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水产动物摄食化学感觉研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水产动物的化学感觉分嗅觉 (也称距离化学感觉 )和味觉 (也称接触化学感觉 ) ,两者在生理机能方面有些类似 ,它们都是特殊分化了的外部感受器。这两种感觉联系密切而又相互影响 ,它们在功能上也相互配合。水产动物大多具有敏锐的化学感觉 ,以感受其生存环境中的许多信息。水环境中的化学信息几乎控制着水产动物行为的各个方面 ,诸如摄食、觅偶、交配、洄游、避敌、集群、共栖和附着生物幼体的附着变态等。研究水产动物的化学感觉及其机制有助于深入了解它们的各种行为过程 ,从而进一步探索动物行为的人工调控模式 ,为水产养殖服务。１嗅觉鱼… 相似文献
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报道了利用组织学、透射电镜技术对对虾第1触角上嗅毛的神经调控方式进行研究的结果。研究表明,嗅毛是甲壳动物完成距离化学感觉(嗅觉)的主要感觉毛,并且是迄今发现的甲壳动物唯一仅具有化学感觉活性的感觉毛。每根嗅毛由一簇(约200根)感觉神经元调控。双极感觉神经元的轴突投射到中枢,在外周不形成突触联系,且无围鞘包被;树突簇投射入嗅毛腔内,树突簇周围有鞘细胞包围。 相似文献
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中国对虾成体的进食行为受接触化学感觉的调控，接触化学感觉的主要 作用是对食物进行选择。引起中国对虾进食行为的化学物质主要是一些小分子量 的可溶化合物，如氨基酸、有机酸等，天然食物的匀浆也有较强的效果。在浓度为 １０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时．引起中国对虾进食行为较强的化学物质包括天冬氨酸、谷氨酰胺， 精氨酸和赖氨酸等。接触化学感受器主要位于组成前口腔的感觉刚毛里。还研究 了ｐＨ对中国对虾进食敏感性的影响，发现酸性刺激物（低ＰＨ的自然海水）能有效 地引起对虾的进食行为．而碱性刺激物不能引起对虾的进食行为。 相似文献
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中国对虾摄食行为的化学感觉生理学研究──I.中国对虾寻食过程中的化学感觉 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
中国对虾稚虾在寻食过程中具有显著的化学感觉机能（距离化学感觉）。 天然食物（如沙蚕、小鱼）匀浆引起中国对虾寻食行为的作用明显强于单一化学物 质（包括氨基酸、有机酸、糖类和甜菜碱等）。不同天然饵料匀浆对中国对虾的诱食 性由强到弱依次为：日本沙蚕＞面条鱼＞巢沙蚕＞蛤仔＞紫贻贝。煮沸后的天然饵 料匀浆对中国对虾的诱食性显著提高。水体中的化学刺激物，基本上不影响中国对 虾对人工配合饵料的摄食率。本文还将中国对虾寻食行为中的距离化学感觉与墨 吉对虾、日本对虾、罗氏沼虾和美洲螯龙虾进行了比较。 相似文献
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为明确不同盐度胁迫下香螺的生理生态学响应及其适应机制,本文采用行为学、组织学和生物化学手段研究了不同盐度条件下(16、20、24、28、32、36、40、44、48)香螺的行为、病理损伤以及抗氧化酶活性。结果显示,在高盐和低盐胁迫下,香螺出现应激反应,摄食率下降,死亡率升高。随盐度升高,香螺的总抗氧化能力先升高后降低,在盐度32时达到峰值;香螺鳃的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力呈先降低后升高的趋势;肾的CAT和SOD活力呈先升高后降低的趋势。组织切片结果显示,在高盐和低盐胁迫下,香螺嗅检器和鳃丝的形态呈现显著变化,黏液细胞数量均增加。上述结果表明,盐度显著影响香螺的生理生态反应,且香螺可通过行为变化、调节抗氧化酶以及改变组织形态结构从而适应外界盐度的变化。 相似文献
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报道了中国对虾幼体及早期仔虾（ １）对轮虫（活体、死体）和卤虫无节幼体 （活体、死体）的摄食过程及摄食率；（２）对悬浮砂粒的摄食情况；（３）摄食水流的产 生机制、方向及模式；（４）对食物的化学敏感性。结果表明，中国对虾幼体及早期仔 虾化学感觉机能不明显。摄食附肢的协调运动产生摄食水流。摄食水流一方面将 食物带到口器附近，另一方面能促进对虾对食物的机械感受。摄食水流的方向还可 以逆转。幼体及早期仔虾对食物的选择主要依据其大小、形状和运动性，而与食物 的化学组成（味道）关系不大。此阶段的对虾采取了悬浮摄食模式，且主动和被动两 种模式并存。本研究还表明，将幼体和早期仔虾的食性简单地区分为草食或肉食性 值得商榷。 相似文献
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争斗残食已成为制约甲壳动物集约化养殖提质增效的瓶颈之一。甲壳动物的争斗行为受诸多外部因素影响,同时受机体生理代谢和基因调控。本文介绍了甲壳动物争斗行为的研究方法,概述了争斗行为的影响因素、生理代谢特征及基因调控等研究成果,提出了系统开展甲壳动物争斗行为量化的必要性及机制研究方向,以期为深入研究甲壳动物争斗行为奠定基础。 相似文献
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中国对虾成体的进食行为受接触化学感觉的调控，接触化学感觉的主要作用是对食物进行选择。引起中国对虾进食行为的化学物质主要是一些小分子量的可溶化合物，如氨基酸、有机酸等，天然食物的匀浆也有较强的效果。在浓度为１０＾－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，引起中国对虾进食行为较强的化学物质包括天冬氨酸、谷氨酰胺，精氨酸和赖氨酸等。接触化学感觉器主要位于组成前口腔的感觉刚毛里。还研究了ｐＨ对中国对虾进食敏感性的影响，发现酸性刺 相似文献
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嗅觉系统在大多数动物的生存和繁殖中起着重要作用.在陆生昆虫及一些水生生物中,性外激素有助于配偶的定位寻找,聚集素便于同种的集合,产卵激素诱导或中止动物的产卵,植物的挥发性物质有助于动物对食物的发现,等等.所有这些相互作用都有赖于嗅觉系统.由于生存环境的差别,不同动物嗅刺激物质是不同的.对水生动物来说,嗅觉的刺激物一般能溶于水,如酸和蛋白质之类;对陆生动物来说,可能是脂溶性的或水溶性的.由于嗅觉在摄食、交配及社会行为等多方面起着重要作用,研究嗅觉机理对了解这些行为是至关重要的.目前嗅觉的研究在哺乳动物、陆生昆虫、甲壳动物及鱼类报道较多,在此作者主要综述水生动物虾类嗅觉的研究进展并相应介绍所涉及的有关内容. 相似文献
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Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
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Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
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Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
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Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
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Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献
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The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献