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1.
对1995－2004年青藏高原多年冻土温度监测资料进行分析,结果表明：在全球气候变暖影响下,近10年来多年冻土发生了显著的变化,活动层厚度有明显的增大趋势,且高温多年冻土区活动层厚度增大趋势大于低温多年冻土区。多年冻土上限温度和6 m深度多年冻土温度均有明显的升温趋势,低温多年冻土区升温速率要大于高温多年冻土。青藏高原多年冻土变化对气候变暖有明显的响应关系。 相似文献
2.
三江源冻土、植被二者之间存在着强烈的相互作用的关系,并通过改变土壤水热特性以及地表-大气间的能量和水分交换过程影响局地气候,加快或减缓气候变化,源区的生态安全面临挑战。本文综述了近几十年来三江源区冻土、植被特征及变化趋势、冻土-植被相互作用过程以及冻土、植被变化的气候效应,在此基础上对未来研究方向进行了展望。主要认知如下：三江源地区是季节性冻土和多年冻土的交汇带。植被类型有高寒草甸、高寒草原、高寒荒漠等,植被生长季较短。近几十年来,在全球变化影响下,源区冻土和植被经历了快速的变化。冻土土壤温度明显升高;多年冻土面积减小而季节性冻土面积增加;多年冻土活动层厚度及融化期增加而季节性冻土最大冻结深度及冻结期减小。植被物候整体表现出返青期提前,黄枯期推迟,生长季延长的特征;同时高寒植被生态系统的结构和功能也发生了明显变化。土壤的水、热状态是连接冻土和植被相互作用的重要纽带。冻土的冻融状态,土壤的水、热过程对高寒植被的生长有着密切的影响;同时位于冻土上层的植被,又通过植被特征和生态系统的变化,影响土壤温度、湿度,反作用于冻土的形成和发展。冻土和高寒植被作为三江源两种典型的下垫面,在陆-气相互作用... 相似文献
3.
Ruichao Li Jinbo Xie Zhenghui Xie Junqiang Gao Binghao Jia Peihua Qin Longhuan Wang Yan Wang Bin Liu Si Chen 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(1):40-45
在气候变化背景下,活动层厚度的变化会对多年冻土区水文,生态,寒区工程等产生较大的影响.本研究利用中科院气候系统模式CAS-FGOALS-g3和陆面过程模式CAS-LSM模拟分析了活动层厚度的变化趋势和相对变化.结果表明:活动层厚度整体上呈现出增加的趋势.1979-2014年,多年冻土区活动层厚度的区域平均为1.08 m,变化趋势为0.33 cm yr-1,其变化趋势与2m气温变化趋势基本一致,相对变化范围为1％-58％,平均为10.9％.在未来四种不同的气候情景(SSP-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5)下,到2100年预计活动层厚度的相对变化分别为10.3％,14.6％,30.1％和51％. 相似文献
4.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,(1)
在气候变化背景下,活动层厚度的变化会对多年冻土区水文,生态,寒区工程等产生较大的影响.本研究利用中科院气候系统模式CAS-FGOALS-g3和陆面过程模式CAS-LSM模拟分析了活动层厚度的变化趋势和相对变化.结果表明:活动层厚度整体上呈现出增加的趋势.1979-2014年,多年冻土区活动层厚度的区域平均为1.08 m,变化趋势为0.33 cm yr~(-1),其变化趋势与2 m气温变化趋势基本一致,相对变化范围为1%-58%,平均为10.9%.在未来四种不同的气候情景(SSP-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5)下,到2100年预计活动层厚度的相对变化分别为10.3%,14.6%,30.1%和51%. 相似文献
5.
ERA-Interim地表温度资料在青藏高原多年冻土区的适用性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
地表温度综合反映了大气和地表植被、土壤等局地因素相互作用的能量交换状况,是许多冻土分布模型和寒区陆面过程模式的上边界条件,对多年冻土分布和活动层厚度估算具有重要意义。为了检验ERA-Interim再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原(下称高原)多年冻土区的适用性,综合比较了2011年1月1日至2012年12月31日期间高原不同类型多年冻土区3个综合观测场的观测地表温度和ERA-Interim再分析资料之间的偏差、均方差、相关系数、解释方差、均方根误差和平均绝对误差。结果表明,ERA-Interim再分析资料能较好地再现高原多年冻土区3个综合观测场地表温度的基本特征,并能较好地描述高原地表温度的季节变化。但ERA-Interim再分析年平均地表温度比观测值偏低,西大滩、五道梁和唐古拉站依次偏低1.7,1.0和0.9℃;地表温度的再分析值和观测值之间的相关系数和解释方差都较高,均方差也相近。ERA-Interim再分析地表温度资料对观测站点相对稀少且空间分布不均匀的高原多年冻土区具有较好的适用性,可以作为地表温度的有效代用资料。 相似文献
6.
降水作用会导致冻土活动层的水热状态发生明显变化,并且青藏高原地区的降水也表现出明显的季节性差异。为了分析季节降雨特征对冻土活动层内部水热状态的影响效果,对青藏高原中部北麓河地区的气象资料以及活动层内部的热通量、含水量、温度变化开展了原位监测。研究结果表明：北麓河地区是以小雨事件为主,中雨事件为辅的降雨特征,小雨事件占3-11月降雨事件的90%左右。并且,夏季还会发生大雨事件,秋季出现持续降雨事件。其中,各个季节降雨事件导致地表净辐射整体呈现减小的趋势,且夏季大雨事件对净辐射的影响效果更加明显,秋季持续降雨事件导致净辐射表现出先增加后减小的趋势,土壤热通量的变化规律与净辐射的变化基本一致。降雨作用通过影响地表净辐射改变了土壤热通量的变化,进而引起土壤内部水分场及温度场发生改变。其中,夏季大雨及中雨事件会显著增加浅层土壤含水量,而春季和秋季降雨对土壤含水量影响较小;各个季节小雨事件对土壤温度的影响可以忽略,但中雨、大雨及持续降雨事件会显著缓解浅层土壤升温趋势,且随着深度增加,降雨事件对于缓解土壤升温趋势逐渐减弱。研究结果对于多年冻土区的区域生态环境问题以及工程建筑物病害防治问题的解决具有一... 相似文献
7.
《高原气象》2018,(5)
以位于青藏高原与黄土高原及陇南山地过渡带的甘南藏族自治州为例,基于考虑土壤冻融界面变化的陆面过程模式研究了1979-2012年冻土变化及水资源与生态系统碳通量对气候变化的响应。结果表明,甘南州气候态多年冻土面积约1. 5×104km2,季节性冻土约占2. 5×10~4km~2,多年冻土最大融化深度呈增加趋势,季节冻土最大冻结深度逐渐减少,整体上冻土正随着气温上升逐步退化;尽管降雨有所增加,而气温上升引起的蒸散发增加也可能是产流减少的原因之一,其中多年冻土区更为敏感,水热变化增减率较季节冻土区大;生态系统碳循环方面,北部主要表现为碳源,南部则表现为碳汇,升温促进植被生长,使得进入生态系统的碳呈略微增加的趋势,尽管总初级生产力(GPP)与净初级生产力(NPP)呈增长趋势,但植被碳利用效率逐步减小,表明气候变化背景下生态系统固碳能力有所退化;最后经多元回归分析可知,气候变化在多年冻土区可以解释66%的NPP变化与31%的生态系统净交换量(NEE)变化,而在季节冻土区则能解释45%的净初级生产力变化。 相似文献
8.
多年冻土区土壤蒸散发对气候变化的敏感性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
由于不同区域蒸散发对气候变化的敏感性各不相同,为摸清多年冻土活动层陆面过程中冻土-气候变化-水文循环之间的相互关系,选择青藏高原风火山区域的典型多年冻土区,依据气象站观测资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算了典型多年冻土区土壤蒸散发和蒸散发气候敏感系数,分析了多年冻土区土壤蒸散发对气候变化的敏感性。结果表明:多年冻土区土壤蒸散量对相对湿度的敏感性最高(-1. 291),其次为风速(0. 658),对空气温度的敏感性最低(0. 248);土壤完全融化的植被生长期,蒸散发对各气象因子的敏感性最高,土壤完全冻结的植被枯萎期,蒸散发对各气象因子的敏感性都最低;年内尺度,蒸散发对气温、相对湿度和风速的敏感性均在8月最高,在1月或12月最低;蒸散发对气温和相对湿度的敏感性变化与植物生长变化过程高度一致,而蒸散发对风速的敏感性则较为复杂,与土壤的冻融过程相关,分别在土壤逐渐融化的植物生长前期和土壤完全融化的植物生长期敏感性较高。 相似文献
9.
青藏高原腹地多年冻土区活动层水热过程对气候变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
活动层作为多年冻土与大气系统之间能量和水分交换通道,其内部的水热状况是控制水循环和地表能量平衡的主要因素,并直接影响着寒区生态环境、水文过程以及多年冻土的稳定性。利用一维水热耦合模型CoupModel,对青藏高原风火山试验点活动层土壤剖面温湿度进行了模拟。模拟效率参数表明模拟结果很好地反映了研究区多年冻土活动层水热状况。基于已验证的模型,设置多种不同气候变化情形,来分析活动层内部水热状况对全球气候变化的响应。研究结果表明:(1)土壤温度与气温呈正相关关系,气温每升高1℃活动层平均增温约0.78℃,但随着土壤深度增加,增温幅度逐渐减小;(2)升温导致活动层土壤冻结和融化过程发生变化,且对融化过程的影响明显大于冻结过程;(3)活动层各深度土壤含水量随气温升高而增大,且增大幅度随土壤深度增加而不断增大;(4)在完全融化期,降水量增加降低了浅层土壤温度,升高了深层土壤温度,而完全冻结期土壤温度均随降水量增加而升高;(5)降水量增加导致活动层含水量增加,其中完全融化期土壤含水量变化最明显。因此,气候暖湿化将对青藏高原多年冻土区活动层土壤温湿度及冻融循环过程产生较大影响,可能不利于冻土发育。 相似文献
10.
青藏高原高寒湿地作为大江大河支流的发源地,其冻融过程对该地区及下游的生态系统和气候调节有重要意义。利用青藏高原腹地三江源区隆宝高寒湿地试验站的高时间分辨率土壤温湿数据,对冻融过程中土壤温湿的季节、日以及冻融转换期变化特征进行分析和探讨。结果表明:(1)高寒湿地土壤冻融过程中,土壤温度整体表现出夏高冬低的变化特征,冻结期5 cm、40 cm、20 cm、30 cm和10 cm地温依次增大,地温随深度变化存在一定的不规律性,而非冻结期则正好相反;土壤湿度在冻结期自上而下逐渐降低,融化期自上而下逐渐增加。(2)土壤表层5 cm和深层40 cm地温存在显著的日变化特征,表层较深层变化更显著,且夏季变化幅度最大;土壤含水率较稳定,除表层有一定波动,其他各层无明显日变化。(3)冻融转换期,土壤温度垂直分布存在显著的三层结构,10 cm和30 cm处与邻近层的温度差异是导致这种特殊分布的主要原因;随着深度的加深,土壤含水率冻结期(融化期)逐渐增加(减少),且深层比浅层的变化时间明显滞后。 相似文献
11.
浅层土壤温度的变化可以指示活动层厚度变化。利用青藏高原及毗邻地区74个站1977—2006年近30年的土壤温度资料,研究了青藏高原及毗邻地区土壤热状况。结果表明,自1977年的近30年来,5 cm土壤负积温绝对值有减小的趋势,在高原的不同区域减小的幅度不同,对整个研究区域而言,负积温绝对值每10年降低了35℃;近30年来研究区内土壤的最大冻结深度呈现减薄的趋势;冻结期间（冷季）高原腹地负积温变化幅度要比边缘地区大,而在一个完整的冻融循环过程中,高原腹地相对于边缘地区稳定;近30年来高原地区冻融强度（FTI）呈现增大的趋势,这在某种程度上表明高原多年冻土区冻土的稳定性发生了变化;纬度及海拔对FTI值的影响较大,当海拔低于4000 m时,33°N南北两区域FTI值随海拔升高的减小率不同,南部减小的量是北部的2.5倍,海拔高于4000 m时,FTI值受纬度影响相对减弱。 相似文献
12.
Active layer plays a key role in regulating the dynamics of hydrothermal processes and ecosystems that are sensitive to the changing climate in permafrost regions. However, little is known about the hydrothermal dynamics during freeze-thaw processes in permafrost regions with different vegetation types on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In the present study, the freezing and thawing processes at four sites (QT01, 03, 04, and 05) with different vegetation types on the QTP was analyzed. The results indicated that the impact on the soil water and heat during the summer thawing process was markedly greater than that during the autumn freezing process. Furthermore, the thermal-orbit regression slopes for all sites exhibited a homologous variation as the depth increased, with the slowest attenuation for the meadow sites (QT01 and QT03) and a slightly faster attenuation for the desert steppe site (QT05). The air and ground surface temperatures were similar in winter, but the ground surface temperature was significantly higher than the air temperature in summer in the radiation-rich environment at all sites on the QTP. The results also indicated that the n-factors were between 0.36 and 0.55 during the thawing season, and the annual mean temperature near the permafrost table was between − 1.26 and − 1.84 °C. In the alpine desert steppe region, the thermal conditions exhibited to show a warming trend, with a current permafrost table temperature of − 0.22 °C. The annual changing amplitude of the ground temperature at the permafrost table was different for different vegetation types. 相似文献
13.
Alpine ecosystems in permafrost region are extremely sensitive to climate change. The headwater regions of Yangtze River and
Yellow River of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau permafrost area were selected. Spatial-temporal shifts in the extent and distribution
of tundra ecosystems were investigated for the period 1967–2000 by landscape ecological method and aerial photographs for
1967, and satellite remote sensing data (the Landsat’s TM) for 1986 and 2000. The relationships were analyzed between climate
change and the distribution area variation of tundra ecosystems and between the permafrost change and tundra ecosystems. The
responding model of tundra ecosystem to the combined effects of climate and permafrost changes was established by using statistic
regression method, and the contribution of climate changes and permafrost variation to the degradation of tundra ecosystems
was estimated. The regional climate exhibited a tendency towards significant warming and desiccation with the air temperature
increased by 0.4–0.67°C/10a and relative stable precipitation over the last 45 years. Owing to the climate continuous warming,
the intensity of surface heat source (HI) increased at the average of 0.45 W/m2 per year, the difference of surface soil temperature and air temperature (DT) increased at the range of 4.1°C–4.5°C, and
the 20-cm depth soil temperature within the active layer increased at the range of 1.1°C–1.4°C. The alpine meadow and alpine
swamp meadow were more sensitive to permafrost changes than alpine steppe. The area of alpine swamp meadow decreased by 13.6–28.9%,
while the alpine meadow area decreased by 13.5–21.3% from 1967 to 2000. The contributions of climate change to the degradation
of the alpine meadow and alpine swamp was 58–68% and 59–65% between 1967 and 2000. The synergic effects of climate change
and permafrost variation were the major drivers for the observed degradation in tundra ecosystems of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. 相似文献
14.
利用1967年航片数据、1986和2000年两期遥感TM数据,对长江黄河源区高寒生态系统分布格局变化进行了分析,并结合源区气候变化观测数据,分析了源区高寒生态系统变化与气候的关系和陆面生态系统变化对源区水文过程的影响。结果表明：过去40 a来,长江源区高覆盖草甸、高覆盖草原和湿地面积分别减少了13.5%、3.6%和28.9%,黄河源区高覆盖草甸、高覆盖草原和湿地面积分别减少了23.2%、7.0%和13.6%,江河源区低覆盖草甸、草原和沙漠草地面积均不同程度地增加;长江、黄河源区气温变化率分别为0.27和0.31℃/10a,降水的变化趋势在长江、黄河源区分别以0.36和0.07 mm/a的速率递增,气温持续升高和由此引起的冻土退化是导致高寒生态系统退化的主要因素之一;陆面生态系统退化对源区水文过程影响显著,在降水没有明显变化的情况下,长江、黄河源区径流系数分别由1960年代的0.16和0.28下降到21世纪的0.12和0.21,且降水－径流关系减弱,出源径流趋于减少,洪水发生频率显著增加,水源涵养指数持续减小。如何应对气候变化,维护源区高寒生态系统功能,已成为迫切需要关注和解决的关键问题。 相似文献
15.
Yanhui Qin Wenfeng Liu Zonghe Guo Shanbin Xue 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2020,140(3):1055-1069
A change in soil temperature (ST) is a significant indicator of climate change, so understanding the variations in ST is required for studying the changes of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) permafrost. We investigated the performance of three reanalysis ST products at three soil depths (0–10 cm, 10–40 cm, and 40–100 cm) on the permafrost regions of the QTP: the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim), the second version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System (CFSv2), and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). Our results indicate that all three reanalysis ST products underestimate observations with negative mean bias error values at all three soil layers. The MERRA-2 product performed best in the first and second soil layers, and the ERA-Interim product performed best in the third soil layer. The spatiotemporal changes of annual and seasonal STs on the QTP from 1980 to 2017 were investigated using Sen’s slope estimator and the Mann–Kendall test. There was an increasing trend of ST in the deeper soil layer, which was less than that of the shallow soil layers in the spring and summer as well as annually. In contrast, the first-layer ST warming rate was significantly lower than that of the deeper soil layers in the autumn and winter. The significantly (P < 0.01) increasing trend of the annual ST indicates that the QTP has experienced climate warming during the past 38 years, which is one of the factors promoting permafrost degradation of the QTP. 相似文献
16.
Xuewei FANG Zhi LI Chen CHENG Klaus FRAEDRICH Anqi WANG Yihui CHEN Yige XU Shihua LYU 《大气科学进展》2023,40(2):211-222
Since the 1990s, the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP) has experienced a strikingly warming and wetter climate that alters the thermal and hydrological properties of frozen ground. A positive correlation between the warming and thermal degradation in permafrost or seasonally frozen ground(SFG) has long been recognized. Still, a predictive relationship between historical wetting under warming climate conditions and frozen ground has not yet been well demonstrated,despite the expectation that it will b... 相似文献
17.
活动层水热状况与地-气系统间能水交换直接影响着寒区生态环境、水文过程以及多年冻土的稳定性。利用唐古拉站2007年实测资料和SHAW模型,对研究点活动层土壤剖面温湿度进行了模拟。土壤温度方面,模型的纳什效率系数NSE≥0.93;水分方面,纳什效率系数的平均值为0.69,说明SHAW模型可用于多年冻土区活动层内水热动态变化的模拟研究。基于模型的输出结果,对唐古拉站活动层土壤冻融过程中的水分动态、地表能量收支的变化特征进行了分析讨论。结果表明:(1)活动层冻融过程中,土壤水分的冻结和融化响应时间随土壤深度的增加而逐渐滞后,水分迁移通量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减小;(2)地表能量平衡收支在季风活动引起的降水与活动层的冻融循环共同影响下,表现出明显的季节性变化特征。同时,通过改变SHAW模型植被输入参数中的叶面积指数,分析了植被覆盖变化对多年冻土区土壤蒸散发的影响。结果表明:植被蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量与总的蒸散发量与植被的叶面积指数呈正相关关系,而浅层土壤含水率(20 cm)则表现为负相关,当叶面积指数在-100%(裸土)~100%变化时,总蒸散发量的变化幅度为-5%~13%。 相似文献
18.
Guojie Hu Lin Zhao Ren Li Xiaodong Wu Tonghua Wu Changwei Xie Xiaofan Zhu Junming Hao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2020,140(3):1081-1091
Ground temperature is an important factor influencing ground source heat pumps, ground energy storage systems, land-atmosphere processes, and ecosystem dynamics. This paper presents an accurate development model (DM) based on a segment function: it can derive ground temperatures in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) from air temperature in case of shallow soil depths and without using air temperature data in case of deep soil depths. Here, we applied this model to simulate the active layer and permafrost ground temperature at the Tanggula observation station. The DM results were compared with those from the artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and multiple linear regressions (MLR) models, which were based on climatic variables from prior models and on ground temperatures derived from observations at different depths. The results revealed that the effect of air temperature on simulated ground temperatures decreased with increasing depth; moreover, ground temperatures fluctuated greatly within the shallow layers but remained rather stable with deeper layers. The results also indicated that the DM has the best performance for the estimation of soil temperature compared to the MLR, SVM, and ANN models. Finally, we obtained the three average statistics indexes, i.e., mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and the normalized standard error (NSEE) at TGL site: they were equal to 0.51 °C, 0.63 °C, and 0.15 °C for the ground temperature of active layer and to 0.08 °C, 0.09 °C, and 0.07 °C for the permafrost temperature. 相似文献
19.
Eleanor J. Burke Rutger Dankers Chris D. Jones Andrew J. Wiltshire 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(3-4):1025-1038
There is mounting evidence that permafrost degradation has occurred over the past century. However, the amount of permafrost lost is uncertain because permafrost is not readily observable over long time periods and large scales. This paper uses JULES, the land surface component of the Hadley Centre global climate model, driven by different realisations of twentieth century meteorology to estimate the pan-arctic changes in near-surface permafrost. Model simulations of permafrost are strongly dependent on the amount of snow both in the driving meteorology and the way it is treated once it reaches the ground. The multi-layer snow scheme recently adopted by JULES significantly improves its estimates of soil temperatures and permafrost extent. Therefore JULES, despite still having a small cold bias in soil temperatures, can now simulate a near-surface permafrost extent which is comparable to that observed. Changes in snow cover have been shown to contribute to changes in permafrost and JULES simulates a significant decrease in late twentieth century pan-Arctic spring snow cover extent. In addition, large-scale modelled changes in the active layer are comparable with those observed over northern Russia. Simulations over the period 1967–2000 show a significant loss of near-surface permafrost—between 0.55 and 0.81 million km2 per decade with this spread caused by differences in the driving meteorology. These runs also show that, for the grid cells where the active layer has increased significantly, the mean increase is ~10 cm per decade. The permafrost degradation discussed here is mainly caused by an increase in the active layer thickness driven by changes in the large scale atmospheric forcing. However, other processes such as thermokarst development and river and coastal erosion may also occur enhancing permafrost loss. 相似文献