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夏威夷历史海啸记录包含远距离和当地产生的海啸,由这些事件引起的人员伤亡和对建筑、环境造成的破坏与损失是惊人的,但是在近来才有一些对历史海啸沉积事件的综合性的研究.夏威夷多岩石的海岸线的演变主要是海啸和风暴的贡献,然而区分风暴和海啸是很难的,特别是相关的小的历史海啸事件.因此夏威夷海啸的研究往往关注于大的古海啸沉积事件.研究表明远距离产生的事件,如1946年阿留申海啸对瓦胡岛岩石岸线的演变具有重要影响.活火山也有助于岩石岸线的形成,且容易引发当地海啸.现代活动的Kilauea火山南侧海域的逐步沉降并没有引起太平洋范围内的破坏性的大海啸,但引发了局部一系列重要的海啸事件,这些事件的周期被估计认为是200年. 相似文献
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国际Argo计划的实施,就好象是在全球广阔的深海大洋中设置了3000多个"气球探空观测站",从而形成立体的全球大洋长期观测系统,为研究海洋提供前所未有的深广视角,使人类企图深入了解和掌握大尺度实时海洋的变化,提高天气和海洋预报的精度,有效防御全球日益严重的天气和海洋灾害的愿望终将成为现实。 相似文献
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具有最长活动边缘带的海盆分布于太平洋周边。属于这种类型的海盆有:与印度洋东北部巽他岛弧、大西洋西部和西南部安的列斯和桑威奇岛弧以及西北部的马尔卡边缘有联系的海盆;地中海带西端(第勒尼尔,阿尔伏郎)和与古老岛弧共轭的黑海—里海地域的海盆。总的来说此类海盆占据不大的面积(将近300万km2),其中陆架上为200万km2和胡安德富卡海洋板块与阿拉斯加湾的数拾万平方千米。沉积盖层的总体积为600万km3,即将近3%的整个层状岩石圈。这些数值证明了这一组海盆在地球潜在的含油气性平衡表上只占有不大的份额。按深部构造和地质动力学环境特点,… 相似文献
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《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2007,27(3):16-16
大洋岩石圈的形成与演化主要是地球化学变异和物理变化的过程,板块构造每100～200 Ma可以完全更新大洋盆地.而岩石圈则是地球的地幔到地壳、地壳到海洋与大气的物质和能量传递与转换形成的产物,独立的阳光与演变的洋壳提供了生命在独特的海底和次海底的类似地球早期生态系统的生长环境.洋壳的形成到重新俯冲到地幔,始终伴随着海水的相互作用,海水与其他物质最终经循环又重新进入了地幔. 相似文献
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当前,在世界洋底已发现的主要和分布最广的固体矿产有铁锰结核、钴锰结壳、相当于黄铁矿型矿石的深海多金属硫化物、磷钙土、金属矿与金刚石砂矿。俄罗斯“南方海洋地质”和“北方海洋地质”联合在安哥拉—巴西和马斯克林群岛—澳大利亚完成了宽带状定期横穿海洋的地质—地球物理研究工作。位于8°—20°S之间的大西洋和印度洋近赤道海区的海洋地质工作总面积超过1000万km2。当前这个地区是世界海洋研究程度最高的地区之一。它包含了不同成因的地质构造和海洋岩石圈所有的地质时代区间。在这个地区所获得的资料是研究世界海洋岩石圈主要的… 相似文献
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一艘绕火星飞行的太空船发现:火星的南极覆盖着大片的冰层,蓄水量非常丰富,假如呈液态,整个火星将会被11m深的水所覆盖。科学家们利用欧洲航天局“火星快车”号太空船上的雷达装置测量出火星南极冰层的厚度和体积。该雷达装置是美国国家航空航天局和意大利航天局联合制造的。根 相似文献
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<正>以弗所遗址位于塞尔丘克城市的近郊,是爱琴海地区保存最完好的罗马时代的古典城市。每一个来土耳其的游客,都不会错过以弗所。但随之而来的是以弗所的人山人海。你想在以弗所古图书馆门前照一张只有你自己的留影?趁早打消这个念头吧,旅行团一拨接一拨的游客让你这个美妙的想法成了泡影。我们希望找到一些其他的遗址,可以静静的感受历史的流淌,所以选择了塞尔丘克周边的另外三处遗址。 相似文献
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海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
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The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance. 相似文献
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O. P. Singh Tariq Masood Ali Khan Fahmida Aktar Majajul Alam Sarker 《Marine Geodesy》2001,24(4):209-218
Maldives, a South Asian small island nation in the northern part of the Indian Ocean is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of Sea Level Rise (SLR) due to its low altitude from the mean sea level. This artricle attempts to estimate the recent rates of SLR in Maldives during different seasons of the year with the help of existing tidal data recorded in the Maldives coast. Corresponding Sea Surface Temperature (SST) trends, utilizing reliable satellite climatology, have also been obtained. The relationships between the SST and mean sea level have been comprehensively investigated. Results show that recent sea level trends in the Maldives coast are very high. At Male, the capital of the Republic of Maldives, the rising rates of Mean Tidal Level (MTL) are: 8.5, 7.6, and 5.8 mm/year during the postmonsoon (October-December), Premonsoon (March-May) and southwest monsoon (June-September) seasons respectively. At Gan, a station very close to the equator, the increasing rate of MTL is maximum during the period from June to September (which is 6.2 mm/year). These rising trends in MTL along the Maldives coast are certainly alarming for this small developing island nation, which is hardly one meter above the mean sea level. Thus there is a need for careful monitoring of future sea level changes in the Maldives coast. The trends presented are based on the available time-series of MTL for the Maldives coast, which are rather short. These trends need not necessarily reflect the long-term scenario. SST in the Maldives coast has also registered significant increasing trend during the period from June to September. There are large seasonal variations in the SST trends at Gan but SST and MTL trends at Male are consistently increasing during all the seasons and the rising rates are very high. The interannual mode of variation is prominent both in SST as well as MTL. Annual profile of MTL along the Maldives coast is bimodal, having two maxima during April and July. The April Mode is by far the dominant one. The SST appears to be the main factor governing the sea level variations along the Maldives coast. The influence of SST and sea level is more near the equatorial region (i.e., at Gan). There is lag of about two months for the maximum influence of SST on the sea level. The correlation coefficient between the smoothed SST and mean tidal level at Gan with lag of two months is as high as ~ +0.8, which is highly significant. The corresponding correlation coefficients at Male with the lags of one and two months are +0.5 and +0.3, respectively. Thus, the important finding of the present work for the Maldives coast is the dominance of SST factor in sea level variation, especially near the region close to the equator. 相似文献
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普里兹湾水文特征与变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
根据澳大利亚学者分别在１９８２年１２月和１９８７年２月普里兹湾的调查资料,并结合中国＂极地＂号南极考察船１９９０～１９９１年间的调查资料印证,提出在中国＂中山站＂所在地普里兹湾在初夏与晚夏期间的水文特征。 相似文献
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This introductory paper lays the basis for this supplementary issue by briefly presenting the state of knowledge on the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Bight at the start of this multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional, ship-based research project that ran from 2009 to 2013. The rationale and aims of the project are also described. The project was a major component of the South African Department of Science and Technology’s African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme (ACEP), which has been prominent in supporting research on the east coast of South Africa and the wider South-West Indian Ocean. Pivotal to this was the RS Algoa, which was made available for two 30-day surveys (winter and summer) in the KZN Bight by the Department of Environmental Affairs. Although some aspects of the bight ecology are known, much of the research is dated and fragmented, and required refreshing and consolidation in order to produce a platform upon which the understanding of the region’s ecosystem functioning could be established. Much of the oceanographic knowledge is also dated, with no dedicated surveys and significant measurements undertaken since 1989. The overarching theme of the KZN Bight project was to examine the relative importance of sources of nutrients to the central KZN coast and how these are taken up and recycled in the ecosystem, and to describe aspects of the benthic biodiversity, which is poorly described in much of this region. An ambitious project, its accessibility to a ship-based research platform and the diverse scientific skills of the participating scientists allowed considerable success, as reflected in the papers that follow. 相似文献
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We describe the oceanographic condition as observed by hydrographic data and phytoplankton spring bloom detected by OCTS images
off Sanriku, northwestern Pacific, during the spring bloom period in 1997. The relationship between the two is discussed.
OCTS images detected the bloom in early April in the coastal area around the Izu ridge north of the Kuroshio and the eastern
coastal area of Hokkaido to the Oyashio front. The bloom areas were seen along the offshore Kuroshio Extension from the end
of April, in the upstream region of the Oyashio south of the Kurile Islands, except for a part of coastal area from the end
of May, and in the Kuroshio warm-core ring 93A (KWCR 93A) from early June. The temperature difference between the surface
and subsurface layer is used as a stratification index. This was large in the upstream region of the Oyashio south of the
Kurile Islands and KWCR 93A from early June. Previous research has pointed out that the spring bloom usually corresponds to
the development of stratification in the water column due to seasonal warming. In addition to that, we suggest that the transportation
of water containing a high chlorophylla concentration by advection due to strong currents, like the Kuroshio and the Oyashio, is important for the formation of an
area of high chlorophylla concentration. These results indicate that the OCTS images are useful for a knowledge of the distribution and the change
of chlorophylla concentration in the northwestern Pacific region. 相似文献
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Rahul Sharma 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):237-250
Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions. 相似文献
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Rachel M. Jeffreys Marc S.S. LavaleyeMagda J.N. Bergman Gerard C.A. DuineveldRob Witbaard 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(4):415-428
Deep-sea benthic communities derive their energetic requirements from overlying surface water production, which is deposited at the seafloor as phytodetritus. Benthic invertebrates are the primary consumers of this food source, with deep-sea fish at the top of the trophic hierarchy. Recently, we demonstrated with the use of baited cameras that macrourid fish rapidly respond to and feed vigorously on large plant food falls mimicked by spinach (Jeffreys et al., 2010). Since higher plant remains are scarce in the deep-sea, with the exception of canyons, where terrestrial material has been observed, these results led us to ask if a more commonly documented plant material i.e. phytodetritus might form a food source for deep-sea fish and mobile scavenging megafauna. We simulated a phytodetritus dump at the seafloor in two contrasting environments (1) the NE Atlantic where carpets of phytodetritus have been previously observed and (2) the oligotrophic western Mediterranean, where the deposition of phytodetritus at the seafloor is a rare occurrence. We recorded the response of the scavenging fauna using an in situ benthic lander equipped with baited time-lapse cameras. In the NE Atlantic at 3000 m, abyssal macrourids and cusk-eels were observed ingesting the phytodetritus. The phytodetrital patch was significantly diminished within 2 h. Abundance estimates calculated from first arrival times of macrourids at the phytodetrital patch in the Atlantic corresponded with abundance estimates from video-transect indicating that fish were attracted to the scent of phytodetrital bait. In contrast to this, in the western Mediterranean at 2800 m a single macrourid was observed investigating the phytodetrital patch but did not feed from it. The phytodetrital patch was significantly diminished within 6.5 h as a result of mainly invertebrate activity. At 1900 m, Lepidion lepidion was observed near the lander and the bait, but did not feed. The phytodetrital patch remained intact until the end of the experiment. In the deployments in the Mediterranean abundance estimates from first arrival times at the bait, corrected for their body size, were lower than estimates obtained from video-transects and trawl catches. This suggests that the Mediterranean fish were not readily attracted to this food source. In contrast, invertebrates in the Balearic Sea were observed ingesting the phytodetritus bait despite the rare occurrence of phytodetritus dumps in the Mediterranean. Stable isotope values of the fish at both study sites, set within the context of the benthic food web, did not demonstrate a strong trophic link to phytodetritus. Fatty acid profiles of these fish indicated a strong link between their lipid pool and primary producers i.e. phytoplankton, which may be attributed to trophic transfer. The usefulness of fatty acid biomarkers in ascertaining deep-sea fish diets is discussed. Our study suggests that the abyssal grenadier C. armatus on the Atlantic Iberian margin is attracted to phytodetritus. However the exact contribution of this food source to the diet of macrourids in this area remains unresolved. 相似文献
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ZENG Xianzhang QIU Manhu YIN Mingduan ZENG Wenyi HE Jianhu WAN Xueguo CHEN Hengliang LI Jing TAN Baozeng 《海洋学报(英文版)》2007,26(3):73-83
A low-level β counting-α spectrum apparatus used for the detection of the β radiation of thorium-234 and α spectrum of thorium-228 simultaneously and an easy operating procedure for the enrichment, radiochemical separating, sampling and measurement of thorium-234 and uranium-238 in the ocean are developed based on the requirements of analyzing export productivity in the euphotic zone via thorium-234-uranium-238 radioactivity disequilibrium. The detecting efficiency both of β and α radiation is higher than 20%. The background of β radiation is less than 0.5 min-1, and the energy resolution of α detector is better than 1%. Total recycle ratio of thorium-234 is about 75%. Using the above apparatus and procedure, the radioactivities of dissolved thorium-234 and uranium-238, particle thorium-234 and uranium-238 in seawater of the South China Sea, the Southern Ocean and the Arctic Ocean were analyzed. 相似文献
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V. Armenio 《Ocean Engineering》1998,25(10):881-905
In this paper, an improved version of the MAC method (SIMAC), recently developed at the University of Trieste, is employed for the study of the wave generation and propagation into a numerical wave tank and for the evaluation of dynamic loads over submerged fixed bodies.In the first part of the work, a numerical wave tank was developed. A pneumatic wave-maker at the left-hand side of the tank was implemented by the use of a pressure perturbation at the free surface. The pressure varies in time with a sinusoidal law. Grid sensitivity tests, checks on mass conservation and the Fourier analysis of the waves which propagate in the tank showed the effectiveness of SIMAC in treating such problems. The wave-maker was then calibrated.In the second part of the work, the dynamic loads over submerged square and rectangular cylinders were evaluated. The time records of the horizontal and vertical forces which act over the body were then treated using the Morison equation in order to derive the inertial and damping coefficients. The analysis was carried out for KC numbers ranging between 0.447 and 3.58. Numerical results satisfactorily tallied with experimental data. The analysis of the velocity field near the body evidenced the influence of vortex generation and vortex shedding on the coefficients of inertial forces. 相似文献