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1.
The paper presents a rigorously derived analytical method to describe and interpret the low-magnitude earthquakes caused by injection of the borehole fluids into surrounding porous reservoirs. Microseismicity is induced due to changes in the pore pressure, which, in turn, is influenced mainly by the low-frequency slow Biot (P2) wave. The classical Biot model is used to obtain the distribution of pore pressure in a reservoir. The constructed solution to the Biot system of equations and the spatio-temporal cloud of microseismic events allow one to assess the critical value of the pore pressure, sufficient for the generation of a microearthquake, and the values of hydromechanical parameters (e.g. permeability) of a saturated porous rock. 相似文献
2.
Yuliy A. Dashevsky Semen Petrov Alexandr N. Vasilevskiy Oleg B. Bocharov Gleb V. Dyatlov 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2017,61(1):69-92
Reliable estimates of the fluid pressure in the pore space of rocks are critical for different aspects of petroleum exploration and production including injection operations and scenarios of water flooding. Numerous approaches are available for formation pore pressure evaluation, however, these measurements become a challenge inside a cased borehole, and a list of possible options is short: either the casing is to be perforated, or the production tubing needs to be disconnected to perform the pressure tests. We present a method for through-casing evaluation of formation pore pressure without shutting down production. We suggest equipping an observation well with a borehole gravimeter and acquiring time variations of the vertical component of the gravity field. Changes in gravity occur during gas production and are related to time variations of formation pore pressure. Gravity changes obtained in the observation well are supposed to be inverted for time-dependent formation pore pressure variations beyond the casing. Our results and recommendations are based on numerical modeling of pore pressure spatial distribution during gas field exploitation and relevant changes in borehole gravity. Benchmark models were elaborated in order to consider a dynamic process of pressure changes in time and space under conditions similar to those in the Medvezhye gas field (Russia). Different modeling scenarios are considered for early and late stages of gas field exploitation. The sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate quantitatively a sensitivity of borehole temporal gravity changes to variations in formation pore pressure behind the casing. Based on resolution analysis we justify the possibility to extract the gravity measurements directly related to changes in pore pressure from the total changes in the gravity field due to reservoir exploitation. The impact of pore pressure on the gravity field measured in boreholes during the water flooding is also evaluated, and obtained results are discussed. 相似文献
3.
结合微震活动的流体作用强度检测及孔隙压扩散模拟,讨论了三峡库区不同时期微震活动的主要影响因素。以2008年9月蓄水季为界划分前、后期,前期流体渗透导致的孔隙压力增加,使裂隙或断层面强度降低,是库区微震活动的主要影响因素,这一时期微震频次及ETAS模型参数μ值有起伏地缓慢增大,与库水位加卸载过程关系不明显; 后期由于流体渗透引起的孔隙压力变化趋于零,在新的流体平衡条件下,库水位加卸载过程所导致的裂隙或断层面上的应力变化,成为库区微震活动的主要影响因素,这一时期微震频次及μ值显示出与水位变化明显的关联特征。库区小震震源深度的时间变化支持上述观点。在此基础上,进一步讨论了水库“诱发”和水库“触发”地震的力学差异,认为前者主要缘于流体渗透导致的裂隙或断层面强度的“主动”降低,后者则主要与库水加卸载所导致的裂隙或断层面上应力增强有关。进一步推论认为,流体对小地震“诱发”、“触发”皆可能发生,但中强地震缘于流体“诱发”的可能性非常小,对水库区发生的中强地震,流体仅可能对处于临界状态的断层系统起到“触发”作用。 相似文献
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5.
Laboratory measurements of seismic attenuation and Young's modulus dispersion in a partially and fully water‐saturated porous sample made of sintered borosilicate glass 
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下载免费PDF全文 Samuel Chapman Beatriz Quintal Klaus Holliger Lukas Baumgartner Nicola Tisato 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(7):1384-1401
We measured the extensional‐mode attenuation and Young's modulus in a porous sample made of sintered borosilicate glass at microseismic to seismic frequencies (0.05–50 Hz) using the forced oscillation method. Partial saturation was achieved by water imbibition, varying the water saturation from an initial dry state up to ～99%, and by gas exsolution from an initially fully water‐saturated state down to ～99%. During forced oscillations of the sample effective stresses up to 10 MPa were applied. We observe frequency‐dependent attenuation, with a peak at 1–5 Hz, for ～99% water saturation achieved both by imbibition and by gas exsolution. The magnitude of this attenuation peak is consistently reduced with increasing fluid pressure and is largely insensitive to changes in effective stress. Similar observations have recently been attributed to wave‐induced gas exsolution–dissolution. At full water saturation, the left‐hand side of an attenuation curve, with a peak beyond the highest measured frequency, is observed at 3 MPa effective stress, while at 10 MPa effective stress the measured attenuation is negligible. This observation is consistent with wave‐induced fluid flow associated with mesoscopic compressibility contrasts in the sample's frame. These variations in compressibility could be due to fractures and/or compaction bands that formed between separate sets of forced‐oscillation experiments in response to the applied stresses. The agreement of the measured frequency‐dependent attenuation and Young's modulus with the Kramers–Kronig relations and additional data analyses indicate the good quality of the measurements. Our observations point to the complex interplay between structural and fluid heterogeneities on the measured seismic attenuation and they illustrate how these heterogeneities can facilitate the dominance of one attenuation mechanism over another. 相似文献
6.
Shiv N. Dasgupta 《Geophysical Prospecting》2005,53(2):215-227
Ghawar, the largest oilfield in the world, produces oil from the Upper Jurassic Arab‐D carbonate reservoir. The high rigidity of the limestone–dolomite reservoir rock matrix and the small contrast between the elastic properties of the pore fluids, i.e. oil and water, are responsible for the weak 4D seismic effect due to oil production. A feasibility study was recently completed to quantify the 4D seismic response of reservoir saturation changes as brine replaced oil. The study consisted of analysing reservoir rock physics, petro‐acoustic data and seismic modelling. A seismic model of flow simulation using fluid substitution concluded that time‐lapse surface seismic or conventional 4D seismic is unlikely to detect the floodfront within the repeatability of surface seismic measurements. Thus, an alternative approach to 4D seismic for reservoir fluid monitoring is proposed. Permanent seismic sensors could be installed in a borehole and on the surface for passive monitoring of microseismic activity from reservoir pore‐pressure perturbations. Reservoir production and injection operations create these pressure or stress perturbations. Reservoir heterogeneities affecting the fluid flow could be mapped by recording the distribution of epicentre locations of these microseisms or small earthquakes. The permanent borehole sensors could also record repeated offset vertical seismic profiling surveys using a surface source at a fixed location to ensure repeatability. The repeated vertical seismic profiling could image the change in reservoir properties with production. 相似文献
7.
Uncertainty in applying the linear poroelasticity model to field situations as a result of periodic loading in heterogeneous aquifers 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The solid Earth's surface frequently experience changes in total stresses as a result of periodic loading. When the fluid‐saturated porous media deform in response to changes in stress, the induced variations in pore volume affect the pore water pressure. The fluid flow therefore occurs in response to the gradient in the induced excess pore water pressure. This work aims at quantifying the spatial variability in excess pressure head produced by the periodic loading accounting for the variation of log hydraulic conductivity (lnK). It is important for the rational management of groundwater resources. A closed‐form expression is developed by the nonstationary spectral approach to analyse the influence of the statistical properties of lnK process, the hydraulic parameters, and the spatial position. The general stochastic framework outlined in this work provides a basis for assessing the impact of statistical properties of input aquifer parameters on the output variability (or uncertainty). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
《Journal of Geodynamics》2010,49(3-5):115-119
Tides and barometric pressure variations cause pore pressure changes in the solid earth. In boreholes which are hydraulically connected to confined aquifers these pore pressure changes can be observed as water level variations. In case of confined aquifers boreholes can be regarded as volumetric strainmeters. From June 2004 until May 2005 a large scale injection experiment was realised in the pilot borehole (4000 m) at the German Continental Deep Drilling (KTB) site in Bavaria. During this test the injection induced deformation was observed by a tiltmeter array around KTB consisting of five tiltmeter stations at horizontal distances from 1.6 to 3 km from the injection borehole. At each station the local groundwater level was observed in depths between 30 and 50 m. The pore pressure was recorded in the boreholes. The time series were checked for tidal signals and injection influence. The injection was not verified presumably due to the fact that the penetration of the injected water was controlled by local geology and tectonic faults zones. Although the boreholes extending only to shallow depth tidal signals are clearly observable in at least two of five stations. On December the 26th 2004 the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake occurred which is clearly detectable in the pore pressure variations at all five stations. 相似文献
9.
— Pressure-induced variations in pore geometry were studied on dry- and fluid- saturated samples by means of electrical impedance spectroscopy and permeability measurements. Hydrostatic pressures (up to 120 MPa) and uniaxial pressures (up to failure) were applied. Hydrostatic pressures reduce the aspect ratio of cracks and thus cause a decrease of permeability and electrical bulk conductivity. The opposite was observed in uniaxial pressure experiments where new cracks were formed and consequently permeability and electrical conductivity were increased. More specific informations of these generated observations were derived from the interpretation of the frequency dispersion of the complex electrical conductivity. This least-squares-refinement considers electrochemical interactions between the fluid pore electrolyte and the inner surface of the sample, thus providing informations on the pore geometry and pressure-induced variations. Consequently changes in aspect ratio, size and geometry of the pore system can be detected by means of impedance spectroscopy. 相似文献
10.
介观尺度孔隙流体流动是地震频段岩石表现出较强速度频散与衰减的主要作用.利用周期性层状孔隙介质模型,基于准静态孔弹性理论给出了模型中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度以及固体骨架位移等物理量的数学解析表达式,同时利用Biot理论将其扩展至全频段条件下,克服了传统White模型中介质分界面处流体压力不连续的假设. 在此基础上对准静态与全频段下模型介质中孔隙压力、孔隙流体相对运动速度变化形式及其对弹性波传播特征的影响进行了讨论,为更有效理解介观尺度下流体流动耗散和频散机制提供物理依据.研究结果表明,低频条件下快纵波孔压在介质层内近于定值,慢纵波通过流体扩散改变总孔隙压力, 随频率的增加慢波所形成的流体扩散作用逐渐减弱致使介质中总孔压逐渐接近于快纵波孔压,在较高频率下孔压与应力的二次耦合作用使总孔压超过快纵波孔压.介质中孔隙流体相对运动速度与慢纵波形成的流体相对运动速度变化形式一致;随频率的增加孔隙流体逐渐从排水的弛豫状态过渡到非弛豫状态,其纵波速度-含水饱和度变化形式也从符合孔隙流体均匀分布模式过渡到斑块分布模式,同时介质在不同含水饱和度下的衰减峰值与慢纵波所形成的孔隙流体相对流动速度具有明显的相关性. 相似文献
11.
The effect of baric variations of different origins on characteristics of seismic noise is analyzed in the frequency range 0.03–20 Hz. Long period variations in atmospheric pressure caused by cyclones, whose period T ranges from half a day to a few days, are shown to increase the microseismic background amplitude by two to four times in the frequency range 0.03–1 Hz (the coefficient of linear correlation between time variations in the amplitude and atmospheric pressure is K = 0.65 at a significance level of r = 0.95). Short-period baric variations with T ～ 5–30 min associated with the passage of cold fronts lead to a tenfold increase in the microseismic background amplitude in the frequency range 4–8 Hz (K = 0.67 at r = 0.95). In this case, disturbances of seismic background are recorded for 20–60 min after the passage of an atmospheric front and display an exponential drop in the amplitude. In distinction to cyclones, an atmospheric front increases the number of impulsive microseismic events of the resonance type. 相似文献
12.
水力压裂是页岩气开发过程中的核心增产技术,微地震则广泛用于压裂分析、水驱前缘监测和储层描述.微地震反演过程中,用于反演的速度模型往往基于测井、地震或标定炮资料构建,忽略了压裂过程中裂缝及孔隙流体压力变化对地层速度的影响.本文首先基于物质守恒、渗流理论和断裂力学模拟三维水力压裂过程,得到地下裂缝发育特征和孔隙压力分布.继而根据Coates-Schoenberg方法和裂缝柔量参数计算裂缝和孔隙压力对速度场的影响,得到压裂过程中的实时速度模型.最后利用三维射线追踪方法正演微地震走时和方位信息,并采用常规微地震定位方法反演震源位置及进行误差分析.数值模拟结果表明,检波器空间分布影响定位精度,常规方法的定位误差随射线路径在压裂带中传播距离增加而变大,且不同压裂阶段的多点反演法与单点极化法精度相当. 相似文献
13.
水库诱发地震活动与水的渗透有密切关系,本文认为水库诱发地震中,前震活动主要是由于水的渗透引起孔隙压力扩散,岩石强度弱化所致。由于水库区地下岩石渗透性质的复杂性,将库区岩石介质分为均匀、非均匀渗透的两种情况,利用两相(固、液)多孔介质中孔隙压力扩散理论,分别对水库蓄水所引起的孔隙压力场进行了数值模拟计算,计算结果表明,非均匀渗透模型中水渗透所形成的孔隙压力分布与水库地震发生的空间位置对应得较好,孔隙压力峰值扩散到水库诱发地震的前震震源处的时间(1.8天～45天)与水库蓄水后引起前震活动的滞后时间大体一致。 相似文献
14.
In the first part of this study, a series of stress-controlled hollow cylinder cyclic torsional triaxial shear tests were conducted on loose to medium dense saturated samples of clean Toyoura sand to investigate its liquefaction behavior. A uniform cyclic sinusoidal loading at a 0.1 Hz frequency was applied to air-pluviated samples where confining pressure and relative density was varied. Cyclic shear stress–strain changes, the number of cycles to reach liquefaction and pore pressure variations were recorded. Results indicate that the liquefaction resistances of uniform sands are significantly affected by the method of sample preparation and initial conditions. 相似文献
15.
Many observations and studies indicate that pore fluid pressure in the crustal rocks plays an important role in deformation, faulting, and earthquake processes. Conventional models of pore pressure effects often assume isotropic porous rocks and yield the nondeviatoric pressure effects which seem insufficient to explain diverse phenomena related to pore pressure variation, such as fluid-extraction induced seismicity and crustal weak faults. We derive the anisotropic effective stress law especially for transversely-isotropic and orthotropic rocks, and propose that the deviatoric effects of pore fluid pressure in anisotropic rocks not only affect rock effective strength but also cause variation of shear stresses. Such shear stress variations induced by either pore pressure buildup or pore pressure decline may lead to faulting instability and trigger earthquakes, and provide mechanisms for the failure of crustal weak faults with low level of shear stresses. We believe that the deviatoric effects of pore fluid pressure in anisotropic rocks are of wide application in studies of earthquake precursors and aftershocks, oil and gas reservoir characterization, enhanced oil recovery, and hydraulic fracturing. 相似文献
16.
This paper presents results from a study of the Lomonosov volcanic pipe as derived from anomalies of the microseismic field. Microseismic sounding revealed that this volcanic pipe is a cone-shaped body with a small gradient of microseismic intensity motion (2 to 5 dB). Discontinuities generally show greater contrasts compared with the variations of microseismic motion in the pipe body. Comparison of the results of this microseismic sounding with other geological and geophysical data showed that the intensities of the microseismic field along lines that traversed the pipe reflect realistic structures of a kimberlite pipe and the host rocks. The method of microseismic sounding was used to reconstruct the deeper structure of the volcanic pipe and the host rocks down to depths greater than 2 km. We estimated the velocity contrast and the errors involved in the identification of vertical boundaries of the pipe. The volcanic pipe has a shape that is consistent with a nearly vertical source situated at a depth of a few hundred meters. This is hypothesized to be a typical occurrence for other diamond-bearing pipes as well. 相似文献
17.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(3)
Reservoir reconstructions implemented in unconventional oil and gas exploration usually adopt hydraulic fracturing techniques to inject high-pressure fluid into the reservoir and change its pore-fracture connection structure to enhance production. Hydraulic fracturing changes the reservoir stress and causes the rocks to crack, thus generating microseismic events.One important component of microseismic research is the source mechanism inversion. Through the research on the microseismic focal mechanism, information on the source mechanisms and in-situ stress status variations can be quantitatively revealed to effectively optimize the reservoir reconstruction design for increasing production. This paper reviews the recent progress in hydraulic fracturing induced microseismic focal mechanism research. We summarize their main principles and provide a detailed introduction of the research advances in source modeling, microseismic data synthesis, and focal mechanism inversion. We also discuss the challenges and limitations in the current microseismic focal mechanism research and propose prospects for future research ideas and directions. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Geodynamics》2010,49(3-5):126-131
It is well known, that high resolution borehole tiltmeters are able to observe deformations, caused by hydrological variations. The quantitative coherence is often unexplained, especially if the sources of deformation can be based on both natural as well as man-made hydrological variations. Since 1999 tilt observations have been taken at the Geodynamic Observatory Moxa in Thuringia/Germany. In two 50 m and one 100 m deep boreholes the ASKANIA tiltmeters are installed. The high quality of the recorded tilt data can be proved by the analysis of well known geodynamic signals like the tides of the solid Earth and the free modes of the Earth. Here we focus on investigations of induced tilt signals caused by pore pressure changes due to precipitation and/or ground water level changes and, in addition, on man-made induced pore pressure variations. The correlation of natural ground water level changes with the observed tilt data can be shown by different events of precipitation and snow melting. However, also the load effect of a big truck yields a small elastic deformation which is clearly detectable in the ground water level recording. The correlated tilt effect is discussed regarding changes of the tilt amplitude and the orientation of the induced pendulum tip movement during the load phase. 相似文献
19.
Stiffness variations in carbonates may be described as resulting from different concentrations of flat compliant pores or cracks, which can have a significant effect on the effective stiffness and acoustic properties (e.g., velocities and attenuations) of dry as well as saturated carbonates, although they carry extremely little porosity. As shown in this paper, the effects of dual porosity and wave-induced fluid flow or pore pressure communication may also play a significant role. On the basis of a previously published T-matrix approach to model the effective viscoelastic properties of cracked porous media, we illustrate the (frequency-dependent) effects of wave-induced fluid flow (mainly squirt flow) or pore pressure communication for a model structure consisting of a mixture of fluid-saturated porous grains and fluid-saturated cavities (vugs, etc.) that are embedded in a solid matrix associated with carbonates. We assume that the pores within the porous grains are decoupled from the pores in the solid matrix (and possibly saturated with different fluids) but that each pore system at the micro and/or mesoscale may or may not be connected. For each of four different connectivity models, we present numerical results for four different cases of microstructure (that emphasize the importance of cracks and flat compliant pores). Our numerical results indicate that the velocity and attenuation spectra of carbonates vary significantly, even when the crack density and all other volume concentrations are constant. 相似文献
20.
This study considers the effects of heat transfer and fluid flow on the thernal, hydrologic, and mechanical response of a fault surface during seismic failure. Numerical modeling techniques are used to account for the coupling of the thermal, fluid-pressure, and stress fields. Results indicate that during an earthquake the failure surface is heated to a tempeature required for the thermal expansion of pore fluids to balance the rate of fluid loss due to flow and the fluid-volume changes due to pore dilatation. Once this condition is established, the pore fluids pressurize and the shear strength decreases rapidly to a value sufficient to maintain the thermal pressurization of pore fluids at near-lithostatic values. If the initial fluid pressure is hydrostatic, the final temperature attained on the failure surface will increase with depth, because a greater pressure increase can occur before a near-lithostatic pressure is reached. The rate at which thermal pressurization proceeds depends primarily on the hydraulic characteristics of the surrounding porous medium, the coefficient of friction on the fault surface, and the slip velocity. If either the permeability exceeds 10–15 m2 or the porous medium compressibility exceeds 10–8 Pa–1, then frictional melting may occur on the fault surface before thermal pressurization becomes significant. If the coefficient of friction is less than 10–1 and if the slip velocity is less than 10–2 msec–1, then it is doubtful that either thermal pressurization or frictional melting on the fault surface could cause a reduction in the dynamic shear strength of a fault during an earthquake event. 相似文献