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目前,世界人口越来越多,超过了五十亿大关,为维持这么多人的生存所必需的资源日见短缺,同时,由于人类某些违反自然规律的活动的加剧,又给人类生存的环境带来了严重的甚至是灾难性的影响。因此,人口、资源和环境成了当代世界最突出的问题,三者之间有着不可分割的联系。我国人口超过十一亿,占世界总人口的五分之一强,从一些绝对数字来看,我国虽然也称得上“物博地大”,但奈何人口太多,按人口一平均,就变为“物薄地小”了。例如我国人均陆地面积只为世界人均陆地面积的1/3;人均耕地面积也大体与之相当;人均林地更少,只相当 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2017,(12)
古文化兴衰和文明演化的过程及其动力是广受关注的热点科学问题,然而,对该问题的认识存在较多的分歧与争议.本文对史前和历史时期遗址废弃、文化兴衰和人口变化,及其环境和技术影响因素的研究案例进行了梳理,提出在不同空间尺度,影响古代人类社会演化的主导因素是不一样的.在局地尺度上,突发性灾害是导致大型聚落毁灭或废弃的重要影响因素.在区域尺度上,十年至百年时间尺度的气候干旱或寒冷事件是导致古文明衰退和人类大规模迁徙的主要诱发因素,而持续稳定适宜的气候则促使古文明的兴盛.在大陆-全球尺度上,百年至千年时间尺度的重大技术革新及其扩散,是推动人口显著增长和社会进步的主要动力.在此基础上,阐释了不同空间尺度下,环境和技术因素对古代人类生存和社会演化产生影响的可能机制. 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(11)
人造地表是人类活动对陆地表层影响最直接的体现,其利用效率与全球范围内人类利用和改造自然的资源配置、产业布局和经济发展状况密切相关,同时对资源环境的利用、能源消耗和生态环境质量产生重要影响.基于2000年和2010年两期全球30m分辨率地表覆盖数据产品(Globe Land30),结合全球人口和经济数据,从空间分布、增长状况和变化效益三个方面,进行了全球人造地表利用效率的分析比较.研究表明:(1)全球各国人造地表的利用效率呈现显著的区域差异.欧洲、美洲等发达国家在人造地表资源丰富程度与经济产出上均高于世界平均水平;亚洲、非洲各国则普遍面临人均占用量相对较小.典型国家人造地表利用效率呈现资源配置与利用的结构性差异特点,可分为资源丰富型(美国、加拿大等)、集约利用型(日本、韩国等)以及处于两者间的过渡型.(2)各国人造地表利用效率变化与经济发展水平密切相关,也有较明显差异.发达国家(G7集团)单位人造地表的地均人口与地均GDP变化较小,中国、俄罗斯等地均人口与地均GDP产出增长较快.(3)从地均人口集聚度和GDP集聚度两个指标看,2000~2010这10年间全球人造地表的利用效率持续提升. 相似文献
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城市矿山开发及其资源调控不仅属于环境科学及地球科学关注的热点,也是影响当前中国可持续发展和生态文明建设的关键.本文总结过去对于城市矿山及城市矿产的科学认识,全面梳理城市矿山开发及其资源调控中的基础问题和活动实践,并指出未来城市矿山资源开发的主要科学问题.凝练的主要认识包括:城市矿产是人为活动条件下产生的,具有有序的物理结构、固定形状等鲜明产品特征的再生资源;城市矿产的资源特性不仅决定于它的质量,也取决于其中元素成分的数量;循环化学三条基本定律基本形成,分别指出了物质循环的必要性、方向性和目标性.未来应该研究的核心科学问题包括,金属资源从自然地学循环到人类圈循环的转换特征和驱动机制是什么;在人类圈循环中,资源的闭路循环关键节点和瓶颈在哪里;如何改善加快城市矿产的逆向物流和调控. 相似文献
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贵州马鞍山旧石器时代遗址的上、下文化层出土了大量动物碎骨.利用动物考古的量化单元对两个文化层动物骨骼组合的种属丰度和骨骼单元分布进行了量化,并观察、分析了骨骼表面痕迹的出现情况,复原了上、下文化层沉积时期马鞍山遗址远古人类的狩猎和处置猎物的行为,发现早晚两期的远古人类除了对猎物的选择有所不同,在搬运、处理和消费猎物的行为上也存在着不同,总体上讲,晚期远古人类比早期远古人类对猎物资源开发得更彻底.通过对动物群组成、年代、环境和文化遗物的综合分析,推测环境变化、人群迁移或者人口的激增可能是导致上述不同产生的原因.这一研究通过动物考古学方法复原了马鞍山遗址远古人类的猎食行为及其变化情况,为探讨中国晚更新世末人类的生存行为和演化特征提供了重要的研究材料和数据. 相似文献
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本文揭示了建国以来中国山洪灾害时空演变格局,探测了影响历史山洪灾害空间分布的驱动因子.采用6万多个山洪灾害历史记录数据,利用重心对比方法,从重心地理位置、聚集程度、移动趋势3个方面揭示了1951～2015年中国山洪灾害时空演变特征,初步分析了降雨、人口与山洪灾害之间时空演变的关系.进一步选取2000～2015年间相关数据,基于自然流域单元,构建了降雨、人类活动、地表环境相关因子,利用地理探测器分析方法,探测影响历史山洪灾害空间分布的驱动因子.分析结果表明,建国以来,中国历史山洪灾害空间分布转移与降雨和人口分布的变化趋势呈现出明显的相关性; 2000～2015年间山洪灾害空间分布呈现出区域分异特征,降雨因子的驱动大于人类活动因子和地表环境因子,地表环境和人类活动在成灾环境中具有交互作用.研究结果揭示了山洪灾害驱动因子具有明显的时空异质性,中国山洪高风险区包括川渝生态区、华南生态区、云贵高原和长江中下游地区;低风险度区包括西北干旱区、青藏高原、内蒙古高原和东北生态区.研究结果有助于科学理解山洪成灾环境、山洪灾害风险度分区,也为进一步做好治灾防灾工作提供了科学依据. 相似文献
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湖泊水体富营养化评价的改性灰色局势决策法 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18
南四湖是我国主要的淡水湖泊之一,是山东省重要水源地。该地区自然资源条件优越,具有明显的区位优势,随着本地区能源基地的和社会经济高速发展。在水资源利用和煤炭资源开发中已产生或潜存很多环境问题,本文系统地综述了该地区存在的地下水位下降,水湖泊淤积,地面沉降与塌陷,水土流失和土壤盐渍化等一系列环境问题的状况,成因,发展,并针对性地提出了保护本地区水环境的基本策略。 相似文献
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The exploitation and utilization of coal resources have been lasting for thousands of years, resulting in a series of ecological environmental problems in China. So far, the mining area has changed into severe and typical damaged ecosystem locally and globally. The coal exploitation history is long in Shanxi province, but goafs are distributed widely. In this study, we addressed this point and took a coal mine, located in Shanxi province where the coal mining has a long exploitation history with goaf densely distributed, as an example. The growth patterns of above ground plant communities, succession characteristics of vegetation community and soil quality characters in the goafs, which could provide theoretical basis for the sustainable development of coal resources and ecological reconstruction in this region, have been studied. 相似文献
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太湖与长三角区域一体化发展:地位、挑战与对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
太湖及太湖流域在长三角自然和经济地理空间具有举足轻重的地位,更是长三角区域一体化发展国家战略实施的关键地区.在当前区域一体化高质量发展背景下,太湖治理面临新的形势和任务,也面临一系列新的挑战,着重体现在水环境治理形势更加复杂严峻和水资源供给压力不断提升两方面.传统水陆分割治理难以解决湖泊问题,行政区治理难以适应区域一体化发展要求,水资源共享和付费机制尚未建立等问题,对长三角区域一体化进程也构成了较大阻滞.太湖水问题绝不局限于太湖本身,需要从湖泊—流域系统视角构建资源、环境、生态、社会与经济多要素协调统筹治理的新体系,考虑水陆空间协同治理与开发和不同次区域经济、社会、自然效益的均衡,以推动长三角区域一体化高质量发展.基于此,研究提出新背景下的太湖及流域治理思路:推动太湖水资源生态环境之间以及与流域经济社会的联动,撬动长三角生态环境一体化的思维创新;探索关键卡脖子技术研发和流域管理综合集成的科学体系,推动长三角资源环境领域的创新一体化发展;探索太湖流域跨行政区域的水生态环境共治、水资源共享和绿色发展机制,牵动一体化协调制度的改革创新. 相似文献
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福建省矿业开发产生的环境地质问题主要有占用破坏土地、破坏地貌景观、水土流失、水土污染、水均衡破坏以及采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、崩滑流矿山地质灾害等。矿山地质环境综合评价单元的划分采用正方形网格单元。选取矿山地质环境现状、地质环境条件、矿产资源开发利用规划、矿山生态环境恢复治理难易程度等作为评价因子。根据各因子对矿山地质环境质量影响存在重大差异及可分层次的实际情况,采用质量指数评价模型作为矿山地质环境综合评价模型。利用MAPGIS的空间分析功能,对整个系统进行综合评价。然后根据综合指数的大小,将全省圈定出28个区的矿山地质环境综合质量划分为严重区、较严重区和一般区。 相似文献
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本文从探讨玉龙喀什河的历史和源流人手,试图从地理和生态上构勒出玉龙喀什河（以下简称玉河）与和田绿洲唇齿相依的共生关系。并从环境角度,针对近年来愈演愈烈的籽玉疯采现象,分析了所谓“玉石经济”产生的背景状况。描述了不当开采对资源的影响、对玉河的损害、对绿洲生态的破坏。提示人们脆弱生态需要呵护,以牺牲长远利益换取眼前利益的做法,后患无穷。呼吁人们珍惜资源,合理开发、保护环境。 相似文献
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Stephen Anthony Mitchell 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2013,75(1):95-112
The larger wetlands of Sub-Saharan Africa, cover 2,072,775 km2 (9.01 %) of the landmass. This paper reviews the major threats, including climate change, to these wetlands, a number of which lie in semi-arid regions. Climate change predictions are that the arid or semi-arid regions of Africa in the latitudes around the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer will become drier. The future of wetlands is allied to human well-being, and the effects of climate change cannot be de-linked from human activities occurring in and around wetlands. The high productivity of wetlands supports substantial populations of poor people dependent on ecosystem services for at least part of their livelihood. This is particularly so in the semi-arid Sahel in the North and equivalent latitudes in the south, which are seen as vulnerable to climate change largely due to high levels of poverty and low adaptive capacity. While sustainable ecosystem management is a long-term goal, survival is more immediate to poor people depending on ecosystem services for their livelihoods. Population increase and a decrease in the resource base due to predicted decreased rainfall will lead to over exploitation of the resource base. Certain engineering interventions redistribute ecosystem services to the benefit of those upstream or away from the river system. Governance systems play a key role in the sustainable management of resources. Breakdown of governance systems through civil war is seen as a driver of poverty and a major cause of breakdown in resource conservation, increasing the dependence of poor people on ecosystems. 相似文献
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A. T. Newman 《Surveys in Geophysics》1994,15(3):289-297
Differing arrangements exist for water resources regulation in the four nations of the UK. This account is largely concerned with England and Wales where a unitary regulation of water resources permits a coherent view of developments, although some reference is made to Scotland and Northern Ireland.Following a review in 1987 of compensation flows from UK reservoirs attention has more recently been focused on a broader range of water resource developments. The more obscured impacts of groundwater developments is now attracting the greater attention. Measures of environmental impact are confused by a wide number of environmental variables and the lack of consistent observation of these through the period of disturbance. Uncertainties have been compounded during studies by the coincidence of a major drought period with consequent accentuation of seasons with prolonged river lowflows.Historically water resource developments have been aimed by Engineers to maximise the production of usable water. The value of the resource in situ to the natural or previous managed environment will have had its defenders but that value could be degraded in pursuit of the primary goal. Recent convention and now statutory requirement for environmental impact assessment demands the involvement of inter-disciplinary study teams. This welcome practice remains bedeviled by the lack of sound quantitative criteria for water resource engineering design.There is no absence of general scientific understanding of environmental impacts but the need remains for the establishment of criteria and regular analytical procedures with which to link hydrological regimes with ecological success. Much work is being done in the UK to address this matter and there is increasing collaboration between Hydrologists and Biologists to seek constructive remedies. 相似文献
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I. A. SHIKLOMANOV 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):495-529
Abstract River runoff and the resulting water resources which provide the needs of mankind for fresh water are subject to variations in space and time mainly depending on the space and time variability of climate characteristics. Thus there are close interrelations between the problems of the provision of fresh water and the problems of both natural and anthropogenic changes in climate. Moreover, these interrelations are characterized by specific features both under natural conditions and during a period of man's intensive impact on water resources. The problem of these interrelations has acquired a particular scientific and practical importance during recent years in which climatologists have attempted to predict global anthropogenic changes in climate for the near future, changes unknown on our plant for millennia. The present paper has been prepared mainly on the basis of research results obtained at the State Hydrological Institute in Leningrad. It describes the global interrelations between climatic characteristics and water resources under natural conditions and in the case of intensive water resources development; up-to-date ideas on the anthropogenic changes of the global climate are given; the possible consequent effects on future water resources are analysed. 相似文献