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1.
珊瑚礁是发育于热带海洋环境中由生物作用和地质作用共同形成的地质体,具有独特的新构造运动意义。南海西北部珊瑚礁记录所反映的新构造运动主要有火山活动、地壳升降运动和地震活动等。珊瑚礁区第四纪火山活跃,到现代已停止活动,部分火山构成珊瑚礁的基座,个别出露海面为火山岛;地壳升降运动差异较大,雷州半岛西南部珊瑚礁呈上升趋势,上升率为0.02~0.05mm/a;西沙群岛等岛礁地壳运动则呈下降趋势,下降率为-0.07~-0.10mm/a,岛礁中的造礁石珊瑚生长率、礁顶和灰沙岛的堆积率均相当于或大于地壳下降率与现代海平面上升率的总和;南海西北部珊瑚礁区内地震活动较强,尤其是1994年12月31日和1995年1月10日在雷州半岛西南部海域发生了6.1级和6.2 级地震,这两次地震对该区珊瑚礁的发育有较大的影响。 相似文献
2.
Neeraj Awasthi Jyotiranjan S. Ray Amzad H. Laskar Madhusudan G. Yadava 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,82(1):59-66
Major earthquakes that trigger tsunamis are great natural hazards. The devastations caused by the December 26, 2004 Sumatran earthquake, and the March 11, 2011 Japan earthquake, and associated tsunamis will remain in our memories for a long time. Such events reaffirm the need for studying the cause and effects of large earthquakes of the past and to prepare the world better for the future. In such an effort, to understand the pattern of earthquakes and their effects on the geomorphic evolution, we have studied deformation history in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, located in one of the most active convergent margins of the world. Focusing on tectonically formed coastal terraces and determining the timing of their formation from the exposed dead corals, we have been able to reconstruct the history of major earthquakes in these islands for the last 40 kyr. Our results in conjunction with the existing radiocarbon age data from coastal terraces of these islands appear to suggest that the frequency of major earthquakes (M > 7) in the region has increased during the last 9 kyr. In confirmation with some earlier work, we find evidences for a major earthquake and a tsunami between 500-600 cal yr BP and possibly 4 others during 6–9 cal kyr BP. Our results also indicate that there has been a continuous subsidence of the south Andaman Islands. 相似文献
3.
Age estimates of coastal terraces in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and their tectonic implications
Kusala Rajendran C.P. Rajendran Anil Earnest G.V. Ravi Prasad K. Dutta D.K. Ray R. Anu 《Tectonophysics》2008,455(1-4):53-60
The great Indian Ocean earthquake of December 26, 2004 caused significant vertical changes in its rupture zone. About 800 km of the rupture is along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which forms the outer arc ridge of the subduction zone. Coseismic deformation along the exposed land could be observed as uplift/subsidence. Here we analyze the morphological features along the coast of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in an effort to reconstruct the past tectonics, taking cues from the coseismic effects. We obtained radiocarbon dates from coastal terraces of the island belt and used them to compute uplift rates, which vary from 1.33 mm yr− 1 in the Little Andaman to 2.80 mm yr− 1 in South Andaman and 2.45 mm yr− 1 in the North Andaman. Our radiocarbon dates converge on 600 yr and 1000 yr old coastal uplifts, which we attribute to the level changes due to two major previous subduction earthquakes in the region. 相似文献
4.
Coral microatolls were examined from North Andaman and Little Andaman to understand the relative sea level change due to vertical
tectonic deformation above the subduction interface. The highest level of survival of coral microatoll before the 26 December,
2004 earthquake at eastern coast of North Andaman has been determined by Global Ocean Tide Model. The present position of
recently dead flat top microatoll with preserved internal structure at the eastern coast of North Andaman mainland indicates
31.21 cm uplift due to the 26 December, 2004 earthquake. Comparatively old cup shaped microatoll at the eastern fringe of
North Andaman group of islands and highly bioeroded fossil microatolls at the intertidal zone of Little Andaman bear the signature
of permanent vertical deformation in the past. 相似文献
5.
Vaibhav A Mantri 《Journal of Earth System Science》2006,115(3):371-378
On 26th December 2004, the world witnessed the devastating power of tsunami, affecting many countries, bordering the Indian
Ocean region. This has caused significant changes in the shallow and intertidal regions of the Indian coast, especially the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Pondicherry. The baseline data on biomass availability and distribution
of benthic intertidal seaweed species were collected immediately after this catastrophic event by spot surveying 11 selected
localities of the above-mentioned regions. In all, 45 species belonging to 31 genera were recorded during the present survey,
the maximum number of seaweed species were recorded at Thirumullavarum, Kerala with the minimum at Car Nicobar, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. A very different trend was observed in the case of biomass availability at some locations which was due to
the influence of habitat suitability over the tsunami damage. The details of this study have been provided in the present
communication 相似文献
6.
C SUDHAKAR REDDY SONALI SINGH V K DADHWAL C S JHA N RAMA RAO P G DIWAKAR 《Journal of Earth System Science》2017,126(1):8
This study was carried out to simulate the forest cover changes in India using Land Change Modeler. Classified multi-temporal long-term forest cover data was used to generate the forest covers of 1880 and 2025. The spatial data were overlaid with variables such as the proximity to roads, settlements, water bodies, elevation and slope to determine the relationship between forest cover change and explanatory variables. The predicted forest cover in 1880 indicates an area of 10,42,008 km2, which represents 31.7% of the geographical area of India. About 40% of the forest cover in India was lost during the time interval of 1880–2013. Ownership of majority of forest lands by non-governmental agencies and large scale shifting cultivation are responsible for higher deforestation rates in the Northeastern states. The six states of the Northeast (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura) and one union territory (Andaman & Nicobar Islands) had shown an annual gross rate of deforestation of >0.3 from 2005 to 2013 and has been considered in the present study for the prediction of future forest cover in 2025. The modelling results predicted widespread deforestation in Northeast India and in Andaman & Nicobar Islands and hence is likely to affect the remaining forests significantly before 2025. The multi-layer perceptron neural network has predicted the forest cover for the period of 1880 and 2025 with a Kappa statistic of >0.70. The model predicted a further decrease of 2305 km2 of forest area in the Northeast and Andaman & Nicobar Islands by 2025. The majority of the protected areas are successful in the protection of the forest cover in the Northeast due to management practices, with the exception of Manas, Sonai-Rupai, Nameri and Marat Longri. The predicted forest cover scenario for the year 2025 would provide useful inputs for effective resource management and help in biodiversity conservation and for mitigating climate change. 相似文献
7.
HarshGupta 《《幕》》2005,28(1):2-5
The 26th December 2004 earthquake of Mw 9.3 is the second largest earthquake ever to have been recorded.This generated a tsunami which affected several Asian countries. In India, the Andaman & Nicobar group of islands, and coastal states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala were severely affected. Here, we briefly provide an outline of the approach taken by India for an early warning system for mitigation of oceanogenic disasters. 相似文献
8.
Natural Hazards - The Andaman–Nicobar–Sumatra (ANS) region is a very hazardous area on the globe, which has witnessed a megathrust earthquake of Mw 9.2 on 26 December 2004 and several... 相似文献
9.
Down‐faulting at the north‐west margins of the Gulf of Aqaba is inferred to have triggered a catastrophic sedimentary event at 2.3 ka that killed the Elat fringing coral reef. Whereas segments of the Holocene reef were perfectly fossilized and preserved beneath a veneer of siliciclastic sediments, other segments were abraded, settled by nomads, and later re‐submerged under 4 m of water. Repeated damage triggered by down‐throwing earthquakes degenerate the fringing reefs of the north‐west end of the gulf. Conversely, on the north‐eastern and southern parts of the gulf, where earthquakes uplift the margins, modern reefs are thriving, attached to uplifted fossil reef terraces. Therefore, coastal subsidence moderates the development of fringing coral reefs during the late Holocene sea‐level stand still. 相似文献
10.
Ufuk Hancilar Issa El-Hussain Karin Sesetyan Ahmed Deif Eser Cakti Ghazi Al-Rawas Erdal Safak Khalifa Al-Jabri 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(3):1419-1432
Little Andaman, the fourth largest island in the Andaman group of islands of India, was severely affected by the December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean tsunami generated by massive earthquake of moment magnitude 9.3 Mw which devastated the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands causing heavy damage to life and property. Due to hostile terrain conditions not much information was available on the extent of inundation and run-up along the island except for Hut Bay region. In order to study the vulnerability of the island to tsunami hazard, the inundation in the island due to the 2004 tsunami was studied using TUNAMI N2 numerical model and ENVISAT ASAR datasets. The extent of inundation derived from the SAR imagery was compared using the RTK-GPS field survey points collected in the Hut Bay regions immediately after the 2004 tsunami. The extent of inundation obtained from SAR images for the entire island was compared with inundation obtained from model. It was observed that the inundation obtained from the model matched well with inundation extent from SAR imagery for nearshore regions, while for low-lying areas and creeks large deviations were observed. In the absence of field datasets, the inundation derived from SAR imagery would be effective in providing ground data to validate the numerical models which can then be run for multiple scenarios for disaster mitigation and planning operation in areas that have hostile terrain conditions. 相似文献
11.
许红 史国宁 廖宝林 陈刚 董树义 邱隆伟 李琦 罗进雄 申剑 曾晓起 王亚民 贺静 董刚 闫桂京 王宇喆 周星蕾 胡喜鹏 罗乔乔 陈竹 陶萌 纳琴 王晴 王英 沈江远 马骁 付和平 吴汉儒 马亚增 陈舒 《古地理学报》2021,23(4):771-788
珊瑚是地球上最古老的原住民,具有近6×108年的发育史,弱势群居、喜温和原地长成是珊瑚的基本特征。作者介绍了珊瑚-珊瑚礁的基本特征,综述了跨十年调查的研究区珍贵照片资料和相关认识,指出中国是全球主要的珊瑚-珊瑚礁国家,地位举足轻重;珊瑚-珊瑚礁作为地球生物多样性的代表,造岛、固礁、护鱼、防护岛岸流失,形成南海四大群岛280余座岛、礁、滩、沙,所构建庞大海洋生态系统是无与伦比的海洋生态资源和寸土寸金的南海海洋国土。提出划分南海珊瑚-珊瑚礁为中央区和周缘区2个分布区,阐述了南海中央区珊瑚-珊瑚礁的基本特征,系统汇集报道了间隔10年2个科考航次调查在浅水礁盘浮潜、至20 m水深浅潜-深潜和礁盘及开展岛、礁、滩、沙地质调查的发现,包括科学定名46种六放石珊瑚和6种八放软珊瑚等成果,同时,收集了西沙、中沙、东沙和南沙群岛海域的相关调查航次珊瑚照片;进一步阐述了单体环礁和复合环礁的特征及分布,并进行了初步对比,指出永乐环礁是南海唯一一个真正的切合达尔文模式的环礁,也是环礁发展到最高阶段的产物,构成现代海洋珊瑚-珊瑚礁形成演化研究最好的天然实验室。 相似文献
12.
The present study examines the characteristics and climatological features of daily rainfall data over Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Analysis of rainfall data reveals a large monthly deviation over the northern latitudes as compare to southern latitudes of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Also, it is found that rainfall increases from north to south latitudes in all the seasons except monsoon, where a reverse pattern exists. In trend analysis, a statistically significant decreasing trend (confidence level >95?%) is observed for yearly rainfall and rainy days over the region. Analysis of daily rainfall intensity for each year shows increasing trend for frequency of rather heavy rain (35.6?C64.4?mm) and significant decreasing trend for frequencies of light rain (2.5?C7.5?mm), and very heavy rain (>124.5?mm) over the region. Many times, very heavy rain events are associated with cyclonic disturbances affecting Andaman & Nicobar Islands region. The analysis of cyclonic disturbances over the region reveals a stronger and more significant decreasing trend. So, one of the causes for decreasing trend in very heavy rain over Andaman & Nicobar Islands may be due to significant decreasing frequency of cyclonic disturbances affecting this region. 相似文献
13.
Tropical landscapes evolve at a rapid rate, creating stepped alluvial terraces, dense basin and cone topographies and multilevel cave systems. An understanding of the rate of landscape evolution is crucial for understanding how landscapes respond to tectonic instability and for reconstructing landscapes that have changed over archaeological timescales. The rate of landscape incision as a proxy for karst landscape evolution in Indonesia, a key region in the path of human dispersal, has been established using the rate of karstification – by estimating a chronology for stages of cave development using thermal ionisation mass spectrometry U‐series dating on flowstones, and the rate of downcutting – by establishing a chronology for a series of alluvial terraces using red thermoluminescence dating. Using these techniques we have determined that the estimated rate of karstification (113 ± 26 mm ka?1) is slower than the average rate of downcutting (305 ± 24 mm ka?1), and the combined rate of landscape incision (217 ± 18 mm ka?1) is slower than the known rate of tectonic uplift for this region derived from raised coral terraces (450 ± 50 mm ka?1). This suggests that rivers are quicker to respond to tectonic instability, but both cave and river systems display a slower rate of incision and karstification than uplift. Correlations between these components of the landscape system reveal a strong, interacting relationship where defined phases of uplift are reflected in the pattern of karstification and cycles of downcutting. An understanding of this relationship has been pivotal in reconstructing the formation and geomorphic history of archaeological caves such as Liang Bua. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
To image the electrical conductivity distribution, fluxgate magnetometers are operated at five sites in Andaman and Nicobar region. Transfer functions are estimated for the period range 8–128 min, from nighttime transient geomagnetic variations, using robust regression analysis. The observed induction arrows in Andaman Islands are found to point towards east despite deep sea located towards its west. This indicates that fore-arc basin (Andaman–Nicobar deep) is more conducting than the region of outer non-volcanic Island arc.Thin sheet model requires the conductance of 10,000–35,000 S (with increase conductivity towards the south) for explaining the observed induction pattern. The observed induction pattern at Andaman–Nicobar stations can be explained in terms of high conducting Cretaceous–Tertiary sediments filling the Andaman–Nicobar deep. High conductivity over Invisible bank has been attributed to the partial melts/volatile fluids derived from the subducting Indian plate that are intruding into the eastern margin of fore-arc basin through the West Andaman Fault (WAF).The induction pattern at Great Nicobar station (Campbell Bay) may be related to the highly conducting sediments filling the Mergui basin along with mafic intrusions. Also crustal transition occurs below the Mergui Terrace at the Malayan coast contributing to the enhanced conductivity anomaly. 相似文献
15.
海南岛南岸的珊瑚礁,是我国全新世珊瑚岸礁最为发育的地区之一,仅次于台湾岛南端的恒春半岛沿岸。前人从生物学[1-5]、地貌学[6-8]和地质学[9-12]角度对海南岛南岸的珊瑚礁进行过较为广泛的研究。作者报道过崖县鹿回头水尾岭剖面珊瑚礁样品的C14年代测定结果[13,14]。1979年底至1980年初,作者在海南岛南岸东起小东海沿岸西至西瑁岛西岸地区进行了野外调查与采样。根据野外和室内分析资料,本文公布了一批新测试的C14年代数据,并进一步讨论了全新世珊瑚礁的发育历史及其与海岸变迁、海面变化和地壳运动的关系等问题。 相似文献
16.
Kim S. Ely Mike Sandiford Margaret L. Hawke David Phillips Mark Quigley Joao Edmundo dos Reis 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2011,41(6):477-493
Ataúro is a key to understanding the late stage volcanic and subduction history of the Banda Arc to the north of Timor. A volcanic history of bi-modal subaqueous volcanism has been established and new whole rock and trace element geochemical data show two compositional groups, basaltic andesite and dacite–rhyolite. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of hornblende from rhyo-dacitic lavas confirms that volcanism continued until 3.3 Ma. Following the cessation of volcanism, coral reef marine terraces have been uplifted to elevations of 700 m above sea level. Continuity of the terraces at constant elevations around the island reflects regional-scale uplift most likely linked to sublithospheric processes such as slab detachment. Local scale landscape features of the eastern parts of Ataúro are strongly controlled by normal faults. The continuation of arc-related volcanism on Ataúro until at least 3.3 Ma suggests that subduction of Australian lithosphere continued until near this time. This data is consistent with findings from the earthquake record where the extent of the Wetar seismic gap to a depth of 350 km suggests slab breakoff, as a result of collision, commenced at ∼4 Ma, leading to subsequent regional uplift recorded in elevated terraces on Ataúro and neighbouring islands. 相似文献
17.
The 2004 earthquake left several traces of coseismic land deformation and tsunami deposits, both on the islands along the plate boundary and distant shores of the Indian Ocean rim countries. Researchers are now exploring these sites to develop a chronology of past events. Where the coastal regions are also inundated by storm surges, there is an additional challenge to discriminate between the deposits formed by these two processes. Paleo-tsunami research relies largely on finding deposits where preservation potential is high and storm surge origin can be excluded. During the past decade of our work along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the east coast of India, we have observed that the 2004 tsunami deposits are best preserved in lagoons, inland streams and also on elevated terraces. Chronological evidence for older events obtained from such sites is better correlated with those from Thailand, Sri Lanka and Indonesia, reiterating their usefulness in tsunami geology studies. 相似文献
18.
The Kali river basin of the southwest coast of India has been investigated to examine the influence of tectonic activity through an analysis of the geomorphic indices that were computed using geographical information system (GIS). Five geomorphic indices—stream length–gradient index, asymmetry factor, hypsometric integral, valley floor width-to-height ratio, and elongation ratio—were used for identification of evidences of tectonic activity. The results obtained from these indices were combined to develop an index of relative tectonic activity classes using GIS. The average of the five measured geomorphic indices was used to evaluate the distribution of relative tectonic activity in the study area. About 18 % of the study area (～726 km2) belongs to class?1; 37 % (～1506 km2) to class?2; and 44 % (～1,762 km2) to class 3. Sub-basins found at the Western Ghat region, relative tectonic activity classes show low and medium values which indicate the higher degree of tectonic activity compared to the upland plateau regions. 相似文献
19.
近期轮南奥陶系沉积储层研究取得了几个方面的重要进展:发现了两期三套风化壳岩溶储集系统,其中海西期一套,存在于奥陶系顶部,加里东期两套,存在于奥陶系内部;确定了轮古东奥陶系储集层为风化壳岩溶缝洞性储层;发现了桑塔木组礁滩相储集层。桑塔木组沉积早期轮南地区具有成礁环境,局部发育有小型生物礁;修正了以往对奥陶系沉积相的划分,将奥陶系碳酸盐台地边缘的位置东移30km;提出了奥陶系内部风化壳储层形成的热沉降机制,认为晚奥陶世早期塔里木盆地存在一次热升降运动,该运动使轮南地区发生不均衡抬升,奥陶系良里塔格组出露剥蚀,形成轮南地区广泛分布的风化壳岩溶储集系统,从而揭示了轮南地区奥陶系更为良好的勘探前景。 相似文献
20.
P. A. Pirazzoli J. -L. Reyss M. Fontugne A. Haghipour A. Hilgers H. U. Kasper H. Nazari F. Preusser U. Radtke 《Quaternary International》2004,120(1):15
A survey of raised coral reef terraces in locations along the southern coast of Iran was carried out with the aim of assessing regional Late Quaternary tectonic uplift rates influenced by salt doming. Two islands were studied: Kish, where no previous data were available, and Qeshm, where a previous survey had already attributed the lowest step in two sequences of raised marine terraces to the Last Interglacial.Twenty-five ESR and seven Th/U ages were obtained from Kish Island. The results show that this flat, about 32 m high, gently domed island was totally submerged during the last two interglacial periods. Corals ascribed to MIS 5 and MIS 7 have been dated at the same elevations, near the present sea level, and in the uppermost, inner part of the island, giving evidence of a polycyclic origin for the island surface deposits. Following a discussion on the possible position of eustatic peaks during MIS 7, a maximal average uplift rate of 0.20±0.02 mm/yr has been deduced from the above data.Furthermore, the survey obtained some new results from Qeshm, where seven ESR ages confirmed the MIS 5 age of the lowest raised marine terrace (that also corresponds to an uplift rate of about 0.2 mm/yr), failing, however, to date older steps, due to significant coral-sample re-crystallisation. In the western part of Qeshm, five new radiocarbon ages of elevated beach material demonstrated the variability of uplift rates even along short distances around an active salt dome. 相似文献