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1.
大气粒子散射相函数的参数化是大气辐射传输参数化的重要组成部分。文中全面比较了大气粒子的HenyeyGreenstein(HG)方案和双Henyey-Greenstein(DHG)方案,并在四流球谐函数展开累加法中,应用这两种相函数参数化方案计算气溶胶、云、霾粒子的反射率、透射率或吸收率。该研究结果表明:HG方案无法表现相函数的后向峰值,因而其计算的大气粒子反射率和透射率精度较差;DHG方案能较好地表征相函数的整体特征,但是该方案计算的相函数易出现后向异常峰值或为负值,并导致计算得到的气溶胶、云、霾粒子的反射率和透射率精度甚至会低于HG方案。对DHG方案进行进一步研究,提出了改进的DHG方案(MDHG)。MDHG方案计算结果稳定,并能很好表征相函数的前向和后向峰值的特征,其计算的大气粒子的反射率和透射率精度也较高。因此,MDHG方案是一种理想的相函数参数化方案。 相似文献
2.
大气环流模式降水的模拟对水汽方程差分方案的敏感性试验 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
分别采用3种应用比较广泛的水汽方程差分方案:多维正定平流传输方案(MPDATA)、通量修正传输方案(FCT)和两步保形平流方案(TSPAS),对大气物理所9层大气环流模式(IAP 9L AGCM)的降水模拟作敏感性试验,分析比较3种方案下模式降水气候平均场的差异,从而揭示模式降水对水汽方程差分方案的敏感性.试验结果显示,不同的水汽方程差分方案对大气环流模式降水的气候模拟有较大影响,并由此从3种差分方案中为IAP 9L AGCM寻找出一种较好的水汽计算方案. 相似文献
3.
辐射和积云对流过程对大气辐射通量的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
基于中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的全球大气环流谱模式(SAMIL-R42L26),研究了澳大利亚气象局研究中心(BMRC)新辐射方案和新Zhang-McFaflane积云对流方案对大气辐射通量模拟的影响.新辐射方案相比原辐射方案在辐射计算光谱分辨率、气体吸收和计算效率等方面作了很多改进,其对大气辐射通量的模拟能力相应提高.在晴空条件下,大气顶出射长波、大气吸收短波和地表入射短波等与观测的偏差较原辐射方案明显减小,尤其是在对流活跃区域.在云天条件下大气辐射通量与观测的偏差也较原辐射方案减小,但其偏差依然较大,这与模式中积云对流参数化方案模拟能力不足引起的辐射通量偏差有关.为此,换用了新Zhang-McFarlane积云对流方案,其结果表明,对流活跃区水汽含量显著增加,原对流方案中偏强的"双赤道辐合带"现象明显减弱,赤道辐合带地区的大气辐射通量偏差有明显减小,在海洋地区晴空大气顶出射长波和地表入射短波的量值及空间分布均接近观测结果,同时大气顶全球平均能量收支的年变化和观测结果趋于一致,其中模拟的伞球年平均大气顶能量收支和观测的偏差不到0.6 W/m2.试验结果同时表明,在未来研究中引入气溶胶分布、调整相关的云物理和陆面过程等物理参数化方案是进一步提高SAMIL-R42L26辐射通最模拟性能的关键. 相似文献
4.
利用集合变分法研究了大气边界层EK模式(考虑了水平气压梯度力、科氏力和湍流粘性力3力平衡的大气边界层模式)中湍流粘性系数的反演问题.首先利用集合变分法推导了目标函数关于反演参数的梯度表达式,然后给出了反演计算方案,最后再就反演湍流粘性系数k进行了一系列理想数值试验.数值试验结果表明:利用集合变分法对EK模式中的湍流粘性系数的反演比较成功.通过适当调整集合数,初始扰动均方差及初始值的大小,可以进一步提高集合变分法对湍流粘性系数k的反演精度.将集合变分法应用于大气边界层参数的反演是一种值得研究的计算方案. 相似文献
5.
两种逐线积分辐射模式大气吸收的比较研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
由于缺乏完整的和精确的实验室测量结果, 目前无法判断各种逐线积分方案的最终精度.因此, 逐线积分模式精度的比较基本上只能在模式之间进行.比较了作者研制的快速高效逐线积分大气吸收计算方法(简记为ZS2000), 与国际上用得较多的LBLRTM (Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model) .得出: 二者在长波区间向上和向下辐射通量的相对差别对整层大气均小于3.1%, 大气冷却率的绝对差别对整层大气均小于0.13 K·d-1, 处于ICRCCM (Intercompariso 相似文献
6.
AIRS资料反演大气温度廓线的通道选择研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过引入信息容量的概念,给出了一种对高光谱大气探测资料所包含各种大气参数有效信息进行描述的方法;然后以信息容量为指标,设计了利用"逐次吸收法"进行通道选择的计算方案;最后针对利用大气红外探测器(AIRS Atmospheric Infrared Sounder)探测资料反演大气温度廓线进行了通道选择试验.从将本文试验选择结果与NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration) DAAC(Distributed Active Archive Center)进行AIRS产品反演时所使用通道进行比较的结果表明,利用信息容量为指标,并按照"逐次吸收法"进行通道选择是可行的. 相似文献
7.
大气环流模式中云系的超级参数化方案及其特征线方法之研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
就大气环流模式中如何有效处理云系,我们的目标:建立能考虑各种尺度和各种过程之间相互作用的多重尺度云系动力学(下称:云系超级参数化),并应同时考虑如下云的几何学与辐射传输两个问题:1)云的几何学,考虑如何描写云内结构的三维不均匀性和表面特征的几何不光滑性;2)云的辐射,考虑复杂云结构的辐射计算问题,并最终在大气环流模式中具体实现.本研究是理论部分,主要论述云系超级参数化框架和计算方法问题,主要结论如下:1)阐明了从多重尺度角度研究大气模式中云系的超级参数化方案是完全必要的.2)本云系超级参数化方案是3维完全Euler流体方程组,保留了全Coriolis力,Ertel全PV守恒,考虑声波等对云和降水微物理过程的影响.该云系超级参数化方案需要与大气大尺度动力学方程组进行耦合.3)关键问题为确定云系局部解的存在时间长度,不必考虑整体解.因为在实际大气中各物理量的不光滑,甚至不连续和间断,是有充分的物理意义的.大气中的间断除粘性和热传导等不可逆过程外,同时伴随着成云致雨的相变过程.4)在可积性和连续性条件下,证明了特征线的存在性;在Lipshitz条件下,证明了特征线的存在性和唯一性.5)给出了特征线积分的Picard方法的具体计算步骤,并同时给出了特征线积分稳定步长的具体条件.6)沿着特征线,初始场随着时间的推移,将发生平移、旋转与纯变形三种位移的几何和,这就是球面上平流方程的保形问题. 相似文献
8.
CA-FCM方案与其它几种人工增雨评估方案的比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对河南省12次飞机增雨作业,分别采用作业区域趋势对比双比分析评估方案、区域趋势相关回归分析方案、区域趋势协变量多元回归分析方案、浮动对比区历史回归分析方案(FCM)、以降水量为协变量的CA-FCM(Cluster-Analysis-based Floating Contro historical regression Method)方案和以降水量和整层大气可降水量为协变量的CA-FCM方案进行效果评估,均得到大于15%的相对增雨量.对结果比较分析表明:协变量由降水量和整层大气降水量两个组成的CA-FCM方案,由于采用了聚类分析提高了对比区和影响区相关系数和引入了整层大气可降水量作为协变量提高了作业区自然降水量估计值的准确性,从而比其它评估方案效果更好. 相似文献
9.
关于半拉格朗日半隐式大气模式的时步问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
讨论半拉格朗日半隐式大气模式中时步的限制,展示时步过大时用一般的首尾两点平均方案计算非线性源汇项的严重误差,提出精确的源汇项计算格式并作了特例计算和比较,讨论了被模拟的大气过程和波动的特征对时步的要求,指出柯朗数NC=C·△t/△X是大气模式时空步长匹配的重要参数.指出云降水和大气化学过程特征时间对相应的正定变量的计算时步的限制. 相似文献
10.
CAM3模式海气湍流通量参数化的改进及其应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对流性阵风参数化方法,在CAM3原有海气湍流通量参数化方案(CAM3方案)中引入边界层自由对流和降水深对流对海表湍流通量的贡献,改进了CAM3模式的海气湍流通量参数化方案(CAM3 ME方案).在此基础上,利用观测海温积分改进的CAM3模式,分析改进模式对冬(DJF)、夏季(JJA)大气环流异常的模拟性能.结果表明,采用改进的海气湍流通量参数化方案,模式对冬(DJF)、夏季(JJA)大气环流异常年际变化的模拟能力有了很大提高,尤其是冬季(DJF)北太平洋和北美大陆地区以及夏季(JJA)南半球海洋上空. 相似文献
11.
摘要： 基于WRF模式对2005年台风“海棠”登陆降水过程的成功模拟, 本文初步尝试利用修改后的非地转干Q矢量(QN矢量)PG分解, 定量揭示台风结构对台风降水和台风雨强差异形成的影响。结果表明： （1）在台风登陆过程的不同阶段, 对台风降水起主要贡献的台风结构因子是不同的。在台风登陆过程前12 h期间, 对降水贡献最为显著的为QNshdv, 其次是QNalst和QNcrst, 而QNcurv的贡献最小; 在后12 h期间, 对降水贡献最为显著的为QNcrst, 其次是QNcurv, QNshdv的贡献列第三, 而QNalst的贡献最小。（2）各台风结构因子QNalst、 QNcurv、 QNshdv及QNcrst对台风降水发生的贡献都存在明显的时、 空变化。（3）在台风登陆降水过程中, 对每个时刻暴雨雨强形成有贡献的台风结构因子是不同的。相对来讲, QNcurv对暴雨、 大暴雨及特大暴雨之间雨强差异形成的贡献最为显著, QNalst与QNcrst的贡献情况较为接近, 而QNshdv的贡献则相对最小。通过QN矢量PG分解, 可以定量揭示出登陆台风结构对台风降水的影响, 这也是总的QN矢量（即QN矢量）难以揭示的潜在物理机制。 相似文献
12.
Potential evapotranspiration(E_(PET)) is usually calculated by empirical methods from surface meteorological variables,such as temperature, radiation and wind speed. The in-situ measured pan evaporation ET_(pan) can also be used as a proxy for E_(PET). In this study, E_(PET) values computed from ten models are compared with observed ET_(pan) data in ten Chinese river basins for the period 1961-2013. The daily observed meteorological variables at 2267 stations are used as the input to those models, and a ranking scheme is applied to rank the statistical quantities(ratio of standard deviations, correlation coefficient, and ratio of trends) between ET_(pan) and modeled E_(PET) in different river basins. There are large deviations between the modeled E_(PET) and the ET_(pan) in both the magnitude and the annual trend at most stations. In eight of the basins(except for Southeast and Southwest China), ET_(pan) shows decreasing trends with magnitudes ranging between-0.01 mm d~(-1) yr~(-1) and-0.03 mm d~(-1) yr~(-1), while the decreasing trends in modeled E_(PET) are less than-0.01 mm d~(-1) yr~(-1). Inter comparisons among different models in different river basins suggest that PET_(Ham1) is the best model in the Pearl River basin, PET_(Ham2) outperforms other models in the Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Yellow River basins, and PET_(FAO) is the best model for the remaining basins. Sensitivity analyses reveal that wind speed and sunshine duration are two important factors for decreasing E_(PET) in most basins except in Southeast and Southwest China. The increasing E_(PET) trend in Southeast China is mainly attributed to the reduced relative humidity. 相似文献
13.
基于1980—2020年秋季江西省83个气象观测站逐月降水数据,利用EOF方法分析了该地区秋季降水的时空分布特征。结果表明,江西省秋季降水场主要有4种类型,分别为全区型、北湿(干)南干(湿)型、西湿(干)东干(湿)型、中心湿(干)南北干(湿)型,累计贡献率为86.7%。1980—2020年,全区型和中心湿(干)南北干(湿)型降水呈增加趋势,而北湿(干)南干(湿)型和西湿(干)东干(湿)型降水呈下降趋势。其中全区型降水分布的年份占比75.6%,主要受大尺度大气环流的影响。北湿（干）南干（湿）型降水分布的年份占比17.1%,这是由于赣北地区受地形抬升作用,降水较多,而中南部在背风坡,降水较少,同时秋季赣北处于副热带高压边缘,且受到台风外围的影响,易发生降水,使得南北降水呈反相位变化。 相似文献
14.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
15.
GOALS模式中大气能量循环的诊断分析与不同版本计算结果的比较研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用大气能量循环框图,对比分析中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG/IAP)全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式(GOALS)两个版本(GOALS-2和GOALS-4),以及观测的全球平均大气能量循环的主要特征,并从能量循环贮蓄和转换项的纬向平均贡献去解释全球积分值改善和转坏的原因,以及诊断分析参数化方案变化后产生的影响.结果表明:模式的两个版本基本上能正确地模拟出全球能量循环的主要特征.旧版本GOALS-2能较好模拟全球积分值,常常是不同符号局地误差的相互抵消结果.新版本GOALS-4中某种局地过程的改善在一些情况下导致了全球积分值的转坏.引入辐射日变化参数化方案可能对能量循环各参数的局地贡献有着明显的影响.如纬向平均有效位能向瞬变涡动有效位能的斜压转换率、瞬变涡动有效位能向瞬变涡动动能的斜压转换率以及定常涡动动能的局地贡献有明显改善.南极地区不合实际的上升运动,是模拟的纬向平均有效位能与纬向平均动能之间的转换项全球积分值为负数的主要原因. 相似文献
16.
利用1949-2006年登陆中国的热带气旋（TC）资料,分析登陆TC台风季参数的气候特征,结论如下：1) 登陆中国的初旋①以南海生成为主（占5成半）,终旋以西太平洋为主（高达8成）,近50多年来初、终旋源地分别呈现向东北、西北移动的趋势;2) 广东（浙江）初旋最早（晚）,广西、浙江（广东、海南）终旋较早（晚）,广东（浙江）台风季最长（短）。近50多年来除浙江台风季呈延长的线性趋势外,其余各省台风季变短或变化不明显。 相似文献
17.
The UNMIX and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) receptor models were used to investigate sources of PM2.5 aerosols measured between March 2001 and February 2002 in Gwangju, Korea. Measurements of PM2.5 particles were used for the analysis of carbonaceous species (organic (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) using the thermal manganese dioxide oxidation (TMO) method, the investigation of seven ionic species using ion chromatography (IC), and the analysis of twenty-four metal species using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES)/ICP-Mass Spectrometry (MS). According to annual average PM2.5 source apportionment results obtained from CMB calculations, diesel vehicle exhaust was the major contributor, accounting for 33.4% of the measured PM2.5 mass (21.5 μg m− 3), followed by secondary sulfate (14.6%), meat cooking (11.7%), secondary organic carbon (8.9%), secondary nitrate (7.6%), urban dust (5.5%), Asian dust (4.4%), biomass burning (2.8%), sea salt (2.7%), residual oil combustion (2.6%), gasoline vehicle exhaust (1.9%), automobile lead (0.5%), and components of unknown sources (3.4%). Seven PM2.5 sources including diesel vehicles (29.6%), secondary sulfate (17.4%), biomass burning (14.7%), secondary nitrate (12.6%), gasoline vehicles (12.4%), secondary organic carbon (5.8%) and Asian dust (1.9%) were identified from the UNMIX analysis. The annual average source apportionment results from the two models are compared and the reasons for differences are qualitatively discussed for better understanding of PM2.5 sources.Additionally, the impact of air mass pathways on the PM2.5 mass was evaluated using air mass trajectories calculated with the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectory model. Source contributions to PM2.5 collected during the four air mass patterns and two event periods were calculated with the CMB model and analyzed. Results of source apportionment revealed that the contribution of diesel traffic exhaust (47.0%) in stagnant conditions (S) was much higher than the average contribution of diesel vehicle exhaust (33.4%) during the sampling period. During Asian dust (AD) periods when the air mass passed over the Korean peninsula, Asian dust and secondary organic carbon accounted for 25.2 and 23.0% of the PM2.5 mass, respectively, whereas Asian dust contributed only 10.8% to the PM2.5 mass during the AD event when the air mass passed over the Yellow Sea. The contribution of biomass burning to the PM2.5 mass during the biomass burning (BB) event equaled 63.8%. 相似文献
18.
Changes in Chinese temperature extremes are presented based on a six-hourly surface air
temperature dataset for the period 1961--2005. These temperature series are manually observed at
0200, 0800, 1400, and 2000 Beijing Time (LST), and percentile based extreme indices of these time
series are chosen for analysis. Although there is a difference in time among the different time
zones across China, as more than 80% of the stations are located in two adjacent time zones,
these indices for all the stations are called warm (cold) nights (0200 LST), warm (cold) mornings
(0800 LST), warm (cold) days (1400 LST), and warm (cold) evenings (2000 LST), respectively for
convenience. The frequency of the annual warm extremes has generally increased, while the frequency
of the annual cold extremes has decreased, and significant changes are mainly observed in northern
China, the Tibetan Plateau, and the southernmost part of China. Based on the national average, annual
warm (cold) nights increase (decrease) at a rate of 5.66 (-5.92) d (10 yr)-1, annual warm (cold)
days increase (decrease) at a rate of 3.97 (-2.98) d (10 yr)-1, and the trends for the annual warm
(cold) mornings and evenings are 4.35 (-4.96) and 5.95 (-4.35) d (10 yr)-1, respectively. For
China as a whole, the increasing rates for the occurrence of seasonal warm extremes are larger in the
nighttime (0200, 2000 LST) than these in the daytime (0800, 1400 LST), the maximal increase occurs at
2000 LST except in the summer and the minimal increase occurs at 1400 LST except in autumn; the maximal
decrease in the occurrence of seasonal cold extremes occurs at 0200 LST and the minimal decrease occurs
at 1400 LST. 相似文献
19.
A study was conducted to examine the OH-initiated degradation products of the four title compounds in the presence of sub-part-per-million levels of NOx. The oxidation was conducted in a dynamic reactor to minimize the conversion of the aromatic compounds. The experiments were designed to represent reaction pathways that occur in the atmosphere at ambient NO2 concentrations. A wide range of ring-retaining and ring-cleavage products having widely varying yields were measured during the study. For m-xylene, the major primary products observed (with molar yields) were methyl glyoxal (0.40), 4-oxo-2-pentenal (0.12), glyoxal (0.079), and m-tolualdehyde (0.049). For p-xylene, the major primary products were p-tolualdehyde (0.103), 2,5-dimethylphenol (0.13), cis-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.176), trans-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.045), 2-methyl-butenedial (0.071), glyoxal (0.394), and methylglyoxal (0.217). Several other reaction products were measured at yields less than 3%. The primary products for OH + 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were found as follows: methylglyoxal (0.44), glyoxal (0.066), cis-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.13), trans-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.031), biacetyl (0.114), 3-methyl-3-hexene-2,5-dione (0.079), and 2-methyl-butenedial (0.045). Six other (ring retaining) products were measured at yields less than 3%. The primary products for OH + 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene were methylglyoxal (0.90), 3-methyl-5-methylidene-5(2H)-furanone (0.1), 3,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-2-furanone (0.1), 3,5-dimethyl-5(2H)-2-furanone biacetyl (0.08), and 2-methyl-4-oxo-2- pentenal (0.05). Three other products were detected at molar yields less than 5%. In some cases, the yields for the ring fragmentation products could only be based on calibrations from surrogate compounds. Yields for several of the unsaturated dicarbonyl compounds have not been reported previously while yields for methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and biacetyl are largely consistent with previous reports. Some of the primary furanone products are the identical to those reported as secondary products in aromatic systems. 相似文献
20.
采用美国国家环境预测中心的CFSR(Climate Forecast System Reanalysis)再分析资料和QuickSCAT(Quick Scatterometer)、AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)、TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)高分辨率卫星资料,研究了大气对春季东海黑潮锋响应的气压调整机制及其年际变化。结果表明,春季东海黑潮锋位于黑潮暖舌的西北侧,呈西南-东北走向,与大尺度气压背景场的等压线走向一致,锋区东南侧暖水与西北侧冷水之间产生的局地气压梯度与大尺度气压梯度形成同向叠加,使得锋区附近西北指向东南的气压梯度达到最大,造成该处的海表面10 m矢量风速也最大,在摩擦作用下形成东北偏北风(NNE)。锋区与其东南侧的NNE风之间沿锋区走向(跨锋区走向)的分量差,会在暖舌附近产生气旋性切变涡度(风速辐合),由此产生上升运动和强降水;而在锋区西北侧的冷水区情况正好相反,有反气旋性切变涡度(风速辐散),并伴有下沉运动和弱降水,从而形成跨锋区的次级环流圈。东海黑潮锋区偏强(弱)年,锋区东南侧暖水与西北侧冷水之间的局地气压梯度也偏强(弱),与大尺度气压梯度同向叠加后形成偏强(弱)的NNE风,造成锋区东南侧暖舌附近的气旋性切变涡度、风速辐合、上升运动和降水均偏强(弱),而锋区西北侧冷水区的反气旋性切变涡度、风速辐散和下沉运动均偏强(弱),跨锋区次级环流圈偏强(弱),这表明在年际时间尺度上气压调整机制仍起作用。 相似文献