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1.
个别可转让配额(ITQ)制度和投入控制制度是海洋渔业资源管理的两种模式,其建构的逻辑起点和意图达成的管理目标是一致的。围绕控制捕捞努力量、恢复渔业资源、提高渔业经济效率、优化资源配置四个管理目标,通过将ITQ制度与投入控制制度依据激励相容原则进行比较后发现,ITQ制度由于具体设计方面的特殊性,内含更多的激励效应,基本能够把渔民个体追求利益最大化的动机与渔业资源的养护和可持续发展目标统一起来,激励相容度更高。与此同时,ITQ制度也存在总可捕量难以设定、配额分配的公平性、配额的过度集中与垄断、兼捕及优化渔获物的逆向选择、监管工作难度大等现实困境需要解决。针对这些困境,通过补充性的配套制度安排能够加以破解或缓解。由于ITQ制度在激励相容方面的比较优势,在条件成熟的情况下,对特定海域的特定鱼种实施ITQ制度可以作为投入控制制度的一种替代选择模式。 相似文献
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总可捕量制度不同实施方式的比较分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文简单介绍了总可捕量制度（Total Allowable Catch,TAC制度）的概念及其实施所需的条件，对TAC制度的不同施式即“奥林区克自由捕捞式”（“free fishing like Olympic competiton”），个体配额制度（Individual Quota,IQ制度）或个体可转让配额制度（Individual Transferable Ouota,ITQ制度）进行了比较分析，并就我国如何实施TAC制度作了探讨。 相似文献
3.
本文阐述浙江省发展海洋渔业五个方面的问题:第一,浙江海域辽阔,资源丰富,海洋渔业在全省国民经济中占有重要地位。第二,明确发展海洋渔业的生产方针:“打出去”开辟外海渔场,放开手脚大搞浅海滩涂养殖,积极发展水产品的加工和综合利用。第三,渔区有海、有山,大兴山海之利,发展多种经营。第四,因地制宜,实行多种形式的渔业生产责任制,并在实践中使之不断完善。第五,加强渔业科研工作,搞好近海渔业资源调查,普及渔区的文化教育和科技知识,培养新一代渔民。 相似文献
4.
长期高强度的捕捞、不科学的捕捞方式、海洋环境污染等问题导致我国海洋渔业资源的再生能力受到严重破坏,渔民作为发展渔业经济和利用海洋资源的主体,其意识和行为都与渔业的可持续发展紧密相关。文章通过对福建省惠安县渔民进行问卷调查,对2014年惠安县渔民文化程度、收入状况以及对海洋渔业各方面的了解程度和行为态度进行分析,初步探究渔民对海洋渔业资源的认知度和对海洋渔业政策的认可度及其影响渔民评价因素。最后对转变渔民利用海洋资源的行为和观念提出相应政策建议,有助于实现海洋资源的可持续利用。 相似文献
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长三角沿海区域海洋渔业发展迅速,海洋渔业生产活动带来的渔业垃圾急剧增加,海洋环境的不断恶化使得海洋渔业垃圾治理问题亟待解决。文章从海洋渔业垃圾治理的法治化相关概念界定出发,梳理出当前在海洋渔业垃圾治理过程中长三角沿海区域法治化面临区域性专项立法滞后、区域执法界限难以突破、区域司法协同难以成形、渔民主体守法意识淡薄等困境,提出促成长三角沿海区域海洋渔业垃圾协同立法局面,出台长三角沿海区域海洋渔业垃圾治理专项条例;从区域执法协同机制和协同监督执法体系共同入手破解长三角沿海区域海洋渔业垃圾治理执法困境;积极探索海洋公益诉讼制度创新打通长三角沿海区域海洋渔业垃圾治理协同司法渠道;培育渔业生产组织、企业、渔民等各方主体参与海洋渔业垃圾治理的意识及行动,打造长三角沿海区域协同守法联盟。 相似文献
8.
海洋伏季休渔制度是一项重要的渔业资源养护管理制度。该制度自1995年实施以来取得了良好的效果,同时在国际上也产生了积极的影响。作为渔业管理领域中最为重要的制度之一,海洋伏季休渔制度目前只是一项渔业政策和措施,并没有上升到国家的法律和法规层面,该制度的效力远不能从根本上解决我国海洋渔业资源养护和可持续发展的问题。因此,文章对海洋伏季休渔制度的具体内容进行了深度分析,从法律与政策的关系出发,通过探讨国家立法、执法以及渔民守法等方面存在的问题,指出海洋伏季休渔制度作为一项渔业政策向法律和法规转变的必要性和条件,建议推动伏休政策的立法转变、加强渔业执法监督体制和加强政府对渔民的扶持政策。旨在进一步促进实施该制度,为海洋渔业资源的可持续发展服务。 相似文献
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研究海洋渔业产业结构优化对碳排放的影响,对于促进海洋渔业高质量发展具有重要的现实意义。文章基于2008—2017年我国沿海9省(自治区)的面板数据,运用数据包络方法计算海洋渔业碳排放效率,并采用空间计量模型,探讨海洋渔业产业结构优化对碳排放效率的影响。研究结果表明:我国海洋渔业碳排放效率的地区差异显著,除河北和广西外,其他地区均具有较高的海洋渔业碳排放效率;从空间特征看,海洋渔业产业结构优化水平具有显著的空间集聚性,海洋渔业碳排放效率也存在一定的空间依赖性,碳排放效率的"高-高"集聚特征较为明显;从回归结果看,海洋渔业产业结构优化和海洋渔业经济水平对海洋渔业碳排放效率具有显著的正向影响,这种影响不仅作用于本地区,而且辐射和扩散到邻近地区;渔民收入、渔业科研投入和渔业对外开放水平对海洋渔业碳排放效率存在一定的负面影响。 相似文献
10.
以海洋渔业为主体的渔区经济是我国海洋开发的重要内容,它在我国国民经济中占有重要的战略地位。近几年来,渔区经济从所有制结构到流通体制进行了一系列深刻的改革,这无疑将对我国即将勃兴的海洋经济产生重大影响。渔区经济正面临两个方面的困扰:一是,在渔区新的合作经济模式下,如何协调渔区分散经营与集中服务的矛盾;二是,根据社会主义是有计划的商品经济的要求,如何确立新的渔区经济运行的原则。 相似文献
11.
The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level. 相似文献
12.
We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances
using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and
in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority
accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative
abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability. 相似文献
13.
We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the
Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of
rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the
transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic
regime of the sea.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
14.
V. A. Ivanov S. P. Lyubartseva N. Mikhailova N. B. Shapiro 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(6):509-524
We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an
ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics
is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of
a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic
elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as
a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water
area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the
shelf zone and open sea.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
15.
Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry
dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly
goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with
the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then
passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state. 相似文献
16.
Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m3 from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m3 on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area. 相似文献
17.
The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene. 相似文献
18.
E. L. Vinogradova 《Oceanology》2008,48(4):483-492
The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers. 相似文献
19.
I. E. Timchenko A. A. Primalenny V. D. Yarin E. F. Vasechkina E. M. Igumnova 《Physical Oceanography》2001,11(4):367-378
We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of
the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption
(fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by
the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with
application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem,
which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge,
water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.).
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
20.
Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1... 相似文献