenesis, to affect the degradation signature of the shelf sediments. Preferentially solubilized degraded OM is more likely to be sorbed and stabilized prior to transport to the marine system, showing an apparently more advanced degradation state. The use of the 3,5-Bd:V ratio in conjunction with (Ad:Al)V revealed a composition continuum of the sedimentary OM ranging from fresh plant materials to highly altered soil humic constituents. Elemental and molecular analyses show a land to sea gradient by a NW to SE decrease of the terrestrial influence, accounting for larger terrestrial inputs (TOM: 71–98%) in those sediments near the Guadiana mouth, and predominantly autochthonous composition (TOM: 42–50%) in those located offshore. This work utilizes lignin derived biomarkers to determine the contribution of terrigenous OM delivered to this poorly described coastal area from regional rivers. Within a context of increasing international efforts to better understand the global C cycling, this study illustrates the relevance of using the alkaline CuO oxidation approach to evaluate C budgets and continental influence in river dominated ocean margins.  相似文献   

16.
Comparing the early Earth to the present day, geological–geochemical evidence points towards higher mantle potential temperature and a different type of tectonics. In order to investigate possible changes in Precambrian tectonic styles, we conduct 3D high-resolution petrological–thermomechanical numerical modelling experiments for oceanic plate subduction under an active continental margin at a wide range of mantle potential temperature TP (∆ TP = 0 − 250 K, compared to present day conditions). At present day mantle temperatures (∆ TP = 0 K), results of numerical experiments correspond to modern-style subduction, whereas at higher temperature conditions important systematic changes in the styles of both lithospheric deformation and mantle convection occur. For ∆ TP = 50 − 100 K a regime of dripping subduction emerges which is still very similar to present day subduction but is characterised by frequent dripping from the slab tip and a loss of coherence of the slab, which suggests a close relationship between dripping subduction and episodic subduction. At further increasing ∆ TP = 150 − 200 K dripping subduction is observed together with unstable dripping lithosphere, which corresponds to a transitional regime. For ∆ TP = 250 K, presumably equivalent to early Archean, the dominating tectonic style is characterised by small-scale mantle convection, unstable dripping lithosphere, thick basaltic crust and small plates. Even though the initial setup is still defined by present day subduction, this final regime shows many characteristics of plume-lid tectonics. Transition between the two end-members, plume-lid tectonics and plate tectonics, happens gradually and at intermediate temperatures elements of both tectonic regimes are present. We conclude, therefore, that most likely no abrupt geodynamic regime transition point can be specified in the Earth's history and its global geodynamic regime gradually evolved over time from plume-lid tectonics into modern style plate tectonics.  相似文献   

17.
Garnet-bearing micaschists and paragneisses of the Yaounde Group in the Pan-African Central African Orogenic Belt in Cameroon underwent a polyphase structural evolution with the deformation stages D1–D2, D3 and D4. The garnet-bearing assemblages crystallized in course of the deformation stage D1–D2 which led to the formation of the regional main foliation S2. In XCa–XMg coordinates one can distinguish several zonation trends in the garnet porphyroblasts. Zonation trends with increasing XMg and variably decreasing XCa signalize a garnet growth during prograde metamorphism. Intermineral microstructures provided criteria for local equilibria and a structurally controlled application of geothermobarometers based on cation exchange and net transfer reactions. The syndeformational P–T path sections calculated from cores and rims of garnets in individual samples partly overlap and align along clockwise P–T trends. The P–T evolution started at ～450 °C/7 kbar, passed high-pressure conditions at 11–12 kbar at variable temperatures (600–700 °C) and involved a marked decompression toward 6–7 kbar at high temperatures (700–750 °C). Th–U–Pb dating of metamorphic monazite by electron microprobe (EMP-CHIME method) in eight samples revealed a single period of crystallization between 613 ± 33 Ma and 586 ± 15 Ma. The EMP-monazite age populations between 613 ± 33 Ma enclosed in garnet and 605 ± 12 Ma in the matrix apparently bracket the high temperature–intermediate pressure stage at the end of the prograde P–T path. The younger monazites crystallized still at amphibolite-facies conditions during subsequent retrogression. The Pan-African overall clockwise P–T evolution in the Yaounde Group with its syndeformational high pressure stages and marked pressure variations is typical of the parts of orogens which underwent contractional crustal thickening by stacking of nappe units during continental collision and/or during subduction-related accretionary processes.  相似文献   

18.
This paper presents geochemical, Sr–Nd isotopic, and U–Pb zircon geochronological data on the Alvand plutonic complex in Sanandaj–Sirjan zone (SSZ), Western Iran. The gabbroic rocks show a trend of a calc-alkaline magma suite and are characterized by low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7023–0.7037) and positive εNd(t) values (2.9–3.3), which suggest derivation from a moderately depleted mantle source. Geochemical features of the granites illustrate a high-K calc-alkaline magma series, whereas the leucocratic granitoids form part of a low-K series. Granites have intermediate 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.707–0.719) and negative εNd(t) values (−1.0 to −3.4), while leucocratic granitoids have higher initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.713–0.714) and more negative εNd(t) values (−3.5 to −4.5). Potential basement source lithologies for the granites are Proterozoic granites and orthogneisses, and those for the leucocratic granites are plagioclase-rich sources such as meta-arkoses or tonalites. The U–Pb dating results demonstrate that all granitoids were exclusively emplaced during the Jurassic instead of being Cretaceous or younger in age as suggested previously. The pluton was assembled incrementally over c. 10 Ma. Gabbros formed at 166.5 ± 1.8 Ma, granites between 163.9 ± 0.9 Ma and 161.7 ± 0.6 Ma, and leucocratic granitoids between 154.4 ± 1.3 and 153.3 ± 2.7 Ma. Granites and leucocratic granitoids show some A-type affinity. It is concluded that the Alvand plutonic complex was generated in a continental-arc-related extensional regime during subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the SSZ. The U/Pb zircon age data, recently corroborated by similar results in the central and southern SSZ, indicate that Jurassic granitoids are more areally extensive in this belt than previously thought.  相似文献   

19.
As part of Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the Central Tianshan zone plays a crucial role in the reconstruction of the tectonic evolution of the CAOB. Furthermore, it is bordered by the Tarim Craton to the south, and the comparable evolutionary history between them enables the Central Tianshan zone to provide essential information on the crustal evolution of the Tarim Craton. The eastern segment of the Central Tianshan tectonic zone is characterized by the presence of numerous Precambrian metamorphic rocks, among which the Xingxingxia Group is the most representative one. The granitoids gneisses, intruded into the Xingxingxia Group, consist of two major lithological assemblages: (1) biotite-monzonitic gneisses and (2) biotite-plagioclase gneisses. These metamorphosed granitoid rocks are characterized by enrichment in SiO2, Al2O3 and K2O and depletion in MgO and FeOT. The Rittmann index (σ) spreads between 1.44 and 2.21 and ACNK (Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O)) ranges from 1.03 to 1.08, indicating that these granitoid gneisses are high-K calc-alkaline and peraluminous. Trace element data indicate that the studied samples are enriched in LREE with moderate REE fractionated patterns ((La/Yb)N = 10.5–75.3). The concentrations of HREE of the garnet-bearing gneisses are significantly higher than those of garnet-free gneisses. The former show pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.32–0.57), while the latter are characterized by negligible negative Eu anomalies to moderate positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.80–1.35). In addition, the enrichment of LILE (Rb, Th, K, Pb) and depletion of HFSE (Ta, Nb, P, Ti) of the examined granitoid gneisses are similar to typical volcanic-arc granites. Zircons U–Pb dating on the biotite monzonitic gneiss yields a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 942.4 ± 5.1 Ma, suggesting their protoliths were formed in the early Neoproterozoic, which is compatible with the time of the assembly of supercontinent Rodinia. The zircons have a large εHf(t) variation from −5.6 to +3.2, suggesting that both old crust-derived magmas and mantle-derived juvenile materials contributed to the formation of their protoliths. Based on field observation, and petrological, geochemical and geochronological investigations, we infer that the granitoid gneisses from Xingxingxia were probably formed on a continental arc that resulted from the interaction of Australia and the Tarim Craton during the assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent, and that the Central Tianshan zone was a part of the Tarim Craton during that time. Besides, the Grenvillian orogenic events may have developed better in the Tarim Craton than previously expected.  相似文献   

20.
The main limiting factor in obtaining precise and accurate uranium-series (U-series) ages of corals that lived during the last few hundred years is the ability to constrain and correct for initial thorium-230 (230Th0), which is proportionally much higher in younger samples. This is becoming particularly important in palaeoecological research where accurate chronologies, based on the 230Th chronometer, are required to pinpoint changes in coral community structure and the timing of mortality events in recent time (e.g. since European settlement of northern Australia in the 1850s). In this study, thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) U-series dating of 43 samples of known ages collected from living Porites spp. from the far northern, central and southern inshore regions of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) was performed to spatially constrain initial 230Th/232Th (230Th/232Th0) variability. In these living Porites corals, the majority of 230Th/232Th0 values fell within error of the conservative bulk Earth 230Th/232Th atomic value of 4.3 ± 4.3 × 10?6 (2σ) generally assumed for 230Th0 corrections where the primary source is terrestrially derived. However, the results of this study demonstrate that the accuracy of 230Th ages can be further improved by using locally determined 230Th/232Th0 values for correction, supporting the conclusion made by Shen et al. (2008) for the Western Pacific. Despite samples being taken from regions adjacent to contrasting levels of land modification, no significant differences were found in 230Th/232Th0 between regions exposed to varying levels of sediment during river runoff events. Overall, 39 of the total 43 230Th/232Th0 atomic values measured in samples from inshore reefs across the entire region show a normal distribution ranging from 3.5 ± 1.1 to 8.1 ± 1.1 × 10?6, with a weighted mean of 5.76 ± 0.34 × 10?6 (2σ, MSWD = 8.1). Considering the scatter of the data, the weighted mean value with a more conservative assigned error of 25% (i.e. 5.8 ± 1.4 × 10?6) that encompasses the full variation of the 39 230Th/232Th0 measurements is recommended as a more appropriate value for initial 230Th corrections for U-series dating of most Porites samples from inshore regions of the GBR. This will result in significant improvement in both the precision and accuracy of the corrected 230Th ages related to those based on the assumed bulk Earth 230Th/232Th0 value of 4.3 ± 4.3 × 10?6. However, several anomalously high 230Th/232Th0 values reaching up to 28.0 ± 1.6 × 10?6 occasionally found in some coral annual bands coinciding with El Niño years imply high 230Th/232Th0 sources and highlight the complexities of understanding 230Th/232Th0 variability. For U-series dating of young coral samples from such sites where anomalous 230Th/232Th0 values occur, we suggest replicate dating of multiple growth bands with known age difference to verify age accuracy.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号