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1.
The clay fractions of sedimentary kaolin deposits representing different ages (Carboniferous and Cretaceous), types (pisolitic flint and plastic), and localities (Sinai and Aswan) from Egypt were analyzed for their H and O isotopic compositions to examine the paleoclimate conditions during their formation. The δD values of the Carboniferous deposits in Sinai range between −67‰ and −88‰, while the values for the Cretaceous deposits in Sinai range between −59‰ and −75‰. The δ18O values of the Carboniferous deposits range from 17.9‰ to 19.4‰ and the values for the Cretaceous deposits range between 19.2‰ and 20.4‰. The relatively low δD and δ18O values of the Carboniferous deposit at the Abu Natash area (−67‰ and 17.9‰, respectively) compared to other Carboniferous deposits (averages of −83.3‰, and 18.8‰ for δD and δ18O, respectively) could be due to isotopic exchange between this deposit and the adjacent dolomite and/or the enclosed hydrothermally-formed Mn ores of the Carboniferous Um Bogma Formation. The δD and δ18O values of the Cretaceous pisolitic flint kaolin deposit from Aswan (averages of −65‰ and 20.3‰, respectively) and plastic kaolin from the same area (averages of −66‰ and 19.5‰, respectively) are almost identical. The differences in the δ18O values between the clay fractions of the pisolitic flint kaolin (20.3‰) and the previously analyzed bulk kaolin of the same deposit (average of 17.5‰) suggest a significant effect of non-clay minerals on the isotopic compositions of the kaolin deposits.The H and O isotopic compositions plot close to the kaolinite line that marks the isotopic composition of kaolinite in equilibrium with meteoric water at 20 °C. This indicates that the kaolinite from both the Carboniferous and Cretaceous deposits in Egypt formed by meteoric water weathering of the source rock(s). The δD and δ18O values also suggest that kaolinite of these deposits formed under warm-temperate to tropical conditions. The slight deviations of some samples from the kaolinite line suggest post-depositional modifications of the isotopic compositions of studied deposits probably due to the interaction between earlier-formed kaolinite and downward percolating meteoric water.The δD and δ18O values of the Cretaceous and Carboniferous deposits from all localities suggest that both deposits formed under similar climatic conditions due to the location of Egypt at almost the same distance from the equator either to the south during the Carboniferous or to the north during the Cretaceous. 相似文献
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3.
腾冲地热区出露有众多热泉泉群,地热活动频繁,岩石发生强烈蚀变,形成的主要蚀变矿物包括高岭石、绢云母、蒙脱石、I/M间层矿物、石英和蛋白石。主要蚀变矿物的种类和含量受蚀变母岩性质的控制,花岗质砂砾岩和花岗岩形成高岭石,玄武岩形成伊利石和蒙托石,安山岩中发育硅化作用。泥化作用增强的趋势是安山岩→花岗岩→玄武岩→花岗质砂砾岩。由于花岗质砂砾岩在热区内广泛分布,通过蚀变作用形成了有经济价值的高岭土矿床。 相似文献
4.
Secondary alterations of Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic terrigenous complexes recovered by borehole SG-7 were studied
from the depth of 3620 m to 6920 m (roof of basalts). Down to the depth of ∼6770 m, the section shows a gradual intensification
of catagenetic alterations of sandy rocks: the formation of pressure dissolution textures and regeneration of clastic quartz.
Intensification of the transformation of clay minerals is not observed in this mineral. Variations in the contents of illite,
hydromicas, mixed-layer minerals, smectite, chlorite, and kaolinite at different depths of the recovered section are related
to changes in the provenance during the accumulation of sedimentary complexes. The Middle Triassic coarse-grained sandy rocks
(suprabasalt sequence) are more intensely transformed: they are marked by microstylolitic textures of pressure dissolution,
recrystallization blastesis of clastic quartz grains, and newly formed zoisite. The composition of clay minerals is also characterized
by variation: micas are represented by sericite with ΔD = 0; Fe-chlorite and kaolinite are noted. These features suggest the
absence of linear positive correlation of T and P with the subsidence depth of sedimentary complexes. Intense heating (up to 200–300°C) of the Middle Triassic suprabasalt
rocks is likely caused by trap activity (intense effusion of basalt lavas). Investigation of secondary minerals in basalts
recovered by borehole SG-7 revealed that the grade of their transformation matches the medium-temperature subfacies of the
greenschist facies. 相似文献
5.
The results of the study of clay mineral alterations in Upper Pleistocene sediments of the southern trough in the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California) due to the influence of hydrothermal solutions and heat produced by sill intrusions are discussed. Core samples from DSDP Holes 477 and 477A were taken for the analysis of clay minerals. Application of the method of modeling X-ray diffraction patterns of oriented specimens of the finely dispersed particles made it possible to establish the phase composition of clay minerals, determine their structural parameters, and obtain reliable quantitative estimates of their contents in natural mixtures. The modeling data allowed us to characterize reliably the transformation of clay minerals in sediments of the hydrothermally active southern trough in the Guaymas Basin. In Upper Pleistocene sandy–clayey sediments of the southern trough, changes in the composition of clay minerals occurred under the influence of a long-living hydrothermal system. Its lower part (interval 170.0–257.5 m) with maximum temperatures (~300°C) was marked by the formation of chlorite. Terrigenous clay minerals are not preserved here. Saponite appears at a depth of 248 m in the chlorite formation zone. Higher in the sedimentary section, the interval 146–170 m is also barren of terrigenous clay minerals. Sediments of this interval yielded two newly formed clay minerals (chlorite and illite), which were formed at lower temperatures (above 180°C and below 300°C, approximately up to ~250°C), while the relatively low-temperature upper part (110–146 m) of the hydrothermal system (from ~140°C to ~180°C) includes the mixture of terrigenous and newly formed clay minerals. Terrigenous illite is preserved here. Illitization of the mixed-layer illite–smectite was subjected to illitization. The terrigenous montmorillonite disappeared, and chlorite–smectite with 5–10% of smectite layers were formed. In the upper interval (down to approximately 110 mbsf), the composition of terrigenous clay minerals remains unchanged. They are composed of the predominant mixed-layer illite–smectite and montmorillonite, the subordinate illite, mixed-layer chlorite–smectite with 5% of smectite layers, mixed-layer kaolinite–smectite with 30% of smectite layers, and kaolinite. This composition of clay minerals changed under the influence of sill intrusions into the sedimentary cover at 58–105 m in the section of Hole 477. The most significant changes are noted in the 8-m-thick member above the sill at 50–58 m. The upper part of this interval is barren of the terrigenous mixed-layer illite–smectite, which is replaced by the newly formed trioctahedral smectite (saponite). At the same time, the terrigenous dioctahedral smectite (montmorillonite) is preserved. The composition of terrigenous clay minerals remains unchanged at the top of the unit underlying the sill base. 相似文献
6.
采用电子探针、扫描电镜、X射线粉晶衍射、红外光谱分析、热重分析、X射线能谱分析、激光拉曼光谱分析等测试方法对"昌化田黄石"样品的结构和成分进行了研究,并结 合寿山田黄石进行对比,结果表明"昌化田黄石"样品主要以隐晶质结构、块状构造为主,主要矿物组成为地开石,并含有部分高岭石、高岭石-地开石的过渡物和微量明矾石,其成分和结构与寿山产田黄石基本一致。因此,本文提出了对田黄石定义的建议,即凡产于坡积层或田坑中,具有"细、洁、润、腻、温、凝"之"六德标准"且主要由地开石等高岭石族矿物组成的透有黄色调的块状独石均可称为田黄石。 相似文献
7.
Isotopic and mineralogic data from an 8500-m thick section of the Great Valley sequence, northern California, indicate that changes in the δ18O values of authigenic minerals resulted from the conversion of smectite to a 10 Å clay-mineral as temperature increased with burial in the Jurassic- Cretaceous outer-arc basin. The clay-mineral assemblage in mudstone is characterized by a proportional increase of the 10 Å clay-mineral with increasing stratigraphic depth, and by a depletion in the δ18O value of the mixed-layer smectite/10 Å clay-mineral with descending stratigraphic position from +21.9 to + 15.5%. SMOW. Modeling of the oxygen isotopic data from authigenic phases, based on equilibrium fractionation during clay-mineral diagenesis, indicates that δ18O values of calcite in mudstones and of calcite cements in sandstone precipitated along a temperature gradient of about 25°C/km during maximum burial to about 6–7 km. δD values of the mixed-layer smectite/10 Å clay-mineral range between ?69 to ?44%. SMOW. Using temperatures calculated from the oxygen isotopic data, the deuterium and oxygen isotopic data indicate that the smectite underwent late-stage dehydration and probably buffered the composition of formation waters from sea water values to isotopic compositions of δ18O ≈ +8%. SMOW and δD ≈ ?25%. SMOW. The δ13C values of calcite from mudstone and sandstone imply that crystallization of authigenic calcite was linked to organic diagenesis during which dissolved HCOt-3 was continuously enriched in 13C as temperature increased with burial. At the base of the sequence and immediately overlying the ophiolitic basement rocks, several hundred meters of strata were altered by more oxygen-depleted (δ18O ? +4 to +5%.) hydrothermal fluids emanating from the ophiolitic rocks, probably at maximum burial depth. 相似文献
8.
《Applied Geochemistry》1998,13(7):905-916
Experiments measuring kaolinite and smectite dissolution rates were carried out using batch reactors at 35° and 80°C. No potential catalysts or inhibitors were present in solution. Each reactor was charged with 1 g of clay of the ≤2 μm fraction and 80, 160 or 240 ml of 0.1–4 M KOH solution. An untreated but sized kaolinite from St. Austell and two treated industrial smectites were used in the experiments. One smectite is a nearly pure montmorillonite, while the second has a significant component of beidellitic charge (35%). The change in solution composition and mineralogy was monitored as a function of time. Initially, the 3 clays dissolved congruently. No new formed phases were observed by XRD and SEM during the pure dissolution stage. The kaolinite dissolution is characterized by a linear release of silica and Al as a function of the log of time. This relationship can be explained by a reaction affinity effect which is controlled by the octahedral layer dissolution. Far from equilibrium, dissolution rates are proportional to a0.56±0.12OH− at 35°C and to a0.81±0.12OH− at 80°C. The activation energy of kaolinite dissolution increases from 33±8 kJ/mol in 0.1 M KOH solutions to 51±8 kJ/mol in 3 M KOH solutions. In contrast to kaolinite, the smectites dissolve at much lower rates and independently of the aqueous silica or Al concentrations. The proportionality of the smectite dissolution rate constant at 35 and 80°C was a0.15±0.06OH−. The activation energy of dissolution appears to be independent of pH for smectite and is found to be 52±4 kJ/mol. The differences in behavior between the two kinds of minerals can be explained by structural differences. The hydrolysis of the tetrahedral and the octahedral layer appears as parallel reactions for kaolinite dissolution and as serial reactions for smectite dissolution. The rate limiting step is the dissolution of the octahedral layer in the case of kaolinite, and the tetrahedral layer in the case of smectite. 相似文献
9.
Ahmed El-Kammar Hassan Taha Abu-Zied Mohamed Galal Dina Osman 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2017,10(21):463
This work discusses the composition, radioactivity, and possible utilization of the kaolin resources in Sinai which are hosted in thick sandstone sequences belonging to the Carboniferous (Wadi Khaboba) and Early Cretaceous (Wadi Iseila and Abansakar) ages. The characterization of kaolin was done by microscopic and SEM examination, supported by XRD and ICP-MS analyses. The studied kaolin resources consist of kaolinite, as the main constituent, associated with subsidiary dickite and halloysite, and minor contribution of smectite and illite. The most dominant non-clay mineral is quartz, besides minor gypsum, dolomite, and hematite. Ferrugination dominates, in most cases, at the upper boundaries of the kaolin lenses, suggesting possible supergene activity. The high Al2O3/SiO2 ratio for the Cretaceous kaolin (0.54, in average) specifies its better grade relative to the Carboniferous kaolin (0.43, in average). The kaolin of the middle part of lens C in Wadi Iseila contains Si/Al molecular ratio of about unity, suggesting high-grade kaolin. The Carboniferous kaolin has enriched the radionuclides: U, Th, and Ra (at disequilibrium state due to leaching of eU relative to Ra) and the REE, relative to that of the Cretaceous age. The Carboniferous kaolin is characterized by a higher contribution of HREE (zircon signature), whereas LREE seems to be more influential for the Early Cretaceous kaolin (monazite signature). In spite of the very high CIA index (93 to 99), none of the analyzed kaolin deposits displays Ce abnormality. The high radioactivity of some Carboniferous kaolin can be a serious impediment for its utilization or its exportation. The kaolin of Sinai does not satisfy the international standards for paperwork industries and refractory manufacturing, but beneficiation may overcome this challenge. However, some lenses have high-grade kaolin with a low percentage of oxides of iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium and a low radioactivity, hence nominated for the local refractory industry. The high-grade kaolin of Sinai fulfills the standards required for ceramics manufacturing in the global market. Grade 3 kaolin (< 30%, Al2O3) can be used in the manufacturing of white Portland cement and red glaze manufacturing on both local and global markets. 相似文献
10.
Marcondes Lima da Costa Daniel José Lima Sousa Rômulo Simões Angélica 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2009,27(2-3):219-234
The eastern region of the Amazon is home to the most important kaolin bauxite producing district in Brazil, referred to as the Paragominas-Capim kaolin bauxite district, which has a reserve of at least 1.0 billion tons of high-quality kaolin used in the paper coating industry. The kaolin deposits are closely related to sedimentary rocks of the Parnaíba basin and their lateritic cover. Two large deposits are already being mined: IRCC (Ipixuna) and PPSA (Paragominas). The geology of the IRCC mine is comprised of the kaolin-bearing lower unit (truncated mature laterite succession derived from the Ipixuna/Itapecuru formation) and the upper unit (immature lateritized Barreiras formation). The lower kaolin unit is characterized by a sandy facies at the bottom and a soft (ore) with flint facies at the top. It is formed by kaolinite, quartz, some iron oxi-hydroxides, mica and several accessories and heavy minerals. The <2 μm kaolinite crystallites only correspond to 41.3–58.3% of the soft kaolin, and large booklets of 15–300 μm are common. The degree of structure order of kaolinite decreases towards the flint kaolin. The chemical composition of the soft kaolin is similar to the theoretical chemical composition of kaolinite, with low iron content, and can be well correlated to most kaolin deposits in the region. The distribution pattern of chemical elements from sandy to flint kaolin (lower unit) suggests a lateritic evolution and erosive truncation. This is quite distinct from the upper unit, which has a mineralogical and chemical pathway relating it to a complete immature lateritic profile. The geological evolution of the IRCC kaolin is similar to that of other deposits in the eastern Amazon region, being comprised of: parent rocks formed in an estuarine marine and fluvio-laccustrine environment during the early Cretaceous; establishment of mature lateritization with the formation of kaolin in the Eocene; marine transgression and regression – (Pirabas and Barreiras formation) with kaolin profile erosion and forward movement of deferruginization and flintization during the Miocene after partial mangrove covering; and immature lateritization – partial kaolin ferruginization during the Pleistocene. 相似文献
11.
大同地开石呈团块状、网脉状、充填在侏罗纪煤系地层“陷落柱”的岩堆孔隙和洞穴中,是一种成岩后生作用的产物,大多数地开石是在后生氧化作用下,由高岭石逐渐转化形成,而大同地开石却是在地下深处与大气隔绝的封闭的还原环境里形成。经扫描电镜观察,该地开石晶体大都呈假六方板状,轮廓明显,晶面体平整光滑,(010)和(001)晶面普遍生长良好,晶体堆垛疏松,无光滑平整柱面的塔品和六角柱聚合体。 相似文献
12.
《Applied Geochemistry》2006,21(2):203-222
Disposal of nuclear waste in deep geological formations is expected to induce thermal fluxes for hundreds of years with maximum temperature reaching about 100–150 °C in the nearfield argillaceous environment. The long-term behavior of clays subjected to such thermal gradients needs to be perfectly understood in safety assessment considerations. In this respect, a Toarcian argillaceous unit thermally disturbed by the intrusion of a 1.1-m wide basaltic dike at the Perthus pass (Herault, France), was studied in detail as a natural analogue. The thermal imprint induced by the dike was evaluated by a mineralogical, chemical and K–Ar study of the <2 μm clay fraction of shale samples collected at increasing distance from the basalt. The data suggest that the mineral composition of the shales was not significantly disturbed when the temperature was below 100–150 °C. Closer to the dike at 150–300 °C, changes such as progressive dissolution of chlorite and kaolinite, increased content of the mixed layers illite–smectite with more illite layers, complete decalcification and subsequent increased content of quartz, were found.At the eastern contact with the dike, the mineral and chemical compositions of both the shales and the basalt suggest water–rock interactions subsequent to the intrusion with precipitation of palagonite and renewed but discrete deposition of carbonate. A pencil cleavage developed in the shales during the dike emplacement probably favored water circulation along the contact. Strontium isotopic data suggest that the fluids of probable meteoric origin, reacted with Bathonian and Bajocian limestones before entering the underlying Toarcian shales.By analogy with deep geological radioactive waste repositories, the results report discrete mineralogical variations of the clays when subjected to temperatures of 100–150 °C that are expected in deep storage conditions. Beyond 150 °C, significant mineralogical changes may alter the physical and chemical properties of the shales, especially of the clay fraction. Also, the development of structural discontinuities in the so-called thermally disturbed zone might be of importance as these discontinuities might become zones for preferential fluid circulation. Finally, the study emphasizes the use of Rb–Sr and K–Ar isotopic systems as tracers of local circulating fluids related to low-grade thermal imprints. 相似文献
13.
We studied calcite and rhodochrosite from exploratory drill cores (TH‐4 and TH‐6) near the Toyoha deposit, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan, from the aspect of stable isotope geochemistry, together with measuring the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions. The alteration observed in the drill cores is classified into four zones: ore mineralized zone, mixed‐layer minerals zone, kaolin minerals zone, and propylitic zone. Calcite is widespread in all the zones except for the kaolin minerals zone. The occurrence of rhodochrosite is restricted in the ore mineralized zone associated with Fe, Mn‐rich chlorite and sulfides, the mineral assemblage of which is basically equivalent to that in the Toyoha veins. The measured δ18OSMOW and δ13CPDB values of calcite scatter in the relatively narrow ranges from ?2 to 5‰ and from ?9 to ?5‰, respectively; those of rhodochrosite from 3 to 9‰ and from ?9 to ?5‰, excluding some data with large deviations. The variation of the isotopic compositions with temperature and depth could be explained by a mixing process between a heated surface meteoric water (100°C δ18O =?12‰, δ13C =?10‰) and a deep high temperature water (300°C, δ18O =?5‰, δ13C =?4‰). Boiling was less effective in isotopic fractionation than that of mixing. The plots of δ18O and δ13C indicate that the carbonates precipitated from H2CO3‐dominated fluids under the conditions of pH = 6–7 and T = 200–300°C. The sequential precipitation from calcite to rhodochrosite in a vein brought about the disequilibrium isotopic fractionation between the two minerals. The hydrothermal fluids circulated during the precipitation of carbonates in TH‐4 and TH‐6 are similar in origin to the ore‐forming fluids pertaining to the formation of veins in the Toyoha deposit. 相似文献
14.
N. A. Goryachev G. N. Gamyanin V. Yu. Prokof’ev N. E. Savva T. A. Velivetskaya A. V. Ignat’ev 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2014,56(5):322-345
This paper is focused on the Early Cretaceous Ag-Bi-Co-sulfoarsenide mineralization atypical of northeastern Asia, which contains diverse Co-Ni sulfoarsenides, Se-bearing Bi sulfotellurites, and Ag-Bi-Pb sulfosalts. The Upper Seymchan ore cluster is located at the boundary between the Paleozoic Omulevka Terrane of carbonate platform and the In’yali-Debin Synclinorium of the Kular-Nera Terrane. These ore-bearing sequences are represented by the Middle Jurassic terrigenous rocks that rest upon the Upper Triassic sandshale rocks of the upper structural stage. The sedimentary rocks are cut through by high-Al granitic plutons and younger granite-porphyry dikes. The orebodies that are superposed on igneous rocks were formed during (1) the quartz-chlorite-tourmaline stage of metasomatic alteration, (2) the main economic tourmaline-chlorite-quartz-sulfoarsenide vein stage, (3) the polysulfide-quartz stage with Ag, Se, Bi minerals, and (4) the postore quartz-calcite stage with fluorite. The epithermal veins of festoon chalcedony-like quartz with Sb-bearing arsenopyrite occupy a special position. In particular orebodies, the chlorite-quartz ore veins dominate at the upper levels, whereas the quartz-tourmaline veins occur at the lower levels. Wall-rock alteration is represented by metasomatic chloritization and tourmalinization up to the formation of monomineralic metasomatic zones. Sulfides and sulfoarsenides are distinguished by anomalous enrichment of sulfur in the light isotope (δ34S = ?12.8 to ?16.7‰) in contrast to the sulfur isotopic composition of Sb-asenopyrite (?1.7‰) from the genetically different epithermal veins. The oxygen isotopic composition of calcite (the third stage) is uniform at all studied deposits and reveals a tendency to updip enrichment in δ18O within a vertical interval of 200 m. Quartz from ore-bearing and epithermal veins has an almost identical δ18O value (±2‰) but differs from quartz at the tin deposits related to granites of the Canyon Complex and enriched in the light isotope in its oxygen isotopic composition. The mineralization in the Upper Seymchan ore cluster, which is genetically linked to the Early Cretaceous calc-alkaline dike suite pertaining to the period of postcollision late orogenic extension, is formed from magmatic fluids diluted with meteoric water (salinity reaches 20 wt % NaCl equiv) at temperatures varying from 400-380°C to 220-150°C and under a pressure of 970 to 60 bar. The direct vertical mineral zoning is expressed in the change of mineral species with depth and in variable compositions and properties of particular minerals. 相似文献
15.
Baioumy H. M. Attia A. M. Boulis S. N. Hassan M. S. Helmy M. E. 《中国地球化学学报》2005,24(4):316-326
Upper Cretaceous phosphorite beds of the Duwi Formation, Upper Egypt, are intercalated with limestone, sandy limestone, marl, calcareous shales, and calcareous sandstone. Calcareous intercalations were subjected to field and detailed petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigations in order to constrain their rock composition and origin. Mineralogically, dolomite, calcite, quartz, francolite and feldspars are the non-clay minerals. Smectite, kaolinite and illite represent the clay minerals. Major and trace elements can be classified as the detrital and carbonate fractions based on their sources. The detrital fraction includes the elements that are derived from detrital sources, mainly clay minerals and quartz, such as Si, Al, Fe, Ti, K, Ba, V, Ni, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu, Zr, and Mo. The carbonate fraction includes the elements that are derived from carbonates, maily calcite and dolomite, such as Ca, Mg and Sr. Dolomite occurs as being dense, uniform, mosaic, very fine-to-fine, non-ferroan, and non-stoichiometrical, suggesting its early diagenetic formation in a near-shore oxidizing shallow marine environment. The close association and positive correlation between dolomite and smectite indicates the role of clay minerals in the formation of dolomite as a source of Mg^2＋ -rich solutions. Calcareous rocks were deposited in marine, oxidizing and weakly alkaline conditions, marking a semi-arid climatic period. The calcareous/argillaceous alternations are due to oscillations in clay/carbonate ratio. 相似文献
16.
The Lower Palaeozoic low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Brabant Massif are largely buried below a thick cover of post-Palaeozoic strata. Along the top of the subcrop, they comprise remnants of Cretaceous to Tertiary weathering profiles that represent the lower part of thick saprolites. The alteration of the chlorite- and muscovite-dominated Palaeozoic rocks was characterized by the destruction of chlorite, accompanied by the formation of kaolinite and iron oxides and/or iron hydroxides. The first product of chlorite weathering seems to have been regularly interstratified chlorite-vermiculite or chlorite-smectite, which is now represented by interstratified chlorite-muscovite with regular ordering. Outside the thin transitional zones in which this mineral occurs, the rubefied intervals show only little variation in composition, which is due to the replacement of chlorite by kaolinite over short vertical distances and the stability of muscovite throughout the preserved parts of the saprolite. The rubefied rocks do have a somewhat different composition along the top of some profiles, which is related to an interaction with groundwater after burial, resulting in smectite formation, feldspar weathering and iron dissolution. Groundwater interaction is also responsible for the occurrence of weathering without rubefaction, outside the areas with saprolite remnants, which resulted in vermiculite, smectite and kaolinite formation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
18.
Samir M. Zaid Oussama A. EL-Badry Adel M. Akarish Mahmoud A. Mohamed 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(7):147
The mineralogy and geochemistry of the Upper Cretaceous Duwi black shales of Nile Valley district, Aswan Governorate, Egypt, have been investigated to identify the source rock characteristics, paleoweathering, and paleoenvironment of the source area. The Duwi Formation consists mainly of phosphorite and black shales and is subdivided into three members. The lower and upper members composed mainly of phosphorite beds intercalated with thin lenses of gray shales, while the middle member is mainly composed of gray shale, cracked, and filled with gypsum. Mineralogically, the Duwi black shales consist mainly of smectite and kaolinite. The non-clay minerals are dominated by quartz, calcite, phosphate, dolomite, feldspar, with little gypsum, anhydrite, iron oxides, and pyrite. Based on the CIA, PIA, and CIW values (average?=?84, 94, 95, respectively), it can be concluded that the litho-components of the studied shales were subjected to intense chemical weathering and reflect warm/humid climatic conditions in the depositional basin. The provenance discrimination diagram indicates that the nature of the source rocks probably was mainly intermediate and mafic igneous sources with subordinate recycled sedimentary rocks (Nubia Formation). Geochemical characteristics indicate that the Duwi black shales in Nile Valley district were deposited under anoxic reducing marine environments. 相似文献
19.
《Chemical Geology》2003,193(3-4):273-293
The El Berrocal granite/U-bearing quartz vein (UQV) system has been studied as a natural analogue of a high-level radioactive waste repository. The main objective was to understand the geochemical behaviour of natural nuclides under different physicochemical conditions. Within this framework, the argillization processes related to fracturing and formation of the uranium–quartz vein were studied from a mineralogical and isotopic standpoint in order to establish their temperatures of formation and thus complete the geothermal history of the system. For this purpose, δ18O values were determined for pure mineral from the unaltered granite and quartz from the uranium–quartz vein, as well as for mixture samples from the hydrothermally altered granite (sericitised granite) and clayey samples from fracture fillings, including the clayey walls of the uranium–quartz vein. The isotopic signature of quartz from the uranium–quartz vein and the monophasic nature of its fluid inclusions led us to conclude that the isotopic signature of water in equilibrium with quartz was approximately in the range from −8.3‰ to −5.7‰ V-SMOV, its temperature of formation being around 85–120 °C. The δ18O values of pure sericite from the hydrothermally altered granite, calculated by means of the oxygen fraction molar method, indicate that its temperature of formation, in equilibrium with the aforementioned waters, is also in the range from 70 °C to approximately 120 °C. Clays from fracture fillings and clayey walls of the uranium–quartz vein are usually mixtures, in different proportions, of illite, approximately formed between 70 and 125 °C; two generations of kaolinite formed at approximately 90–130 °C and at around 25 °C, respectively; smectite, formed at ≤25 °C; and occasionally palygorskite, formed either between 30 and 45 °C or 19 and 32 °C, depending on the fractionation equation used. These data suggest that sericite from the hydrothermally altered granite, quartz from the uranium–quartz vein, illite and the first generation of kaolinite from the fracture fillings resulted from the same hydrothermal process affecting the El Berrocal granite in relation to fracturing. Under certain physicochemical conditions (T≈100 °C, pH≈8 and log [H4SiO4] between −4 and −3), illite and kaolinite can be paragenetic. As a result of weathering processes, smectite was formed from hydrothermal illite and inherited albite under alkaline weathering, while the second generation of kaolinite was formed from smectite, under acid conditions and close to the sulphide-rich uranium–quartz vein. Palygorskite is an occasional mineral formed probably either during the thermal tail of the above-described hydrothermal process or during weathering processes. In both cases, palygorskite must have formed from alkaline Si–Mg-rich solutions. Finally, these data and processes are discussed in terms of natural analogue processes, drawing some implications for the performance assessment of a deep geological radwaste repository (DGRR). 相似文献
20.
方解石是东胜地区直罗组含铀砂岩中重要的胶结物类型,同时碳酸盐化与铀成矿作用关系密切。通过方解石胶结物岩石学、矿物学、碳氧同位素分析,研究了含铀砂岩中方解石碳氧同位素组成、沉淀机制及铀成矿意义。研究表明,东胜地区砂岩类型为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩和石英砂岩,粘土矿物主要由蒙皂石、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石组成,方解石类型以含铁矿方解石为主,其次为铁方解石。方解石δ~(13)C_(PDB)为-15.7‰~-1.6‰,平均-9.08‰,δ~(18)O_(PDB)为-15.6‰~-10‰,平均-12.4‰,显示其形成与有机酸脱羧作用有关,碳来源为有机碳。碳氧同位素分析数据计算表明,与方解石平衡的水相氧同位素组成变化范围较宽,为-7.66%-9.71‰,推测较轻的同位素组成具有封存大气降水的特征,而较重同位素组成则反映成岩成矿过程中深部富含油气低温热流体的加入。综合分析认为,东胜地区直罗组砂岩中方解石是地表水和深部油气共同作用的结果:早期有机酸促使长石类骨架颗粒溶蚀,形成石英颗粒次生加大边,并伴随着自生高岭石沉淀;后期随着大量烃类注入砂岩中,成岩成矿环境由酸性向碱性转变,还原性增强,介质水中的CO_2与Ca~(2+)圾Fe~(2+)结合形成含铁为特征的方解石,沉淀在原生粒间孔和各类次生溶蚀孔隙中。整个过程都伴随有铀元素运移和沉淀,暗示东胜铀矿床是地表水和深部油气混合作用形成的。 相似文献