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1.
雁荡山流纹岩地貌景观特征及其形成发育规律 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
流纹岩地貌有其独有的特色和发育规律。本文根据大量的实地调查数据, 对雁荡山流 纹岩地貌景观进行了类型、空间分布规律和时间发育规律的分析研究。研究结果表明: 区域 流纹岩地貌景观可分为2 个大类, 6 个亚类, 16 个类型单元; 受区域断裂构造的控制, 区内 沟谷和岩嶂在平面上的发育延伸主要沿NE、NW 和EW 三个方向; 在新构造运动和岩性差异 的控制下, 区内峰、嶂、瀑在垂向上的分布具有分带性; 区域现代地貌的发育肇始于晚第三 纪区域一级夷平面的分裂解体, 自此以后的区内地貌演化经历了四个不同发育阶段, 每个阶 段的地貌景观组合各具特色。 相似文献
2.
《自然地理学》2013,34(5):403-437
Local landforms and microtopography control site conditions, spatial patterns, and dynamics in treeline landscapes. Several topography-related treeline types are presented and their responses to a warming climate discussed. On rugged mountain terrain, pronounced changes in vertical range and variety of treeline landscapes will not take place as long as debris slides and avalanches occur regularly. On intensively eroded steep terrain, trees will mainly colonize convexities. On trough shoulders and similar gentle topography with irregular mosaics of convex and concave landforms, tree establishment is most likely to take place on convex topography. On gentle slopes and rolling uplands, where the proportion of wind-swept terrain is comparatively large, microsite facilitation appears to be a precondition for tree establishment. At higher elevations, the relative importance of shelter-providing landforms will increase due to windier conditions. At the beginning of treeline rise, seedling establishment, growth, and survival are closely related to local landforms and microtopography and their effects on site conditions. Later, the feedback from trees on their environment may overrule the effects of landforms. 相似文献
3.
THE ROLE OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN AGROCLIMATE VARIABILITY IN FINLAND, 1961–2011 
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下载免费PDF全文 MASOUD IRANNEZHAD DELIANG CHEN BJØRN KLØVE 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2016,98(4):287-301
This study evaluates interannual variations and trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum in Finland during 1961–2011, and their connections to well known atmospheric circulation patterns. Changes in summer (June–August) climate partially explain changes in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum over Finland, which naturally decreased from south to north. On a national scale, growing season warmed and became wetter during 1961–2011, as growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 5.01 ± 3.17°C year–1 and 1.39 ± 0.91 mm year–1, respectively. The East Atlantic pattern was the most influential atmospheric circulation pattern for variations in growing season daily temperature sum (rho = 0.40) across Finland and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern was most influential for growing season daily precipitation sum variability (rho = –0.54). There were significant (p < 0.05) increasing trends in growing season daily temperature sum and daily precipitation sum throughout Finland during 1961–2011. Increased growing season daily temperature sum was mainly observed in northern, central, western, eastern and coastal areas of south‐western Finland. This warming was positively associated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north, centre and south, but negatively associated with the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in eastern Finland. Increased GSP mostly occurred in southern, eastern, western, central, northern and north‐western Finland. These wetting trends were positively correlated with the East Atlantic pattern in the north and negatively correlated with the Polar pattern in the south and the East Atlantic/West Russia pattern in the east, west, centre and north‐east of Finland. The overall agroclimatic year‐to‐year variability in Finland between 1961 and 2011 was mostly linked to variations in the East Atlantic and East Atlantic/West Russia patterns. 相似文献
4.
Boswellia papyrifera, a frankincense producing tree, grows in the arid lowlands of Ethiopia. It is a multipurpose tree species with ecological, environmental, cultural and socio-economic values. The resource has been declining due to unsustainable management. This study is aimed at estimating frankincense yield in a single production year, assessing the relationship between yield and dendrometric variables, and developing predictive yield models. We collected data of one harvesting season from randomly selected sample trees in an exclosure and a free grazing site. We found strong nonlinear relations between yield and dendrometric variables, which are useful for predictive yield modeling. A stepwise linear regression indicated that the yield from the sixth round of tapping could explain about 88% of the variation in annual yield per tree, a finding that can largely facilitate future yield monitoring. The frankincense yield was larger in the exclosure than in the adjacent free grazing site and the difference was statistically significant. To conclude, management of degraded B. papyrifera forest as exclosures should be strengthened to enhance the economic, environmental and cultural benefits from the species. Their effectiveness should be evaluated through yield monitoring and prediction. 相似文献
5.
6.
N.F. Glenn L.P. SpaeteT.T. Sankey D.R. DerryberryS.P. Hardegree J.J. Mitchell 《Journal of Arid Environments》2011,75(4):377-382
This study developed and tested four methods for shrub height measurements with airborne LiDAR data in a semiarid shrub-steppe in southwestern Idaho, USA. Unique to this study was the focus of sagebrush height measurements on sloped terrain. The study also developed one of the first methods towards estimating crown area of sagebrush from LiDAR. Both sagebrush height and crown area were underestimated by LiDAR. Sagebrush height was estimated to within ± 0.26-0.32 mm (two standard deviations of standard error). Crown area was underestimated by a mean of 49%. Further, hillslope had a relatively low impact on sagebrush height and crown area estimation. From a management perspective, estimation of individual shrubs over large geographic areas can be accomplished using a 0.5 m rasterized vegetation height derivative from LiDAR. While the underestimation of crown area is substantial, we suggest that this underestimation would improve with higher LiDAR point density (>4 points/m2). Further studies can estimate shrub biomass using LiDAR height and crown area derivatives. 相似文献
7.
The relationship between monthly vegetation cover anomalies and climate in the Hulunbei'er steppe were studied through analyzing the relationship between regional normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and climatic variables, and NDVI and tree-ring width during the growing season (May–October). The local moisture (dry/wet) and temperature (cold/warm) variations largely affected the vegetation cover and the radial growth of Mongolian pines (Pinus sylvestiris Linnaeus var. mongolica Litvinov) in the steppe. Monthly precipitation and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) data from the previous to the current growing seasons were positively correlated to regional vegetation cover and radial growth of Mongolian pines; however, negative correlations were found between temperature and vegetation variables. A reconstruction of monthly vegetation cover dynamics for the growing season was created and spans 116 years (from 1891 to 2006). The results show that the total numbers of anomalies for dense and sparse seasonal vegetation cover is 22 years over the 116 year record; about 5–7 relatively dense or sparse periods; and ∼2–8 years significant periodicities (p < 0.05). Linkages to the Pacific Ocean and Arctic Ocean regimes were also detected. 相似文献
8.
GIOVANNI LEONELLI MANUELA PELFINI 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2008,90(1):75-86
Climate change and climate anomalies are inducing strong variations in the high‐mountain environment, driving the responses of physical and biological systems differently. This paper assesses tree‐ring growth responses to climate for two Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sites at different altitudes from an Ortles‐Cevedale Group (OCG; internal zones of the Central Italian Alps) valley site and reports some examples of climate impact on glacier dynamics in the OCG in recent decades. Growth–climate relationships between tree‐ring chronologies and meteorological data were established by means of Pearson's correlation and response functions. In the high‐altitude chronology we found a strong signal of July temperatures, whereas the low‐altitude chronology also contained a signal of summer precipitation. Climate anomalies occurring in these months proved to influence tree growth at the two sites differently. In summer 2003 extreme climatic conditions established over Europe and the Alps, strongly affecting physical and biological systems. Spruce responses to the climate anomaly of 2003 were more evident with a one‐year lag. The high‐altitude site profited from the warmer growing season, whereas trees at the low‐altitude site experienced water stress conditions and their growth was strongly inhibited also in the following year. Glacier mass loss in the OCG in 2003 was the highest since yearly measurement started. The examples reported confirm the strong and even divergent variations affecting the Alpine environment, induced by recent climate change. 相似文献
9.
In hot, arid environments, non-burrowing mammals are at risk of overheating and dehydration, so human-induced reduction in thermal cover may constitute a threat for their survival. We studied the daytime activity rhythm, habitat use, and space use of the beira (Dorcatragus megalotis), a threatened antelope living in arid hills of the Horn of Africa, where tree cover is shrinking because of logging, and overgrazing by livestock. During the cool season (Nov.–Mar.; mean midday temperature: 28.5 °C), beira did not particularly seek shade, and alternated in the course of the day between short phases of activity and rest (median duration in Dec.–Feb.: 57.5 and 42.5 min, respectively). In contrast, during the hot season (May–Sep.; mean midday temperature: 39.1 °C), beira often foraged in a hill's shade, and midday resting phases were especially long (median duration in May–Jul.: 280 min) and spent in the shade of trees, or of rock shelters when available in the home range. Because of reduced diurnal movements when temperature was high, beira home ranges were smaller during the hot than during the cool season (mean ± SE: 0.25 ± 0.05 km2 in May–Jul. vs 0.42 ± 0.10 km2 in Dec.–Feb.). Whatever the season, beira mainly used areas supporting trees. The obtained results suggest that the decrease of tree cover in the areas inhabited by the beira constitutes a threat for the species survival. 相似文献
10.
1∶35万《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》的编制 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
沙漠地貌图是认识和研究沙漠的基础图件,编制《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》是国家科技基础性工作专项“库姆塔格沙漠综合科学考察”内容之一。本文全面总结了《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》编制的思路和技术。考虑到库姆塔格沙漠地貌类型、分布规律及其形成和演变的需要,以及印刷纸张规格的限定,《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》比例尺确定为1∶35万。选用的地理基础底图为20世纪70年代的1∶25万地形图,并以1∶10万地形图上作等高线和其他重要地理内容的补充。专题内容以2000—2007年的TM卫星数据为主,部分细节内容以Google Earth影像资料作补充。地貌图专题内容包含地貌类型、高度以及活动性等3层信息。地貌类型包括风成地貌、流水地貌、干燥剥蚀地貌、冰川冰缘地貌以及其他地貌等5大类,其中风成地貌是《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》重点展示的内容。风沙地貌共分为13种类型,以符号表示,沙丘高度通过分层设色表示,用箭头符号表示沙丘移动方向。为了真实反映沙丘类型及其排列规律,本图对主要沙丘（高度一般大于10 m）都是准确定位描绘,而由于制图比例尺的限制,对一些次要沙丘（高度一般小于10 m）未作定位描绘,仅作示意。由于库姆塔格沙漠发育于阿尔金山北麓的倾斜洪积平原上,所以,洪积扇和干河道也是本图重点反映的内容。《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》尽量应用现代计算机制图和数字化技术,对可以数字化的信息全部数字化。本图为研究库姆塔格沙漠提供了丰富信息。 相似文献
11.
Tree stem (>2 m tall) mortality was assessed following a late dry‐season wildfire across a seasonally flooded elevation gradient at Workshop Jungle, near Darwin, in the Northern Territory of Australia. For all species combined, dead stems had significantly smaller diameter at breast height (dbh) than living stems. Assessment of tree‐stem damage following a tropical cyclone at Cobourg Peninsula, NT, revealed that damaged stems had significantly greater dbh than undamaged stems for all tree species sampled across a boundary between monsoon rainforest and savanna. A greater proportion of stems were damaged by the cyclone than by the fire (28 per cent as against 18 per cent), although there were considerable between‐community differences in the proportion of damaged stems at the two sites. The fire caused little impact (<10 per cent) on total basal area of three different forest communities on the elevation gradient at Workshop Jungle. The cyclone was found to cause >50 per cent damage to total basal area of three different communities on Cobourg Peninsula. It is suggested that the combination of a cyclone followed by an intense fire in storm debris could potentially destroy a monsoon rainforest through its impact on all tree‐size classes. This may explain why some monsoon rainforests rapidly contracted following Cyclone Tracy that destroyed the city of Darwin on Christmas Day, 1974. 相似文献
12.
Variations of chlorophylla and Margalef's pigment diversity index were studied in two solar salt ponds at Aveiro (Esmolas and Tanoeiras). Portugal.
In the Esmolas ponds, mean chlorophyll a values varied between 2.49 and 13.33 mg m−3 in the non-growing season, and between 5.43 and 40.55 mg m−3 in the growing season. In the Tanoeiras ponds, mean chlorophylla values were between 8.12 and 14.85 mg m−3 in the non-growing season, and 8.65 and 21.19 mg m−3 in the growing season. Fluctuations of Margalef's pigment diversity index were more irregular. 相似文献
13.
CONTRASTING TREE‐RING GROWTH RESPONSE OF PICEA ABIES TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN WESTERN AND EASTERN ESTONIA 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 SAMULI HELAMA ALAR LÄÄNELAID SZYMON BIJAK JAAK JAAGUS 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2016,98(2):155-167
Climatic variations and changes regulate arboreal growth. In Estonia, the tree‐ring growth variability of coniferous and deciduous trees has been linked with various climatic variables in different parts of the country. However, the dendroclimatic signals of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) have not been explored across the region. Here we compare the growth variability of this species, growing under various site conditions in Estonia, with records of temperature, precipitation, and indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation over a period of 50 years (1956–2005). Western chronologies correlated positively and significantly (p<0.01) with early‐summer (June) precipitation, while eastern chronologies showed positive and significant (p<0.05) correlation with mid‐winter (January) precipitation. Moreover, the eastern chronologies correlated positively and significantly (p<0.05) with the North Atlantic Oscillation index in January. First, our results indicated that the previously established geobotanical division, rather than forest site types, most probably explains the spatial patterns in spruce growth variability. Second, our findings agreed with the late Quaternary pollen studies showing that the vigour of spruce is limited in the western forests by a combination of climatic (i.e. summer moisture) and edaphic factors. Third, our results complement those of previous investigations, suggesting that the impacts and threats the changing climate will pose on spruce may be different in western and eastern Estonia, with more severe effects envisaged in the western part of the region through drought‐induced physiological stress. 相似文献
14.
GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES WITHIN A HILLSLOPE CAUSED BY A WINDTHROW EVENT IN THE TATRA MOUNTAINS,SOUTHERN POLAND 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 DARIUSZ STRZYŻOWSKI JOANNA FIDELUS MIROSŁAW ŻELAZNY 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2016,98(4):347-360
Tree uprooting plays an important role in hillslope evolution. The geomorphological impact of tree uprooting after a foehn wind occurrence, in December 2013 in the Tatra Mountains, was investigated. Geomorphological mapping was conducted in three watersheds. Additionally, in one of the watersheds, 459 windthrow pits were measured, in an area of 6.4 ha. The mean volume of a pit was 2.41 m3, and the mean surface area was 5.47 m2. 3.9% of the area was affected by windthrow pits, however locally the magnitude of changes was significantly higher, reaching up to 14.5% of the surface area. Slope inclination weakly influenced the effects of uprooting, and a decrease in the average depth of pits on steep slopes was observed. Individual windthrow pits (five cases) initiated the activity of geomorphological processes, and two cases of periodic springs were noted. Changes in the relief of small landforms caused by tree uprooting were documented. Windthrow creation facilitated the delivery of the soil material from the slopes into the channels. 相似文献
15.
Soil erosion is a global environmental problem, and anthropogenic fallout radionuclides offer a promising tool for describing and quantifying soil redistribution on decadal time scales. To date, applications of radioactive fallout to trace upland sediment transport have been developed primarily on lands disturbed by agriculture, grazing, and logging. Here we use 137Cs to characterize and quantify soil erosion at the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site, an undisturbed grassland in northeastern Kansas. We report on the small scale (< 10 m) and landscape scale (10 to 1000 m) distribution of fallout 137Cs, and show significant variability in the concentrations and amounts of 137Cs in soils at our site. 137Cs soil concentrations and amounts typically vary by 10% to 30% on small scales, which most likely represents the spatial heterogeneity of the depositional processes. Landscape scale variability of soil 137Cs was significantly higher than small scale variability. Most notably, soils collected on convex (divergent) landforms had 137Cs inventories of 2500 to 3000 Bq m− 2, which is consistent with the expected atmospheric inputs to the study area during the 1950s and 1960s. Concave landforms, however, had statistically lower inventories of 1800 to 2300 Bq m− 2. The distribution of 137Cs on this undisturbed landscape contrasts significantly with distributions observed across disturbed sites, which generally have accumulations of radioactive fallout in valley bottoms. Because the upslope contributing area at each sampling point had a significant negative correlation with the soil inventory of 137Cs, we suggest that overland flow in convergent areas dominates soil erosion at Konza on time scales of decades. Very few points on our landscape had 137Cs inventories significantly above that which would be predicted from direct deposition of 137Cs on the soil surface; we conclude therefore that there is little net sediment storage on this undisturbed landscape. 相似文献
16.
M. E. Kirby S. P. Lund W. P. Patterson M. A. Anderson B. W. Bird L. Ivanovici P. Monarrez S. Nielsen 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2010,44(3):819-839
High-resolution terrestrial records of Holocene climate from Southern California are scarce. Moreover, there are no records
of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) variability, a major driver of decadal to multi-decadal climate variability for the region,
older than 1,000 years. Recent research on Lake Elsinore, however, has shown that the lake’s sediments hold excellent potential
for paleoenvironmental analysis and reconstruction. New 1-cm contiguous grain size data reveal a more complex Holocene climate
history for Southern California than previously recognized at the site. A modern comparison between the twentieth century
PDO index, lake level change, San Jacinto River discharge, and percent sand suggests that sand content is a reasonable, qualitative
proxy for PDO-related, hydrologic variability at both multi-decadal-to-centennial as well as event (i.e. storm) timescales.
A depositional model is proposed to explain the sand-hydrologic proxy. The sand-hydrologic proxy data reveal nine centennial-scale
intervals of wet and dry climate throughout the Holocene. Percent total sand values >1.5 standard deviation above the 150–9,700 cal year
BP average are frequent between 9,700 and 3,200 cal year BP (n = 41), but they are rare from 3,200 to 150 cal year BP (n = 6). This disparity is interpreted as a change in the frequency of exceptionally wet (high discharge) years and/or changes
in large storm activity. A comparison to other regional hydrologic proxies (10 sites) shows more then occasional similarities
across the region (i.e. 6 of 9 Elsinore wet intervals are present at >50% of the comparison sites). Only the early Holocene
and the Little Ice Age intervals, however, are interpreted consistently across the region as uniformly wet (≥80% of the comparison
sites). A comparison to two ENSO reconstructions indicates little, if any, correlation to the Elsinore data, suggesting that
ENSO variability is not the predominant forcing of Holocene climate in Southern California. 相似文献
17.
This paper describes and compares the hydrological responses of runoff, soil moisture and groundwater levels to rainfall events for two small semi-arid catchments over a 2-year period. Romwe received 1430 and 756 mm of rainfall in the 19999/00 and 2000/01 season, respectively. Mutangi received 756 and 615 mm of rainfall in the same years. Romwe generated 520 and 102 mm of runoff in the 19999/00 and 2000/01 seasons, respectively, while Mutangi generated 82 and 69 mm of runoff in the same years. The runoff response of the catchments was dominated by a relatively quick response to rainfall and with little or no significant contribution from regional groundwater or ‘old water’ sources. Total soil moisture storage to a depth of 120 cm was higher at Romwe than Mutangi for the entire study period reflecting the differences in the soil types. The groundwater level was closer to the surface and responded more quickly to rainfall at Romwe compared to Mutangi where water levels were between 12 and 16 m below the surface. There was a significant relationship between profile soil moisture and water table level at Romwe and none was observed at all in Mutangi. Significant (p<0.05) monthly rainfall runoff relationships were observed at both Romwe and Mutangi. At Romwe and Mutangi 91% and 76% of the runoff variation was accounted for by rainfall in the 1999/00 season, respectively. The rainfall–runoff relationship were different at Romwe for the two seasons, it was higher in the 1999/00 season than the 2000/01 season when 91% and 49% of the runoff variation was due to rainfall, respectively. The relationships were almost similar at Mutangi during the two seasons. 相似文献
18.
We investigated the impact of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) on the structure and composition of Acacia tortilis woodland in northern Gonarezhou National Park, southeast Zimbabwe. A. tortilis woodland was stratified into high, medium and low elephant utilisation categories based on evidence of elephant habitat use as determined through dung-count surveys in relation to distance of woodland patches from perennial and natural surface water sources. The following variables were recorded in each study plot: tree height, species name, number of species, plant damage, basal circumference and number of stems per plant. A total of 824 woody plants and 26 woody species were recorded from the sampled A. tortilis woodland patches. Mean tree densities, basal areas, tree heights and species diversity were lower in areas with medium and high elephant utilisation as compared to low elephant utilisation areas. Plants damaged by elephants increased with increasing elephant utilisation. The study findings suggest that A. tortilis woodland is gradually being transformed into an open woodland. We recommended that protected area management in arid and semi-arid areas should consider (i) formulating clear thresholds of potential concern to allow for the conservation of sensitive woodlands such as A. tortilis woodlands and (ii) establishing long-term vegetation monitoring programmes. 相似文献
19.
采用树木年轮资料重建山东沂山地区200多年来的湿润指数* 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
在中国,尤其在中国西北部地区,树轮年表是古气候信息的一个重要来源.由于某种原因,中国东部地区少有树轮研究工作.该文通过运引ARSTAN程序,建立并研究了山东境内沂山地区的树轮主年表(1750～1992).树轮和气候要素的响应面分析得出沂山地区的树轮生长和温度降水呈非线性相关,因此使用传统方法重建单个气候因子是不合理的.通过响应函数和回归分析,5月至8月份的湿润指数(P/T)被确定为重建对象,该湿润指数值代表了温度和降水对树轮生长的共同影响,且相关性很高,远超过信度检验.利用线性回归方法,获得重建湿润指数的预报方程,用树木年轮年表重建了自1750年以来的沂山地区逐年5月～8月湿润指数的变化.分析了沂山地区湿润指数重建的可靠性. 相似文献
20.
Supervised landform classification of Northeast Honshu from DEM-derived thematic maps 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：9
Oky Dicky Ardiansyah Prima Ayako Echigo Ryuzo Yokoyama Takeyoshi Yoshida 《Geomorphology》2006,78(3-4):373-386
This paper proposes a quantitative method to classify landforms using four morphometric parameters from DEM-derived thematic raster maps of slope and topographic openness. Because the different surficial processes and stages in the evolution of slopes create landscapes with different shapes, these parameters may lead to a genetic interpretation of topography. The raster maps of slope and topographic openness were constructed for Northeast Honshu, Japan, from 50-m DEMs. The mean and standard deviation of morphometric parameters within a 3050 m by 3050 m moving window on the raster maps were calculated. The results for some training areas show that constructional/depositional and erosional landforms with different relief have different morphometric characteristics. A supervised landform classification for Northeast Honshu using the knowledge from the training areas revealed a ladder geomorphological structure composed of high mountains, ranges and volcanoes. The close relationship between the ladder geomorphological structure and volcano distribution indicates that the structure reflects the magmatic plumbing system from the upper mantle to the crust of the Northeast Honshu arc. 相似文献