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1.
Hidekazu Yasuda 《Journal of Oceanography》1998,54(2):151-164
An analytical method for describing horizontal matter dispersion in shear currents is presented using a tensor expression
from the point of view that matter dispersion due to the shear effect should be one of the principal mixing dilution processes.
Although the behavior of horizontal dispersion is considerably more complicated than common longitudinal dispersion, the present
study elucidates the vertical structure of dispersion and the dispersing process from the initial to the stationary stage,
besides the usual depth-averaged dispersion coefficient at the stationary stage. As one of the typical applications of horizontal
dispersion, dispersion due to the pure drift current with an Ekman layer is examined theoretically using the present method.
This examination reveals that the displacement of the centroid and the major axis of dispersion are twisted in the vertical
direction more than the direction of the current vector forming the Ekman spiral; that the variance increases in proportion
to the third power of the elapsed time; and that the dispersion coefficient at the stationary stage remains constant, independent
of the depth normalized by an Ekman layer thickness. Such dependence of the dispersion coefficient in the steady current is
shown to be different from that in the oscillatory current, which is inversely proportional to the depth normalized by a Stokes
layer thickness. This is considered to be induced by the difference of the vertical profiles of the first order moment in
both currents, that is, the shear region of the first order moment is restricted around the floor by the alternation of the
current shear in the oscillatory current while it is diffused in the whole depth in the steady current. 相似文献
2.
Hidekazu Yasuda 《Journal of Oceanography》2004,60(3):587-596
The fundamental nature of the mass flux due to the shear effect is examined analytically in a basin with steady and oscillatory
currents to promote a better understanding of the mass transport process in coastal waters. The currents are given from solutions
of the simplified motion equation so as to be consistent with the diffusion equation. The matter concentration used is given
by an analytical solution of the diffusion equation with the settling flux term contained. Mass flux, yielding the depth-averaged
dispersion coefficient, is rather varied vertically in both steady and oscillatory currents. In the oscillatory current with
a Stokes layer in particular, the vertical profile of flux is more complicated and even negative flux is induced near the
basin floor. This negative flux does not necessarily yield a negative value of the vertically averaged dispersion coefficient.
The exact dispersion coefficient given by the flux analysis is realized only in the steady state of the matter concentration
distribution, though we can scarcely observe the steady state in the actual sea. The vertically uniform longitudinal dispersion
coefficient at the stationary stage is shown to be caused from the vertical complexity of mass flux by the action of the vertical
diffusing and the settling flux.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Hidekazu Yasuda 《Journal of Oceanography》1983,38(6):385-394
The longitudinal dispersion effect due to the boundary layer formed by a tidal oscillatory current is examined theoretically. This analysis reveals the process whereby the dispersion coefficient becomes steady after the release of the diffusing substance. Though the dispersion due to an oscillatory current has so far been investigated mostly in the case of a linear velocity profile, the following result was found by taking account of the boundary layer in the oscillatory current. The depth-averaged dispersion coefficient for the case of a current having a boundary layer can be a few times larger than in the case of a linear velocity profile when the characteristic mixing time is long; the phase lead in the boundary layer induces nearly 20 percent of the longitudinal dispersion effect. 相似文献
4.
The transport of a chemical species under the pure action of surface progressive waves in the benthic boundary layer which is loaded with dense suspended sediments is studied theoretically. The flow structure of the boundary layer is approximated by that of a two-layer Stokes boundary layer with a sharp interface between clear water and a heavy fluid. The simplest model of constant eddy diffusivities is adopted and the exchange of matter with the bed is ignored. For a thin layer of heavy fluid, whose thickness is comparable to the surface wave amplitude and the Stokes boundary layer thickness, effective transport equations are deduced using an averaging technique based on the method of homogenization. The effective advection velocity is found to be equal to the depth-averaged mass transport velocity, while the dispersion coefficient can be shown to be positive definite. Explicit expressions for the transport coefficients are obtained as functions of fluid properties and flow kinematics. Physical discussions on their relations are also presented. 相似文献
5.
The role of wave breaking (WB) in the ocean dynamics in the Bohai Sea, China under typhoon condition is systematically investigated utilizing a coupled wave-current model. The influences of WB on ocean dynamics and processes (mixing coefficient, temperature, mixed layer depth, and current) during the entire typhoon period (including the pre-typhoon, during-typhoon and after-typhoon stages) are comprehensively detected and discussed. Experimental results show that WB greatly enhances the turbulent mixing at about top 10 m depth under typhoon condition, the increase can be up to 10 times that of the normal weather. At the same time, WB generally strengthens the sea surface cooling by ~1.2°C at the during-typhoon stage, about 3 times that in normal weather. The mixed layer depth, is rapidly increased by ~1.6–3.6 m during typhoon due to WB, particularly, the deepening is stronger in the region from 120.5°E to 121.0°E on account of close to the typhoon eye. In addition, WB renders the current speed more uniformly within the entire depth in the Bohai Sea, the change in speed is ~0.2 m/s, whereas the alternation in current vector is generally opposite to the wind direction except for the typhoon eye region, reflecting that WB has an inhibitory effect on the typhoon-forced current change. The effects of WB on vertical mixing coefficient response to the typhoon rapidly, while the impacts of WB on temperature, and mixed layer depth present hysteretic responses to typhoon. Finally, the mechanisms and distribution characteristics of WB-induced mixing and tidal mixing are compared under typhoon condition. 相似文献
6.
本文通过理想化的外部强迫以及海洋站点实测数据驱动普林斯顿海洋模式来研究海洋热力学效应和斯托克斯漂流对上混合层数值模拟的影响。在Mellor-Yamada湍流闭合方案中，经常出现夏季海表面温度偏暖和混合层深度偏浅的模拟误差。实验表明，斯托克斯漂流在冬季和夏季均能增强湍流动能，加深混合层深度。这种效应可以改善夏季的模拟结果，但与观测数据相比，将增大冬季混合层深度的模拟误差。斯托克斯漂流可以通过增强湍动能来加深混合层深度。结果表明，将斯托克斯漂流与冷皮层和暖层对上部混合层的热效应相结合，可以正确地模拟混合层深度。在夏季，海洋冷皮层和暖层通过“阻挡结构”和双温跃层结构模拟出更真实的上混合层变化。在冬季，海洋热力学效应通过增强上层海洋层结平衡了斯托克斯漂流的影响，并且由斯托克斯漂流引起的过度混合被校正。 相似文献
7.
给出有限深水斯托克斯波的一种新的近似解法，得到了与经典三阶斯托克斯波不同弥散关系。并与Ｓｋｅｊｅｌｂｒｅｉａ和Ｔａｄｊｂａｋｈｓｈｄ＆Ｋｅｌｌｅｒ的经典斯托克斯波的结果进行比较，发现在Ｋｄ较小处，差别比较明显。指出，它对精确确定斯托克斯波解，特别是确定高阶斯托克斯波的表达形式有重要的应用价值。 相似文献
8.
Effects of Stokes production on summer ocean shelf dynamics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A two-dimensional numerical model,which is configured on the basis of Princeton ocean model（POM）,is used to study the effect of Stokes production（SP） of the turbulent kinetic energy on a density profile and Ekman transport in an idealized shelf region in summer.The energy input from SP is parameterized and included into the Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure submodel.Results reveal that the intensity of wind-driven upwelling fronts near the sea surface is weakened by the SP-associated turbulent kinetic energy input.The vertical eddy viscosity coefficient in the surface boundary layer is enhanced greatly owing to the impact of SP,which decreases the alongshore velocity and changes the distribution of upwelling.In addition,the SP-induced mixing easily suppresses the strong stratification and significantly increases the depth of the upper mixed layer（ML） under strong winds. 相似文献
9.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1999,46(11-12):2371-2403
Statistics of the near-surface circulation in the northeast Pacific Ocean were derived from the trajectories of nearly 100 surface drifters tracked between August 1990 and December 1995 as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment's (WOCE) Surface Velocity Program (SVP). Drifters were drogued within the mixed layer (15 m drogue depth) or near the top of the permanent halocline (120 m). All branches of the Alaskan Gyre were well-sampled at both depths, revealing a weak Subarctic Current, a bifurcation of the Subarctic Current near 48°N, 130°W at 15 m depth, and strong, variable flow in the Alaska Current and Alaskan Stream. At 120 m depth, northward flow in the Alaska Current occurred much farther offshore than within the mixed layer. The drifter trajectories revealed interannual variability, with evidence of an intensified Alaskan Gyre during the winters of 1991–92 and 1992–93 and more southerly transport during winter 1994–95. A minimum in eddy kinetic energy was found at both depths within the northern branch of the Subtropical Gyre. Eddy kinetic energies were nearly twice as high in the mixed layer compared to below, and were 2–3 times larger in winter than in summer throughout most of the near-surface Alaskan Gyre. High eddy energies observed near the eastern perimeter of the Alaskan Gyre may be due to the offshore intrusion of eddies formed by coastal current instabilities.Taylor's theory of single-particle dispersion was applied to the drifter ensembles to estimate Lagrangian decorrelation scales and eddy diffusivities. Both the initial dispersion and random walk regimes were identified in the dispersion time series computed for several regions of both ensembles. The integral time scales and eddy diffusivities computed from the dispersion scale linearly with r.m.s. velocity, which is consistent with drifter studies from the Atlantic. An exception is the meridional integral time scales, which were nearly constant throughout the study area and at both drogue depths. The magnitudes of the derived eddy statistics are comparable to those derived from surface drifters in other parts of the world ocean. These are the first Lagrangian estimates of particle dispersion over a broad region of the near-surface North Pacific, and the consistency of the results with previous studies from the Atlantic lends credence to the idea that the simplifying assumptions of Taylor (1921) (Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society Series A 20, 196–221) are reasonably valid throughout the upper ocean. This bodes well for the effective parameterization of near-surface diffusivities in general circulation models. Finally, the drifter-derived velocity statistics were used to speculate on the source regions of waters of possible coastal origin observed at offshore stations during the field studies of the Canadian Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. 相似文献
10.
程鹏 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,42(5):1-2
在受波动影响的近岸浅水区域，运用sigma坐标是计算平均水位附近的余流的有效途径。本项研究在理论上分析了在狭窄潮汐水道中sigma坐标下的余流的物理意义，并运用一系列的理想化数值模型对分析结果进行了验证。对于浅水波，sigma层和水体中的波动面相一致，因而斯托克斯速度及其分量可以用sigma坐标上的速度来表达。一个sigma层上的余流（即sigma余流）是位于这一sigma层平均深度上的欧拉余流和斯托克斯速度垂向分量的和，可以被看做是半拉格朗日余流。因为斯托克斯速度的垂向分量比其水平分量小一个量级，sigma余流可看做为欧拉余流的近似。在sigma层上的物质输运余流是sigma余流和斯托克斯速度水平分量的和，在大小和方向上和拉格朗日余流近似。 相似文献
11.
文章提出了一种识别混合层深度的人工智能方法。该方法在温度(密度)与压强(或深度)间建立线性模型, 并且将其系数和方差做成一组表征廓线特征的统计量。初始时为模型设定一个主观的先验分布, 在一个自海表向下移动的窗口内通过贝叶斯链式法则和最小描述长度原理学习新数据, 得到系数均值的最大后验概率估计。用F-检验识别系数发生突变的位置, 以此确定混合层的存在性及其深度。通过2017年2月太平洋海域的地转海洋学实时观测阵(Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography, ARGO)数据进行测试, 并且以质量因子(Quality Index, QI)值作为判断识别混合层深度结果准确性的依据, 发现该方法相比于梯度法、阈值法、混合法、相对变化法、最大角度法和最优线性插值法在识别结果上具备更大的QI值。表明该方法能够准确识别混合层深度。 相似文献
12.
A study of SAR remote sensing of internal solitary waves in the north of the South China Sea:I.Simulation of internal tide transformation 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
For settlement of the well-known problem of contemporary radar imaging models,i.e.,the pmblem of a general underestimation of radar signatures of hydrodynamic features over oceanic internal waves and underwater bottom topography in tidal watels at at high radar frequency bands(X-band and C-band),the impact of the ocean surface mixed layer turbulence and the significance of strat-ified oceanic model on SAR remote sensing of internal solitary waves are proposed.In the north of the South China Sea by utilizing seme observed data of background field the nonlinearity coefficient,the dispersion coefficient,the horizontal variability coefficient and the phase speed in the generalized K-dV equation are determined approximately.Through simulations of internal tide transfor-mation the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the vertical displacement and horizontal velocity of intereal wave field are obtained.The simulation results indicate that the maximum amplitudes of internal solitary waves occur at depth 35 m,but the maximum current speeds take place at depth 20 m in this area of the sea(about 20°30'N,114°E)in August.It was noticed that considering the effects of flood current and ebb current respectively is appropriate to investigate influence of the background shear flow on coefficients of the K-dV equation.The obtained results provide the possibility for the simulation of SAR signatures of inter-nal solitary waves under considering the impact of ocean surface mixed layer turbulence in the companion paper. 相似文献
13.
Jin-Bao Song 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(5):659-671
The response of near-surface current profiles to wind and random surface waves are studied based on the approach of Jenkins [1989. The use of a wave prediction model for driving a near surface current model. Dtsch. Hydrogr. Z. 42, 134–149] and Tang et al. [2007. Observation and modeling of surface currents on the Grand Banks: a study of the wave effects on surface currents. J. Geophys. Res. 112, C10025, doi:10.1029/2006JC004028]. Analytic steady solutions are presented for wave-modified Ekman equations resulting from Stokes drift, wind input and wave dissipation for a depth-independent constant eddy viscosity coefficient and one that varies linearly with depth. The parameters involved in the solutions can be determined by the two-dimensional wavenumber spectrum of ocean waves, wind speed, the Coriolis parameter and the densities of air and water, and the solutions reduce to those of Lewis and Belcher [2004. Time-dependent, coupled, Ekman boundary layer solutions incorporating Stokes drift. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans. 37, 313–351] when only the effects of Stokes drift are included. As illustrative examples, for a fully developed wind-generated sea with different wind speeds, wave-modified current profiles are calculated and compared with the classical Ekman theory and Lewis and Belcher's [2004. Time-dependent, coupled, Ekman boundary layer solutions incorporating Stokes drift. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 37, 313–351] modification by using the Donelan and Pierson [1987. Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind-generated waves with application to scatterometry. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 4971–5029] wavenumber spectrum, the WAM wave model formulation for wind input energy to waves, and wave energy dissipation converted to currents. Illustrative examples for a fully developed sea and the comparisons between observations and the theoretical predictions demonstrate that the effects of the random surface waves on the classical Ekman current are important, as they change qualitatively the nature of the Ekman layer. But the effects of the wind input and wave dissipation on surface current are small, relative to the impact of the Stokes drift. 相似文献
14.
A study of SAR remote sensing of internal solitary waves in the north of the South China Sea: Ⅰ. Simulation of internal tide transformation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
For settlement of the well-known problem of contemporary radar imaging models, i. e. , the problem of a general underestimation of radar signatures of hydrodynamic features over oceanic internal waves and underwater bottom topography in tidal waters at high radar frequency bands （ X-band and C-band）, the impact of the ocean surface mixed layer turbulence and the significance of strat- ified oceanic model on SAR remote sensing of internal solitary waves are proposed. In the north of the South China Sea by utilizing some observed data of background field the nonlinearity coefficient, the dispersion coefficient, the horizontal variability coefficient and the phase speed in the generalized K-dV equation are determined approximately. Through simulations of internal tide transfor- mation the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the vertical displacement and horizontal velocity of internal wave field are obtained. The simulation results indicate that the maximum amplitudes of internal solitary waves occur at depth 35 m, but the maximum current speeds take place at depth 20 m in this area of the sea （about 20°30＇N, 114°E） in August. It was noticed that considering the effects of flood current and ebb current respectively is appropriate to investigate influence of the background shear flow on coefficients of the K-dV equation. The obtained results provide the possibility for the simulation of SAR signatures of internal solitary waves under considering the impact of ocean surface mixed layer turbulence in the companion paper. 相似文献
15.
利用海浪模式WWIII(Wave Watch III)2008年的模拟结果对海面Stokes漂流、Stokes输运、Stokes深度以及全球Langmuir数的年平均分布特征和季节平均分布特征分别进行了详细的研究与分析。结果表明,海面Stokes漂流和Stokes输运均呈现高纬度偏大的特征,以南极绕极流海域最为突出。全球大部分海域Stokes漂流影响深度在20 m以内,呈现大洋东部偏大,西部偏小的分布特征。全球大部分海域的混合作用是剪切不稳定性和Langmuir湍效应并存的状态,甚至有些海域是以Langmuir湍效应为主。因此,在进行大尺度的海洋数值模拟时,应该考虑波浪导致的混合效应。 相似文献
16.
The diffuse attenuation coefficient(Kd) for downwelling irradiance is calculated from solar irradiance data measured in the Arctic Ocean during 3rd and 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE), including 18 stations and nine stations selected for irradiance profiles in sea water respectively. In this study, the variation of attenuation coefficient in the Arctic Ocean was studied, and the following results were obtained. First, the relationship between attenuation coefficient and chlorophyll concentration in the Arctic Ocean has the form of a power function. The best fit is at 443 nm, and its determination coefficient is more than 0.7. With increasing wavelength, the determination coefficient decreases abruptly. At 550 nm, it even reaches a value lower than 0.2. However, the exponent fitted is only half of that adapted in low-latitude ocean because of the lower chlorophyll-specific absorption in the Arctic Ocean. The upshot was that, in the case of the same chlorophyll concentration, the attenuation caused by phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Arctic Ocean is lower than in low-latitude ocean. Second, the spectral model, which exhibits the relationship of attenuation coefficients between 490 nm and other wavelength, was built and provided a new method to estimate the attenuation coefficient at other wavelength, if the attenuation coefficient at 490 nm was known. Third, the impact factors on attenuation coefficient, including sea ice and sea water mass, were discussed. The influence of sea ice on attenuation coefficient is indirect and is determined through the control of entering solar radiation. The linear relationship between averaging sea ice concentration(ASIC, from 158 Julian day to observation day) and the depth of maximum chlorophyll is fitted by a simple linear equation. In addition, the sea water mass, such as the ACW(Alaskan Coastal Water), directly affects the amount of chlorophyll through taking more nutrient, and results in the higher attenuation coefficient in the layer of 30–60 m. Consequently, the spectral model of diffuse attenuation coefficient, the relationship between attenuation coefficient and chlorophyll and the linear relationship between the ASIC and the depth of maximum chlorophyll, together provide probability for simulating the process of diffuse attenuation coefficient during summer in the Arctic Ocean. 相似文献
17.
A nonlinear numerical model based on depth averaged equations and a relevant physical model have been investigated for the deformation of the water wave propagating over a submerged parabolic obstacle in the presence of uniform current. Physical and numerical modeling for wave with both following and opposing currents are done to explore the wave evolutions during passage over the submerged obstacle. A third-order Stokes dispersion relation is utilized in some cases in the computation. Separated flow zone is taken into consideration by two empirical equations obtained from the physical model testing done by the authors. Verification and validation of the numerical model by other published theoretical and experimental data are presented. 相似文献
19.
We studied the time dynamics of a turbulent region excited by a moving surface vessel in a field experiment. The time dependences
of the geometrical sizes of the turbulent region are obtained, and it is shown that the time dependence of the width of the
turbulent wake at the initial stage is close to the power-law function with an exponent of 0.4 for different experiments (the
depth of the wake remaining practically constant). In the semiempirical turbulence theory, we suggested a qualitative model
describing the process of the initial expansion of a ship wake as a diffusion of a one-dimensional layer of turbulized liquid
due to a pulsed source. 相似文献
20.
G. T. Csanady 《Journal of Oceanography》1997,53(1):67-80
A “slip law” connects the excess velocity or “slip” of a wind-blown water surface, relative to the motion in the middle of
the mixed layer, to the wind stress, the wind-wave field, and buoyancy flux. An inner layer-outer layer model of the turbulent
shear flow in the mixed layer is appropriate, as for a turbulent boundary layer or Ekman layer over a solid surface, allowing,
however, for turbulent kinetic energy transfer from the air-side via breaking waves, and for Stokes drift. Asymptotic matching
of the velocity distributions in inner and outer portions of the mixed layer yields a slip law of logarithmic form, akin to
the drag law of a turbulent boundary layer. The dominant independent variable is the ratio of water-side roughness length
to mixed layer depth or turbulent Ekman depth. Convection due to surface cooling is also an important influence, reducing
surface slip. Water-side roughness length is a wind-wave property, varying with wind speed similarly to air-side roughness.
Slip velocity is typically 20 times water-side friction velocity or 3% of wind speed, varying within a range of about 2 to
4.5%. A linearized model of turbulent kinetic energy distribution shows much higher values near the surface than in a wall
layer. Nondimensional dissipation peaks at a value of about eight, a short distance below the surface. 相似文献