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1.
Ingo J. Hahn Pablo M. Vergara Julia Baumeister Gerardo E. Soto Uwe Römer 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(1):987-993
Natural catastrophes could damage island biodiversity and ecosystems, and their effects could become devastating if combined with human disturbances. In this study, we determined the effects of the tsunami occurred in Robinson Crusoe Island (Chile) on 27 February 2010 on an endangered soil–plant system. Using data of endemic Cabbage Trees (Dendroseris litoralis Skottsb.) and soil attributes taken before and after the 2010 event, we developed thematic maps to assess the changes in population size and soil substrate of Cabbage Trees caused by the tsunami. We determined that from 153 pre-tsunami (2009) standing Cabbage Trees, only 66 (43 %) survived in 2011, mostly in elevations above 25 m a.s.l. Before the tsunami, 86 (56 %) of Cabbage Trees were established in humus-rich soil sites whereas after the tsunami, this number declined to 53 (35 %). These results represent the first report of a severe population decline after a tsunami and indicate that tsunamis are an important source of species extinction in small oceanic islands not only by reducing the population size but also by reducing the quality of sites for plant growth. 相似文献
2.
Burrowing activity is a widely recognized source of site modification. Most taphonomic studies of burrowers emphasize their destructive aspects on the archaeological record. Excavations at Ndondondwane, South Africa, suggest burrowing activity is destructive in some ways, but may also preserve cultural behavior. Drawing on both direct and indirect sources of evidence, we discuss how burrowing activity by rodents, earthworms, and termites can inform about pedogenic and depositional processes at archaeological sites and both preserve and destroy evidence of intra‐settlement patterns and early African cultigens. Specifically, we demonstrate the limited effect of earthworms on site stratigraphy, how the localized activity of termites have preserved casts of early African cultigens, and how the ability of archaeologists to distinguish the devastating effects of rodent burrowing from remains of architectural features have permitted important inferences about social and ritual life in early African farming communities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
3.
Abouian Jahromi Mohammad Jamshidi-Zanjani Ahmad Khodadadi Darban Ahmad 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2020,79(14):1-11
Climate change projections indicate an increase in intense rainfall events with consequent river flooding, which could lead to devastating natural disaster 相似文献
4.
巨大灾害后的脆弱性：台湾集集地震后中部地区土地利用与覆盖变迁 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
自2004年底的南亚大海啸、美国遭受飓风侵袭以来，人类社会如何采取应对措施以降低灾害的冲击成为国际科学界的一个重要议题。台湾在几年前也遭遇巨大的地震灾害，1999年9月21日凌晨，震中发源于台湾中部、芮氏规模7.3级的巨大地震，造成全台湾2 000多人死亡，8 000多人受伤，除了造成直接的经济社会损失外，也造成山区土石松滑、地层松动与山崩，直接改变了地表的覆盖状况。在后续几年台风所带来的强风豪雨下，丰沛的降雨量使原本因地震而松滑的土石大量滑落，造成严重的土石流灾害，河床也因土石泥沙的堆积而被提升，形成严重的洪患。这些自然环境的变化不仅再次改变地表的覆盖，也使重建后的小区面临极大的灾害风险。此次冲击促使当地居民重新思考人地关系之意义，通过重建过程凝聚小区意识，发展有别于过去的土地利用形态。因此为检验当地居民对灾害的暴露程度、敏感性与适应能力，本研究采用近年来在国际环境灾害研究课题备受重视的脆弱性研究途径，并利用野外调查以及遥测与地理信息系统分析呈现地震后的土地覆盖变化。希望通过分析人与环境系统的变化，以及人类社群的社会内部固有特质，归纳出重要机制以发展降低脆弱性的策略。
研究结果显示，灾害是人与环境耦合系统(coupled system)共同形成的结果，非单一的独立事件，也不是不可避免的；且地方的脆弱性具有演化与多元化的特性，同一地方下不同族群与个体对灾害的脆弱性皆不同，因此灾害研究必须更关注于灾害发生的机制，相关的政策与策略也必须建立在更小的社会与空间单元上。 相似文献
5.
The fireproofing of buildings is a critical issue for the field of disaster prevention planning. In Tokyo Metropolitan Area, the amelioration of fireproofing is of particular concern, since the risk of widespread fires pursuant to a devastating earthquake is extremely high. In this study, we construct a stochastic model in order to describe the conversion process of existing structures. Using this model, we attempt to trace out a timed series of changes to structures in a given urban area and in doing so hypothetically eliminate the most hazardous areas from a disaster prevention viewpoint. In the district under consideration, we simulate time-series changes in structure by way of a rigorous application of extant urban planning and building codes. We then assess the piecemeal efficiency of such regulations and their overall effectiveness in ameliorating fire risk in potentially hazardous zones. 相似文献
6.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(4):473-480
On 12 May 2008 and 20 April 2013, respectively, the devastating magnitude 7.9 (Wenchuan) and magnitude 7.0 (Ya’an) earthquakes struck the southwestern Longmen Shan fault zone (LMSFZ), the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. These events were notable because they occurred in a heavily populated area and resulted in severe damage and loss of life. Here we present an integrated analysis of potential field anomalies and a crustal-scale seismic reflection image to investigate the crustal structure and some tectonic relationships associated with these devastating events. Our results show that the western margin of the Yangtze crustal block possesses an irregular margin that extends westward beyond the LMSFZ to the northeast and merges gradually with the LMSFZ to the southwest. We interpret this variation in deep structure to create a lateral heterogeneity in the local stress regime that explains the observed variations in fault geometry and slip distribution, as well as seismicity, of the LMSFZ. This structural complexity results in a differential build-up of stress as the Tibetan Plateau is being extruded eastward. Thus, the results of this research can help identify potential natural hazard zones and focus efforts on hazard mitigation. 相似文献
7.
Pre-conditioning factors and susceptibility assessments of Wenchuan earthquake landslide at the Zhouqu segment of Bailongjiang basin, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Shibiao Bai Qiang Xu Jian Wang Pinggen Zhou 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(5):575-582
In this study, we present a landslide susceptibility assessment carried out after the devastating 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. For the Zhouqu segment in the Bailongjiang basin in north-western China landslide susceptibility was computed by a logistic regression method. This region has been experiencing landslides for a long time, and numerous additional slope failures were triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The data used for this study consists of slope failures attributed to the 2008 earthquake, the 878 post Wenchuan earthquake landslides and collapses inventory build up by combination the field investigation, monoscopic manual interpretation, image classification and texture analysis using SPOT 5 and ALOS remote-sensing image data. All data derived from remote sensing images are validated during field investigations. The landslide pre-disposing factor database was constructed. A digital elevation model (DEM) with a 30 × 30 m resolution, orthophotos, geological and land-use maps and information on peak ground acceleration data from the 2008 earthquake is used. The statistical analysis of the relation between Wencuan earthquake-triggered landslides and pre-disposing factors show the great influence of lithological and topographical conditions for earthquake-triggered slope failures. The quality of susceptibility mapping was validated by splitting the study area into a training and validation set. The prediction capability analysis showed that the landslide susceptibility map could be used for land planning as well as emergency planning by local authorities in this region. 相似文献
8.
Natural Hazards - Recent tsunami disasters caused devastating damage to non-engineered as well as engineered coastal infrastructure. In fact, previous design guidelines containing provisions for... 相似文献
9.
Yan Yan Cui Yifei Liu Dingzhu Tang Hui Li Yongjian Tian Xin Zhang Lei Hu Sheng 《Landslides》2021,18(6):2175-2192
Landslides - Landslide dam failures have devastating capability to cause significant hazards to human lives and infrastructure along their flooding paths. Recent studies have explored such hazards... 相似文献
10.
An extraordinarily large-scale landslide with a volume of about 200 million m3, a width of about 1,600 m, and a height of about 750 m occurred on 2004 March 26, 13:45 local time, on a steep caldera wall
on the northwest flank of Mt. Bawakaraeng (2,830 m) at the headwater of the Jeneberang River in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
The debris avalanche extended about 7 km from the headwater and buried the river valley, causing devastating damage. There
are a great many calderas in the world, notably Japan. If a large-scale sector collapse were to occur in a heavily populated
area, it would be a devastating disaster for the people living in the area. The aim of this paper is to outline such a landslide
and explain its mechanism of occurrence. We evaluated the stability of the original slope before the landslide using the limit
equilibrium method and the finite-element-based shear strength reduction method (SSRFEM) with the strength reduction factor.
The limit equilibrium method showed that a rise in the groundwater level caused the landslide. Although the critical slip
surface predicted by the SSRFEM was shallower than that of the actual slip surface, the end positions of the actual and predicted
slip surfaces were almost the same. Moreover, the end position of the critical slip surface before the landslide—the headwater
of the Jeneberang River—was a knick point at which the slope inclination became steeper. SSRFEM analysis may be useful for
evaluating the slope stability of large-scale landslides, because the critical slip surface predicted by it was close to the
actual surface, even though we assumed homogenous conditions without information on the degree of weathering or ground properties.
As the knick point formed at the end of the critical slip surface and is equivalent to the end of the actual slip surface,
we assume such topographic features to be a primary geomorphologic cause of the landslide. 相似文献
11.
On a novel approach to forecast sparse rare events: applications to Parkfield earthquake prediction 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Natural Hazards - Rare events are plentiful in nature and most of them have devastating consequences on human lives and property. Modeling such events is intrinsically challenging due to their very... 相似文献
12.
Landslides - Each year, so many devastating landslides occur all around the world causing a lot of life and economical losses. Many of these landslides take place in large populated cities where... 相似文献
13.
Daniel W Gade 《Geoforum》1973,4(4)
Narrow intermontane valleys of the Apurímac River system in south central Peru have a macrothermal climate that sharply contrasts with that of the adjacent uplands. The Spaniards, with their feudally-organized hacienda system, recognized the agronomic possibilities of these ribbons of warmth for sugar cane cultivation and of the market for sugar products above the canyon rims. Inadvertently they also introduced malaria and enhanced its endemicity by creating more breeding sites for mosquitoes through irrigation of the valley floors. Malaria had a devastating effect on the Indian population and certain human adjustments were made to cope with the insalubrity of the bottomlands: establishment of independent villages above and outside the malaria zone; seasonal migration of Indian laborers to reduce exposure; abandonment of the cane-growing areas that had the most serious occurrence of malignant malaria, and replacement of Indians by Negroes. Disease eradication has now blurred these adjustments concomitant with fundamental changes in the economic and social structure of the warm valleys. 相似文献
14.
New experimental results show that when magma interacts with carbonate‐rich crustal rock, such as limestone, it rapidly liberates crustal CO2, with potentially devastating repercussions for explosive volcanic behaviour. 相似文献
15.
B.F. Iyun 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):129-139
The viewpoint that most health problems are environmentally related has always been promoted by medical geography. In recent
times, concern about environmental degradation has been of high priority for many national and international organizations
as ‘we human beings become a threat to our planet’. There is also a need to specifically focus attention on the impact of
so-called development efforts on the health of women and children, in particular those living in highly marginalized regions
which often contribute substantially to the overall development of their countries.
This paper uses the concept of vulnerability as a departure point from which to map the health risks to children in Igbekun
area of Ondo State, the ‘transgressive muddy’ oil-rich coastal area of Nigeria. The paper attempts to highlight the poor quality
of life and health of children in particular, and how it is becoming much more difficult to practice health intervention programmes,
especially oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in the area.
The Igbekun area is an unhealthy and harsh environment, complicated by the devastating effects of oil drilling in recent years.
The siltation and sedimentation of the creeks and lagoons have serious health dimensions as human faeces float in and around
villages because the ‘bush toilets’ can no longer be reached. The on-going environmental crisis has also deprived women of
their traditional means of livelihood; fishing.
There is a relatively high level of ignorance (compared with other women living in the same local government area (LGA) of
causes of the commonest diseases such as diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection (ARI) and measles. A majority of the women
have never heard of family planning, immunization against diseases and interventions such as ORT. Promotive health care services,
especially those that strive to reduce the high mortality of children have passed the mothers by. It is also becoming impracticable
to promote ORT because of the widespread ‘salty and oily’ water supply in the area.
The greatest concern of the women now is that oil drilling activities have further amplified their stressful conditions especially
their health and that of their children. Unfortunately, their plight is not acknowledged by the Nigerian authorities and the
oil companies are least concerned about alleviating the poor health status of the community, in particular the most vulnerable
groups, children under the age of five.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Toshihiro Osaragi 《Natural Hazards》2013,68(3):1385-1398
On the day of the Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake (2011), all rail services in the Tokyo Metropolitan area were paralyzed, amid substantial confusion. Consequently, over 3 million persons were unable to return home on that day. Some, unable to contact their families, felt uneasy and set out to return home on foot. Main roads were seriously congested with cars and people, and the use of emergency vehicles was also obstructed. In this paper, we construct several models that describe decision-making and behavior of individuals attempting to reach home on foot in the wake of a devastating earthquake. The proposed models are calibrated using data taken from questionnaire surveys and person-trip surveys, addressed to occupants of the Tokyo Metropolitan area. We attempt to simulate the movement of individuals having decided to return home on foot and demonstrate the spatiotemporal distribution of those who might be exposed to city fires on their way home in the context of such an event. 相似文献
17.
因暴雨、地震和岩羊踩踏等不确定因素,贺兰口沟口至“水关”处发育的34处孤石极易失稳滚落形成落石对岩画和游人安全构成严重威胁。通过对34处孤石数量、成因、分布、岩性和几何特征全面调查与分析的基础上,运用Rocfall软件分析其失稳后的运动过程和能量变化进行分析,得出如下结论:(1)薄层状变质砂岩风化内凹的临空面、岩层层面与两组节理组合切割巨厚层砂岩失稳后堆积于坡面;(2)将落石划分为基岩裸露型、孤石带型和坡面泥石流型3种不同类型;(3)数值模拟结果显示,失稳后弹跳落点有52%~95%的概率在岩画赋存区,所具有能量为301~8412 kJ;最终落点有51%~95%的概率在游客栈道,所具有能量为299~7698 kJ;(4)监测结果表明,水剂比为0.32、平行布孔、间排距20 cm和抵抗线20 cm布置方案为最优,静态破碎结合人工搬运为岩画保护区落石源头治理的最佳方案。为贺兰口岩画保护区落石灾害的源头治理提供了新的途径与参考。 相似文献
18.
We present the results of work on the compilation of a fuller and more comprehensive historical catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the basin of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, an area of primary importance for the Russian Federation. In the 20th century, there were no significant tsunamis in the Black Sea; therefore, its coast was not considered tsunami-prone. A systematic search for new data sources, a revision of earlier ones, and the use of new approaches to the identification of tsunamigenic events resulted in a more than doubling of the number of known tsunamigenic events in this basin, bringing it up to 50. The total length of the new tsunami catalogue reached 3000 years, which makes it the second longest after the Mediterranean tsunami catalogue (about 4000 years). Taking into account the seismotectonic features of the Black Sea region, we processed data on historical tsunamis and analyzed the geographical and temporal distributions of their sources. For all tsunamigenic events we performed a parameterization of available information about their sources and coastal manifestations, evaluated the tsunami intensity based on the Soloviev-Imamura scale, and proposed a classification of tsunami and tsunami-like water wave disturbances based on their genesis. Tsunami run-up heights, inland penetration, and damage were estimated with regard for the newly found data. Among the identified historical events, there are devastating tsunamis with run-ups of 4-5 m, sometimes up to 6-8 m, which resulted in disastrous consequences for several ancient cities (Dioscuria, Sebastopolis, Bizone, and Panticapaeum) and many coastal settlements. Expert assessments of the most tsunami-prone areas of the coasts are given. 相似文献
19.
The devastating 1999 Marmara and Düzce earthquakes led to a significant increase in the earthquake studies in Turkey in geological,
engineering and financial aspects. Extreme Value Theory (EVT) has a range of applications from stock market changes to natural
disasters like floods and hurricanes. Here EVT is fitted to the ordinary and earthquake reinsurance claims of Turkey. 相似文献
20.
During the 1st decade of the 21st century, the study area of Talala, Saurashtra of western India witnessed three damaging earthquakes of moderate magnitude, year 2007 [Mw 5.0; Mw 4.8] and in the year 2011 [Mw 5.1] that generated public panic in the region. The last damaging moderate earthquake of the 20th October 2011 in Talala region (21.09°N;70.45°E), located at about 200 km south to the devastating 2001 Bhuj (23.412°N, 70.232°E) mainshock (Mw 7.6), jolted the entire Saurashtra region of Gujarat. A long series of aftershocks followed hereafter, recorded at nine seismograph/accelerograph stations. Hypocenters of aftershocks were relocated accurately using absolute and relative travel time (double-difference) method. In this study, we, for the first time, determined 3-D tomographic images of the upper crust beneath the 2011 Talala earthquake source zone by inverting about 1135 P and 1125 S wave arrival time data. Estimates of seismic velocities (Vp, Vs) and Poisson’s ratio (σ) structures offer a reliable interpretation of crustal heterogeneities and their bearing on geneses of moderate earthquakes and their aftershock sequences beneath the source zone. It is found that the 2011 Talala mainshock hypocenter depth (6 km) is located near the boundary of the low and high velocity (Vp, Vs) and the source zone is associated with low-σ anomalies guarded by the prominent high-σ anomalies along the active fault zone having strike-slip motion beneath the earthquake source zone. The pattern of distribution of (Vp, Vs, σ) and its association with occurrences of aftershocks provide seismological evidence for the neo-tectonics in the region having left lateral strike-slip motion of the fault. 相似文献