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1.
地壳不同构造层次岩石变形机制及其构造岩类型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
构造岩记录地壳构造变形演化重要信息,其成因、分类与命名一直没有统一认识。本文对构造岩变形机制、控制因素和构造岩分类进行系统总结。认为构造岩形成受物质成分、变形机制、应变速率、流体、温度、压力等因素控制,是物质成分与物理化学条件、变形机制等众多变量的函数。变形机制包括破裂作用、碎裂流动、晶质塑性、物质扩散、重结晶作用和超塑性流动,不同变形机制出现在不同地壳构造层次中,形成不同的显微组构。依据成因机制、物质组成和组构等标志对构造岩分类与命名进行重新修订,将构造岩划分为碎裂岩系列和变质构造岩系列,前者发育在地壳浅构造层次上,以破裂作用和碎裂流动变形机制为主;后者发育在中深部构造层次上,以晶质塑性、重结晶作用、物质扩散作用和超塑性流动作用为主。碎裂岩系列划分碎裂岩、角砾岩、微角砾岩、超碎裂岩、断层泥和假玄武玻璃;变质构造岩系列划分为构造片岩、糜棱岩和构造片麻岩。依据岩石流变性质、变形机制和构造岩分布,地壳构造层次划分为:脆性域,变形机制以碎裂作用和碎裂流动为主,发育碎裂岩系列;脆-韧性转换域,以晶质塑性、物质扩散和重结晶作用为主,并伴随有碎裂作用,形成糜棱岩、千糜岩和构造片岩;低温韧性域,以晶质塑性、物质扩散和重结晶作为主,发育糜棱岩与构造片岩;高温韧性域,以超塑性蠕变和重结晶作用为主,形成构造片麻岩。 相似文献
2.
构造片麻岩含义及其成因机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
构造片麻岩是地壳深部构造层次上韧性变形带主要的构造岩类型之一,其内保留了大量岩石流变特征的重要信息,在前寒武纪高级变质岩区广泛发育。构造片麻岩是由强烈塑性变形作用、变质作用和部分熔融作用共同作用形成的动力变质构造岩,是一种宏观上具有明显的强塑性流变特征而没有明显粒径减小的构造岩;在露头和手标本上以密集条带状构造和片麻状构造为特征,在微观上为典型三边平衡结构和复晶石英条带构造。熔体存在是控制影响构造片麻岩形成的主要因素之一,主要变形机制为扩散蠕变和颗粒流动,使岩石整体产生巨大应变,而单个矿物晶体不产生变形。构造片麻岩带可以分为3种不同类型：同变质期的层状构造片麻岩带、退变质期的线性构造片麻岩带和网状构造片麻岩带。 相似文献
3.
内蒙古大青山地区是典型的早前寒武纪造山带根部岩石出露区,大量下地壳高级变质-深熔岩石中保留了丰富的流变构造样式,是开展部分熔融岩石流变行为研究的天然实验室。本文对内蒙古大青山地区雪海沟和大庙-忽鸡沟构造带内变形岩石开展了宏观、微观构造解析、EBSD组构以及锆石U-Pb年代学研究,并结合前人研究成果,考查了不同构造层次、不同熔融程度岩石的流变特征及其与造山过程的耦合关系。研究结果表明,雪海沟至大庙-忽鸡沟地区体现了造山带地壳结构层次由深至浅的特点。深部构造层次（雪海沟）高级深熔条件下,宏观上以各种形式的浅色脉体参与岩石流变,深熔熔体夹矿物颗粒流形成网状的断续条带状构造。微观上斜长石受扩散蠕变、颗粒边界滑移和颗粒流动影响,一般没有明显的晶内变形组构,CPO（晶格优选方位）发育不明显。在中深部构造层次（大庙-忽鸡沟）深熔作用相对较弱,宏观上形成平行片麻理的较规则条纹/条带构造。微观上斜长石发生位错蠕变,CPO发育明显。此外,角闪石在不同构造层次下均表现出位错蠕变特征,结晶优选方向受深熔作用影响不大。上述变形样式和机制,体现了造山带根部高级变质-深熔岩石在固-液两相介质中,发生水平层状粘-塑性流动变形特点。随后深熔岩石的塑性流动变形伴随加厚地壳的伸展减薄-隆升过程而逐渐硬化并遭受剥露。 相似文献
4.
济阳坳陷非生物成因气聚集的深层构造因素探讨 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
通过综合分析深部人工地震探测资料和非生物成因天然气分布特征，认为超塑性流动变形机制对于济阳坳陷地壳岩石流变和深部结构调整影响深刻。地幔物质上涌，中、下地壳特别是低速物性体的岩石流变以及表壳伸展破裂，制约着含气构造按照表壳脆裂与深部流变的组合样式发展。岩浆活动受到韧性地壳分层的阻隔，通过深熔作用同化岩石圈物质，通过侵位地壳改造壳层性质。在低速体所在层位，流体（包括二氧化碳）在聚集的同时促进了地壳岩层的变质、弱化。整个地壳层次上的深部顺层断裂、构造折离及断裂根部扩容是区内非生物成因气聚储的有利构造因素。 相似文献
5.
概述了岩石超塑性变形机制、显微构造特征、影响因素及其动力学意义。岩石超塑性是一种重要的岩石变形现象，是岩石在高温条件下发生极大应变量（＞1000％）的拉伸变形而不出现断裂的现象。岩石超塑性广泛分布于从上地壳到下地幔的各类岩石之中。根据变形产生因素的不同，岩石超塑性可分为结构超塑性和相变超塑性。岩石超塑性不是一种简单的变形机制，它与扩散蠕变和位错蠕变密切相关，是受扩散调节的晶粒边界滑移和位错蠕变共同竞争的结果。岩石超塑性的研究对解释糜棱岩的形成机制、下地壳莫霍面深地震反射体的成因、上地幔流变弱化以及深源地震的产生和突然消失具有重要的动力学意义。 相似文献
6.
济阳坳陷非生物成因气聚储的深层构造因素探讨 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
通过综合分析深部人工地震探测资料和非生物成因天然气分布特征, 认为超塑性流动变形机制对于济阳坳陷地壳岩石流变和深部结构调整影响深刻.地幔物质上涌, 中、下地壳特别是低速物性体的岩石流变以及表壳伸展破裂, 制约着含气构造按照表壳脆裂与深部流变的组合样式发展.岩浆活动受到韧性地壳分层的阻隔, 通过深熔作用同化岩石圈物质, 通过侵位地壳改造壳层性质.在低速体所在层位, 流体(包括二氧化碳) 在聚集的同时促进了地壳岩层的变质、弱化.整个地壳层次上的深部顺层断裂、构造折离及断裂根部扩容是区内非生物成因气聚储的有利构造因素. 相似文献
7.
深部地壳镁铁质岩石(斜长角闪岩)叶理的组成及形成机制分析--以辽东海城地区变质镁铁质岩石为例 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
高级变质镁铁质岩石叶理形成于地壳深部环境，对其组成及形成机制的深入研究有助于讨论在深部地壳(下地壳)环境中岩石的表现与流动过程。以辽宁海城马风地区广泛出露的斜长角闪岩为例，对变质镁铁质岩石中几种不同类型叶理的组成及形成机制进行初步探讨。显微构造分析结果表明，变质斜长角闪岩中主要发育三种具有不同特点的叶理构造型式：条带状、糜棱状和片麻状。作为岩石叶理的主要组成矿物。角闪石对叶理的形成贡献最大。斜长石在不同类型岩石中对叶理的形成作用不同。组成叶理的斜长石和角闪石矿物对的温压测算结果表明，它们形成于426～532MPa和58l℃～639℃之间。变质基性岩中叶理的形成是这种温度和压力条件下多种机制(包括晶体的定向重结晶作用、应力作用下的变质分异、晶质塑性变形、亚颗粒旋转动态重结晶)共同作用的结果。 相似文献
8.
铬铁矿是基性、超基性岩浆分异的产物,而流动分异则是岩浆分异(结晶、重力、流动分异、熔离作用等)的一个重要方面,研究岩浆物质的流动分异对探讨超基性岩的成因,铬铁矿的形成与分布规律都有重要的意义。岩组分析是研究超基性岩原生流动构造的一个重要手段,特别是当超基性岩原生矿物成分单一,铬尖晶石含量稀少,岩石风化强烈,宏观流动构造现象不清楚时更是唯一的手段。 相似文献
9.
部分熔融与高级变质岩流变机制——以内蒙古大青山高级变质岩为例 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
部分熔融作用与高级变质岩变形作用是相互制约,变形作用能够提高岩石部分熔融程度,降低熔融温度。熔体存在影响和制约岩石强度和变形机制。大青山高级岩经历了下部地壳构造层次变质变形和深熔作用改造,形成了复杂构造要素组合。宏观与微观构造特点表明:高级变质岩变形机制主要为熔体增强颗粒边界扩散和颗粒流动,使岩石发生大规模的塑性流动。在宏观上形成了不对称流动组构、熔融线理、岩石和矿物条带、层内底辟褶皱和大型穹窿构造。但是,在微观上矿物颗粒变形不明显,晶内变形组构不发育,表现为三边平衡结构,与静态结晶变质岩结构相似,形成了地壳深部构造层次上变质构造岩-构造片麻岩。 相似文献
10.
甘肃北山红石山基性-超基性岩体的成因类型及构造意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
红石山基性-超基性岩体是板块构造研究者重点关注的岩体之一,通过岩体地质特征及系统的岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素等研究,探讨了红石山基性-超基性岩体的成因类型和形成构造环境。根据岩体的岩石类型组合、相带产出关系、纯橄岩离析体的发育、岩体内部流动构造、晚期多种岩脉和铬铁矿矿化类型等特征研究表明,岩体应是一种岩浆类型的侵入体;从岩石化学、微量、稀土元素地球化学特征上可反映出该岩体是晚古生代(石炭—二叠纪)时期与古亚洲大洋在向南消之闭合其间,于雀儿山-英安山岛弧带南缘发育起来的一种弧后盆地裂谷类型的地幔岩浆作用产物,其机制或动力学环境为一种弧后扩张,地幔上隆的大陆裂谷岩浆作用机制。 相似文献
11.
藏南变质橄榄岩的橄榄石组构可划分为三个主要类型:[100]、[010]和[001]组构。橄榄石[100]组构反映洋壳下部—上地幔上部的高温粘性流变和高温塑性流变,橄榄石[010]和[001]组构基本上是构造侵位阶段陆壳中低温塑性流变结果。变质橄榄岩中橄榄石组构转化具有明显的规律性,在岩体变形过程中,总的显示由高温的[100]组构逐渐转化为低温的[001]、[010]组构。高温塑性流变组构影响和制约低温塑性流变组构的发育,叠加变形有利于橄榄石[100]极密的加强和[100]组构向[010]、[001]组构的转化。 相似文献
12.
Cleaved and mechanically polished surfaces of olivine from peridotite xenoliths from San Carlos, Arizona, were chemically etched using the techniques of Wegner and Christie (1974). Dislocation etch pits are produced on all surface orientations and they tend to be preferentially aligned along the traces of subgrain boundaries, which are approximately parallel to (100), (010), and (001). Shallow channels were also produced on (010) surfaces and represent dislocations near the surface that are etched out along their lengths. The dislocation etch channel loops are often concentric, and emanate from (100) subgrain boundaries, which suggests that dislocation sources are in the boundaries. Data on subgrain misorientation and dislocation line orientation and arguments based on subgrain boundary energy minimization are used to characterize the dislocation structures of the subgrain boundaries. (010) subgrain boundaries are of the twist type, composed of networks of [100] and [001] screw dislocations. Both (100) and (001) subgrain boundaries are tilt walls composed of arrays of edge dislocation with Burgers vectors b=[100] and [001], respectively. The inferred slip systems are {001} 〈100〉, {100} 〈001〉, and {010} 〈100〉 in order of diminishing importance. Exploratory transmission electron microscopy is in accord with these identifications. The flow stresses associated with the development of the subgrain structure are estimated from the densities of free dislocations and from the subgrain dimensions. Inferred stresses range from 35 to 75 bars using the free dislocation densities and 20 to 100 bars using the subgrain sizes. 相似文献
13.
角闪岩作为中下地壳的重要物质组成,其岩石和矿物的变形行为及力学强度表现直接制约着中下地壳力学属性与状态,因此开展对其中重要组成矿物角闪石的变形行为和地震波各向异性研究,具有重要地质意义.以红河-哀牢山剪切带中出露的变形角闪岩中角闪石为研究对象,其中显微构造分析表明,变形角闪岩分别呈现出粗、中粒条带状糜棱岩和细粒条带状超糜棱岩.分别对这3种变形岩石中的角闪石矿物颗粒进行了EBSD晶格优选定向分析和地震波各向异性计算,结果表明3种变形角闪岩中的角闪石呈现出不同取向及典型晶质塑性变形特征,(100)[001]主要滑移系发育,同时发育不同程度的(010)[001]和(110)[001]次级滑移系.我们认为在剪切变形过程中,角闪石双晶滑移和解理面滑移共同作用致使角闪石细粒化.从粗粒到细粒条带状角闪石,随着角闪石颗粒粒度减小,角闪石中AV_p也有逐渐变小的趋势,表明角闪石变形行为、形态优选定向及晶格优选定向共同影响着地震波各向异性. 相似文献
14.
Bridgmanite (Mg,Fe)SiO3 and ferropericlase (Mg,Fe)O are the most abundant phases in the lower mantle and localized regions of the D″ layer just above the core mantle boundary. Seismic anisotropy is observed near subduction zones at the top of the lower mantle and in the D″ region. One source of anisotropy is dislocation glide and associated texture (crystallographic preferred orientation) development. Thus, in order to interpret seismic anisotropy, it is important to understand texture development and slip system activities in bridgmanite and bridgmanite + ferropericlase aggregates. Here we report on in situ texture development in bridgmanite and bridgmanite + ferropericlase aggregates deformed in the diamond anvil cell up to 61 GPa. When bridgmanite is synthesized from enstatite, it exhibits a strong (4.2 m.r.d.) 001 transformation texture due to a structural relationship with the precursor enstatite phase. When bridgmanite + ferropericlase are synthesized from olivine or ringwoodite, bridgmanite exhibits a relatively weak 100 transformation texture (1.2 and 1.6 m.r.d., respectively). This is likely due to minimization of elastic strain energy as a result of Young’s modulus anisotropy. In bridgmanite, 001 deformation textures are observed at pressures <55 GPa. The 001 texture is likely due to slip on (001) planes in the [100], [010] and \(\left\langle {110} \right\rangle\) directions. Stress relaxation by laser annealing to 1500–1600 K does not result in a change in this texture type. However, at pressures >55 GPa a change in texture to a 100 maximum is observed, consistent with slip on the (100) plane. Ferropericlase, when deformed with bridgmanite, does not develop a coherent texture. This is likely due to strain heterogeneity within the softer ferropericlase grains. Thus, it is plausible that ferropericlase is not a significant source of anisotropy in the lower mantle. 相似文献
15.
Deformation microstructures of olivine in peridotite from Spitsbergen, Svalbard and implications for seismic anisotropy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To understand the deformation mechanism and seismic anisotropy in the uppermost mantle beneath Spitsbergen, Svalbard, in the Arctic, the deformation microstructures of olivine in the peridotite of Spitsbergen were studied. Seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle can be explained mainly by the lattice-preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine. The LPOs of the olivine in the peridotites were determined using electron backscattered diffraction patterns. Eight specimens out of 10 showed that the [100] axis of the olivine was aligned subparallel to the lineation and that the (010) plane was subparallel to the foliation, showing a type A LPO. In the other two specimens the [100] axis of olivine was aligned subparallel to the lineation and both the [010] and [001] axes were distributed in a girdle nearly perpendicular to the lineation, showing a type D LPO. The dislocation density of the olivine in the samples showing a type D LPO was higher than that in the samples showing a type A LPO. The result of an Fourier transformation infrared study showed that both the types A and D samples were dry. These observations were in good agreement with a previous experimental study ( Tectonophysics , 421 , 2006, 1 ): samples showing a type D LPO for olivine were observed at a high stress condition and samples showing both types A and D LPO were deformed under dry condition. Observations of both strong LPOs and dislocations of olivine indicate that the peridotites studied were deformed by dislocation creep. The seismic anisotropy calculated from the LPOs of the olivine could be used to explain the seismic anisotropy of P - and S -waves in the lithospheric mantle beneath Spitsbergen, Svalbard. 相似文献
16.
M. A. G. M. Manthilake N. Miyajima F. Heidelbach V. Soustelle D. J. Frost 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,165(3):495-505
The effect of alumina and water solubility on the development of fabric in orthopyroxene in response to simple shear deformation has been investigated at a pressure of 1.5 GPa and a temperature of 1,100 °C using the D-DIA apparatus. The microstructure observations at these conditions indicate that dislocation glide is the dominant deformation mechanism. In MgSiO3 enstatite and hydrous aluminous enstatite, partial dislocations bounding the stacking faults in [001] glide parallel to the (100) (or) the (100) [001] slip system. Electron backscattered diffraction analysis of anhydrous aluminous enstatite, however, indicates operation of the (010) [001] slip system, and microstructure analysis indicates dislocation movement involving [001] on both (100) and {210} planes. The strong covalent bonding induced by the occupation of M1 and T2 sites by Al could have restricted the glide on (100), activating slip on {210}. The resulting seismic anisotropies (~2 %) in orthopyroxene are weaker compared to olivine (~9.5 %), and reduced anisotropy can be expected if orthopyroxene coexists with olivine. Weak anisotropy observed in stable cratonic regions can be explained by the relatively high abundance of orthopyroxene in these rocks. 相似文献
17.
The microstructure and texture in cordierites of a moldanubian gneiss from the Bohemian Massif has been analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and universal stage in order to get information on the deformation mechanisms and textural development of this rock-forming mineral. Deformation may have taken place at temperatures between about 500° C and 630° C and pressures smaller than about 3 kb. The elongated cordierite xenoblasts show a typical dislocation creep microstructure consisting of subgrain boundaries and free dislocations. The dislocations have [001], [010] and 1/2<110> Burgers vectors. [001] dislocations often have pure screw and edge character the latter type being climb-dissociated on (001). Among the dislocations reactions are common. The main subgrain boundaries observed are (010)[001], {110}[001] and (001)[010] tilt boundaries. Burgers vectors and dislocation line directions reveal (100)[001], (010)[001], (100)[010], {110} 1/2<110> and (001)1/2<110> as activated slip systems. The crystallographic preferred orientation (here referred to as texture) consists of a [001] maximum in the foliation parallel to the mineral lineation. [100] and [010] maxima are perpendicular to it within and normal to the foliation, respectively, with a girdle tendency normal to the lineation. The texture may be explained by simple shear deformation on the {hkO}[001] slip systems with preference of (010)[001]. 相似文献
18.
C.W. Passchier 《Journal of Structural Geology》1982,4(1):69-79
In mylonitic gneisses of the Saint-Barthelemy Massif in the French Pyrenees, evidence was found that ultramylonite bands developed by ductile deformation of pseudotachylyte.In the gneiss a mylonitic shape fabric was produced by a continuous structural event during retrogression from amphibolite to upper greenschist facies. Decrease in temperature caused gradual hardening in the gneiss which led to the development of pseudotachylyte bands by intermittent seismic slip. These acted as weak zones in which ductile deformation was concentrated. A microstructure typical of ultramylonite was produced in these deformed pseudotachylyte bands. 相似文献
19.
利用20% 浓度的氢氟酸（HF）对橄榄石晶体不同方向之切面进行了腐蚀实验,以期建立三维立体构型。在晶体上选
取垂直任一结晶轴的单形,如（100）,（010）,（001）等平行双面,（110）,（011）,（101）等菱方柱和（111）菱方双锥进
行了腐蚀实验,由原子力显微镜记录各个切面腐蚀像。结果显示,相同切面上的腐蚀像具有固定的几何形状及角度,且在
晶面上的结晶学方向固定。各腐蚀像形状具有共性,即长轴为[010] 方向,短轴为[100] 方向。由不同切面腐蚀像的变化规律,
建立了橄榄石腐蚀像三维立体模型。相同腐蚀剂对不同晶面腐蚀的容易程度差异巨大,以蚀坑在DIC200× 下能清晰观察到
腐蚀像形态为标准,橄榄石各切面的腐蚀速率为v（010）>v（110）>v（100）>v（111）>v（101）>v（001）>v（011）。由橄榄石晶体腐蚀像的唯一
性及其结晶学定向,在橄榄岩切片中将橄榄石颗粒切面指数化,并获得其结晶学定向及结晶优选方向。由此,在大别山碧
溪岭石榴子石二辉橄榄岩中推断橄榄石[100] 主极密垂直面理面,[010] 主极密平行于线理面。腐蚀像所确定的晶体结晶优选
性为当地构造动力提供了一定有价值资料,开拓了腐蚀像的地质应用意义。 相似文献
20.
Caroline Bollinger Paul Raterron Olivier Castelnau Fabrice Detrez Sébastien Merkel 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2016,43(6):409-417
We report results from axisymmetric deformation experiments carried out on forsterite aggregates in the deformation-DIA apparatus, at upper mantle pressures and temperatures (3.1–8.1 GPa, 1373–1673 K). We quantified the resulting lattice preferred orientations (LPO) and compare experimental observations with results from micromechanical modeling (viscoplastic second-order self-consistent model—SO). Up to 6 GPa (~185-km depth in the Earth), we observe a marked LPO consistent with a dominant slip in the (010) plane with one observation of a dominant [100] direction, suggesting that [100](010) slip system was strongly activated. At higher pressures (deeper depth), the LPO becomes less marked and more complex with no evidence of a dominant slip system, which we attribute to the activation of several concurrent slip systems. These results are consistent with the pressure-induced transition in the dominant slip system previously reported for olivine and forsterite. They are also consistent with the decrease in the seismic anisotropy amplitude observed in the Earth’s mantle at depth greater than ~200 km. 相似文献