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1.
根据1985年和2000年TM影像进行人工解译,提取各土地利用类型数据,计算了研究区的斑块指数、多样性指数、优势度、破碎度、分维度及形状指数等景观格局指标,并进行分析。结果表明,研究区有林地在整体景观格局上起基质作用;各主要景观类型均具有较大的边界曲折性;在研究时段内斑块总数下降,多样性也下降,反映土地利用向大景观要素集中。 相似文献
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基于ASTER遥感图像的东昆仑造山带岩性信息提取研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
应用ASTER数据,通过主成分分析和矿物指数等岩性信息提取方法,对东昆仑造山带温泉水库地区进行了岩性信息的遥感识别与提取。研究结果表明,主成分图像和矿物指数图能很好地反映岩石物质组成信息。元古宇结晶灰岩、二叠系灰岩、中三叠统闹仓坚沟组砂岩以及上三叠统八宝山组碎屑岩等分布面积较大的岩石地层单位在ASTER图像上可以识别出来。ASTER图像对基岩裸露区岩性信息进行提取是行之有效的方法,特别是碳酸盐岩及具有不同SiO2含量的沉积岩和火山岩; 但对厚度较小的岩性识别及岩石蚀变还需要进一步研究。 相似文献
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遥感图像分类技术对于荒漠草原浅覆盖区第四系覆盖物分类具有重要意义。以内蒙古旗杆甸子幅1∶5万填图试点为例,基于ASTER、GF-2等多源遥感数据,利用植被抑制法、波段比值法、主成分分析以及纹理信息提取等多种方法,充分考虑了多光谱数据的光谱信息和高分辨率数据的形状、空间结构、纹理信息等特征,结合面向对象分类法,对研究区第四系覆盖物进行了分类,并比较分析了不同分类方法的分类效果与精度。结果表明:将波段比值、主成分分析以及纹理分析多种特征作为辅助数据参与分类,其分类效果优于基于单一ASTER数据进行的分类;通过几种不同分类方法的比较分析,发现多特征面向对象分类的总体精度最高,达到85.40%,比多特征传统监督分类的总体精度提高了约11%,分类影像上地物边界清晰。该法分类技术可以为荒漠草原浅覆盖区的地质填图提供相关技术支持。 相似文献
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3S技术在霍林河流域下游湿地景观演变中的应用 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
应用3S技术对霍林河流域下游地区1989年和2001年两个时段的TM卫星影像进行了遥感解译,采用景观生态学的理论与方法计算了湿地景观多样性、优势度、均匀度、破碎度及斑块分形维数,揭示了湿地景观多样性和均匀度下降、景观优势度和破碎化程度增加的变化规律. 相似文献
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利用大布苏地区1996年和2001年两个时相的TM遥感图像,获取不同时期的土地利用信息,分析了大布苏地区土地利用时空变化,借助FRAGSTATS软件进行了景观格局变化研究。研究结果表明,土地利用变化的总趋势是水域、荒草地减少,居民用地、耕地增加,土地利用综合程度指数降低;从景观尺度上看,斑块密度、多样性指数、优势度和均匀度指数减小,最大斑块指数、景观形状指数增加。 相似文献
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以整个景观为研究对象,着重分析研究九寨沟的景观格局,景观之间的相互关系以及人类活动对景观的影响.从景观生态学的角度,结合遥感和地理信息系统技术,综合景观分类原理绘制出九寨沟景观分布矢量图,并建立景观空间数据库.运用景观生态学数量分析方法,选取斑块大小、斑块数、平均斑块面积、最大斑块指数、斑块形状指数、景观多样性、景观破碎化等景观指标,对九寨沟景区进行综合的、多层次的景观空间结构分析,从而对景区内景观格局变化的内在规律进行探讨,并针对景观破碎化现况,提出九寨沟生态旅游可持续性发展建议. 相似文献
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综合运用GIS技术和景观生态学方法,以贵州省九个地级行政单元为研究对象,分析了贵州省土地利用的空间结构特征,进而,结合贵州省特殊省情——喀斯特石漠化的发育,建立了喀斯特石漠化与景观指数之间相关关系。所得基本结论为:(1)贵州省北部和西部地区景观破碎严重;南部和西南部斑块形状相对规则;东部和北部的景观连接度高;九个地区景观多样性和景观均匀度基本相等,景观多样性较低,景观分布较均匀;东部和西部土地利用的空间镶嵌结构最复杂,稳定性最强;从南到北中部狭长的一条带上,土地利用的空间镶嵌结构最简单,稳定性最弱。(2)潜在以上石漠化与耕地景观形状指数、景观多样性指数和斑块数量之间存在相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.8375、0.5713和0.8676,说明耕地景观形状越简单、景观多样性越高、斑块数量越多,石漠化的分布就相应越广泛。 相似文献
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松嫩流域湿地景观动态变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以1975、2000、2007年遥感影像为数据源,应用RS与GIS技术,运用动态度模型景观梯度和景观格局指数,对松嫩流域湿地景观信息进行动态分析。结果表明:松嫩流域湿地总面积从25 574.94km2(1975年)减少到18 152.58km2(2000年)后增加到25 761.01km2(2007年),动态度由-1.21%增加到了5.99%。天然湿地景观梯度(DI)总体呈收缩的趋势,人工湿地反之,梯度最高值由37持续增加到了69,50DI≤70的高值分布区从无到有,在2007年共有高值区5处。湿地的香农多样性指数增加了0.210 3,景观多样性增加,斑块破碎程度加剧;香农均匀性指数增加了0.097 2,聚集度指数减少了8.005 1,湿地景观在空间配置上趋于零碎和分散,连接程度减少。人工湿地的斑块密度大幅增加,面积加权的平均斑块分形指数略大,具有较高的不规则程度。 相似文献
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综合碎屑组分、砾石成分、稀土元素、砂岩含量分布和砂砾岩分布特征的分析,并借鉴前人的研究成果,可以得出,苏北盆地古近系阜三段的物源区主要有6个。(Ⅰ,Ⅱ)建湖隆起分别向南北两侧供源:向南为金湖东部凹陷、高邮北部凹陷和海安凹陷供源,母岩成分主要为中酸性火成岩、石英岩和花岗岩;向北为盐城凹陷供源,母岩成分主要为中酸性火成岩、石英岩、基性火成岩和花岗岩,与建湖隆起南侧相比,存在基性火成岩的混入。(Ⅲ)张八岭隆起向东为金湖西部凹陷供源,母岩成分主要为中酸性火成岩和石英岩,与建湖隆起南侧母岩相比,缺少花岗岩成分。(Ⅳ)苏南隆起向北为高邮南部凹陷供源,母岩成分主要为碳酸盐岩和中酸性火成岩,与高邮北部凹陷母岩成分有差异,存在大量碳酸盐岩成分的混入。(Ⅴ)滨海隆起向南为阜宁凹陷供源,据调研,母岩主要为中深变质岩和古生界沉积岩。(Ⅵ)据调研,鲁苏隆起东段为涟北凹陷供源,主要为浅变质酸性火成岩。结合Bhatia稀土元素特征参数对比和Dickinson构造背景判别图解,认为源区构造背景属于与大陆岛弧相关的活动大陆边缘和再旋回造山带。 相似文献
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Statistical empirical index of chemical weathering in igneous rocks: A new tool for evaluating the degree of weathering 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Chemical weathering indices are useful tools in characterizing weathering profiles and determining the extent of weathering. However, the predictive performance of the conventional indices is critically dependent on the composition of the unweathered parent rock. To overcome this limitation, the present paper introduces an alternative statistical empirical index of chemical weathering that is extracted by the principal component analysis (PCA) of a large dataset derived from unweathered igneous rocks and their weathering profiles. The PCA analysis yields two principal components (PC1 and PC2), which capture 39.23% and 35.17% of total variability, respectively. The extent of weathering is reflected by variation along PC1, primarily due to the loss of Na2O and CaO during weathering. In contrast, PC2 is the direction along which the projections of unweathered felsic, intermediate and mafic igneous rocks appear to be best discriminated; therefore, PC1 and PC2 represent independent latent variables that correspond to the extent of weathering and the chemistry of the unweathered parent rock. Subsequently, PC1 and PC2 were then mapped onto a ternary diagram (MFW diagram). The M and F vertices characterize mafic and felsic rock source, respectively, while the W vertex identifies the degree of weathering of these sources, independent of the chemistry of the unweathered parent rock.
The W index has a number of significant properties that are not found in conventional weathering indices. First, the W index is sensitive to chemical changes that occur during weathering because it is based on eight major oxides, whereas most conventional indices are defined by between two and four oxides. Second, the W index provides robust results even for highly weathered sesquioxide-rich samples. Third, the W index is applicable to a wide range of felsic, intermediate and mafic igneous rock types. Finally, the MFW diagram is expected to facilitate provenance analysis of sedimentary rocks by identifying their weathering trends and thereby enabling a backward estimate of the composition of the unweathered source rock. 相似文献
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黑河流域中游张掖绿洲景观格局研究 总被引：35，自引：2，他引：33
在解译的张掖绿洲土地利用/土地覆盖图的基础上, 进行相关的景观类型综合处理, 计算了绿洲景观格局的多个指数. 结果表明, 绿洲景观的组成以戈壁、沙地、耕地和草地为主, 体现了荒漠基质受人工影响而形成的典型农业型绿洲的特点. 绿洲内居民点众多, 仅与少数类型邻接并且比较分散, 戈壁、平原旱地和沙地分布则比较集中. 盐碱地和裸岩石砾地的形状最复杂, 戈壁的形状则最简单; 同时, 平原旱地、戈壁和裸岩石砾地的连接性均较好, 在景观中占有较大比重, 类型间的物质和能量迁移比较通畅. 相似文献
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Basic and intermediate-acidic igneous rocks were developed during the late Hercynian in North Tarim basin.The geochemistry characteristics of the rocks show that basic volcanic rock has K2O/Na2O = 0.18-0.61 < 1 and falls into a category of basalt of sodium system.The rocks contain enriched large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) (K,Rb,Ba,Th) and high-field strength elements (HFSE) (Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr,P),with the magmatic material from the upper mantle.The intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks have σ = 1.91-2.96 < 3.3,K2O/Na2O =1.25-1.59 > 1,as well as the enriched LILE and depleted HFSE (Nb,Ta,Ti,P),presenting the same trace element compositions and characteristics as in the granitic rocks of South Tianshan Mt.; they are either shoshonitic igneous rocks or high-K calc-alkaline igneous rocks,with a distinct crust-derived component feature.The comprehensive analyses on the characteristics of the trace elements,the graphic tectonic discrimination,and the distribution features of the two types of igneous rocks show that they were formed under different tectonic settings and geodynamic environments:the basalt was formed in the active rifting period when the active mantle upwelling caused the thinning of lithosphere; the intermediateacidic volcanic-intrusive rock was formed in the island arc area of the active continental margin in North Tarim; the formation is associated with the plate subduction during the course of South Tianshan Ocean closure-the subduction of Middle Tianshan Mountain toward the Tarim plate.The basic and intermediate-acidic igneous rocks reveal a tectonic regime of extension-extrusion transition,which is significant in determining the key tectonic revolution period of North Tarim basin. 相似文献
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T. H. Donnelly I. B. Lambert D. Z. Oehler J. A. Hallberg D. R. Hudson J. W. Smith 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(7-8):409-420
Isotopic compositions of sulphur, carbon, and oxygen have been determined for constituents from a total of 103 samples of sedimentary rocks, mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks, nickel ores, and gold ores from the Archaean Yilgarn Block. Sulphides in the bulk of the sedimentary rocks have δ34S values close to 0‰ and appear to have precipitated from solutions which incorporated magmatic sulphur (either juvenile or derived from older rocks). There is no evidence for widespread sulphate reduction. δ34S values of sulphides in the nickel deposits and associated mafic/ultramafic igneous rocks are within the magmatic range. The small, high‐grade deposits of the Kambalda‐Nepean‐Scotia type have small positive δ34S values, and the large, low‐to‐medium grade dunite‐associated deposits of the Mount Keith‐Perseverance type have small negative δ34S values. Sulphides in the Kalgoorlie gold ores are enriched in 32S relative to those in their host dolerite, supporting an epigenetic origin for the gold, under moderately high fO2 conditions. The δ13C values do not provide unequivocal evidence for the source(s) of the reduced carbon (kerogen) in the sedimentary rocks. Whilst they are compatible with biogenic derivation, it is not possible to rule out contributions from pre‐biotic organic ‘soup’ or from hydrothermal solutions of deep‐seated origin. Carbonate in the sedimentary rocks are predominantly in epigenetic, sulphide‐bearing veinlets. In many cases, their δ13C values suggest precipitation from hydro‐thermal solutions containing magmatically derived CO2. In only two samples are the petrographic features and δ13C values compatible with marine carbonates. Talc‐carbonate altered ultramafic igneous rocks have δ13C values consistent with their incorporation of magmatically derived CO2. The ?δ13C (carbonate‐kerogen) values for most of the sedimentary rock studied fall in a narrow range around +10‰, suggesting isotopic exchange between oxidized and reduced carbon species at moderately high temperatures (>250°C). δ18O values of carbonate from both sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks are mainly within the range +7.2‰ to +18.0‰. If the values are primary they are consistent with the formation of carbonate from hydrothermal solutions of magmatic and/or metamorphic origin. However, it is also possible the δ18O values are the result of post‐depositional equilibration with meteoric waters. 相似文献
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Newly synthesized data indicate that the geochemistry of igneous rocks associated with epithermal mineral deposits varies extensively and continuously from subalkaline basaltic to rhyolitic compositions. Trace element and isotopic data for these rocks are consistent with subduction-related magmatism and suggest that the primary source magmas were generated by partial melting of the mantle-wedge above subducting oceanic slabs. Broad geochemical and petrographic diversity of individual igneous rock units associated with epithermal deposits indicate that the associated magmas evolved by open-system processes. Following migration to shallow crustal reservoirs, these magmas evolved by assimilation, recharge, and partial homogenization; these processes contribute to arc magmatism worldwide.Although epithermal deposits with the largest Au and Ag production are associated with felsic to intermediate composition igneous rocks, demonstrable relationships between magmas having any particular composition and epithermal deposit genesis are completely absent because the composition of igneous rock units associated with epithermal deposits ranges from basalt to rhyolite. Consequently, igneous rock compositions do not constitute effective exploration criteria with respect to identification of terranes prospective for epithermal deposit formation. However, the close spatial and temporal association of igneous rocks and epithermal deposits does suggest a mutual genetic relationship. Igneous systems likely contribute heat and some of the fluids and metals involved in epithermal deposit formation. Accordingly, deposit formation requires optimization of source metal contents, appropriate fluid compositions and characteristics, structural features conducive to hydrothermal fluid flow and confinement, and receptive host rocks, but not magmas with special compositional characteristics. 相似文献
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阿尔金山东段奥陶纪火山-沉积体系及构造意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
出露于阿尔金山北坡的厚度巨大、基本不变质的海相沉积地层,岩性以火山岩、碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩为主.研究表明,该地层年代为奥陶纪中晚期.沉积特征具有限洋盆边缘向洋中脊扩张中心变化特征,沉积环境为:冲洪积扇→滨岸(碳酸盐台地)→浅海(海山)→半深海→洋脊火山岩,所含火山岩为以拉斑系列玄武岩为主的基性火山岩.岩石化学特征表明,除具明显洋壳特征外,由于位于大陆板块边缘(塔里木板块),还留有大陆板块烙印.因此,本地区早古生代火山沉积体系为形成于大陆板块边缘有限洋盆. 相似文献
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白云鄂博Fe-REE-Nb建造地球化学特征及成因：元素及同位素新证据 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过野外地质观察和室内镜下研究,利用XRF和ICP-MS对白云岩及其周围的板岩的主、微量元素进行分析,同时对硫化矿化的样品开展硫同位素测试。元素测试结果显示白云鄂博Fe-REE-Nb建造白云岩既具有部分火成碳酸岩的地球化学特征,也具有部分沉积碳酸岩的地球化学特征,表明白云鄂博Fe-REE-Nb建造赋矿白云岩不是典型的火成碳酸岩或沉积碳酸盐岩。硫同位素的测试结果表明,全岩的硫同位素组成不呈塔式模型分布,出现两个比较明显的峰值,一个在0‰左右,具有深源特征;另一个在+8‰左右,明显高于幔源硫,这个结果说明其来源可能有两个:地幔和海水。赋矿白云岩中Nb随着稀土的富集也发生富集作用,但是Ta的富集作用却十分微弱,显示了成矿热液强烈富REE和Nb及贫Ta的元素地球化学特征。据元素和硫同位素结果,我们认为白云鄂博赋矿白云岩是沉积碳酸盐受地幔碳酸岩岩浆及派生的流体交代的产物,而非直接源于火山碳酸岩喷发成因。地幔深部碳酸岩岩浆及其派生的富稀土流体沿区域性深大断裂上涌与沉积碳酸盐岩进行交代作用,形成了白云鄂博独特巨大的Fe-REE-Nb矿床及区域性的稀土矿床。 相似文献
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羌塘盆地东部中侏罗统陆源碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积成岩特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近年来,混合沉积显示的沉积环境和油气地质意义越来越受到学界的重视。羌塘盆地是目前国内油气勘探最重要的战略选区之一,具有良好的油气勘探远景。研究区侏罗系广泛发育陆源碎屑与碳酸盐的混合沉积。综合前人研究成果、区域地质资料和室内样品分析,笔者对研究区广泛分布混合沉积的岩石学特征、沉积环境、成岩作用进行了详细地研究。研究发现:区内中侏罗统混合沉积表现为混积岩、混积层系两种形式;对岩性、层系及组合特征进行观察发现,它们主要形成于滨岸、碳酸盐岩缓坡、潮坪沉积环境,把混合沉积划分为4个三级地层层序,提高了地层划分的精度,建立了研究区中侏罗世雀莫错期、布曲期、夏里期的岩相古地理格局;混积岩中最显著的成岩作用类型有压实-压溶、胶结、破裂和溶蚀作用,其中以破裂作用、溶蚀作用最为发育,有利于形成优质储层,可为沉积储层预测及研究区的石油普查评价提供重要参考。 相似文献
20.
Xuanwei Formation is composed of mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone, with local conglomerate. However, its provenance and tectonic setting have been scarcely studied. In this paper, we use sedimentology, electron probe microanalysis(EPMA), and detrital zircon dating to investigate its source area and depositional tectonic setting. The facies assemblages indicate that it formed in alluvial fan and fluvial river sedimentary environments. The strata thicknesses and facies distribution indicate that the sediment supply was from the west. The results of EPMA show that chromian spinels within the sediments are characterized by high Cr# and varying Mg#. Discrimination plots suggest that these spinels were sourced from large igneous province(LIP) magmatic rocks. The laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb chronology of detrital zircons suggests that the sediments were derived from intermediate–acid igneous rocks dating back to 251–260? Ma. We could, therefore, conclude that the provenance of the Xuanwei Formation is from Emeishan basalt and synchronous felsic igneous rocks, which is consistent with the composition of the detrital framework. The detrital zircon dates also suggest that felsic magmatism occurred during the Late Permian, not after the eruption of the Emeishan basalt. Based on the sedimentary successions and provenance analysis, the tectonic setting for Xuanwei Formation deposition was a volcanic rifted margin. 相似文献