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1.
根据2003—2008年东海及黄海南部海域多个航次现场观测获得的海表温度、盐度及海水表层pCO_2观测数据,分析该海域海水表层pCO_2及海-气CO_2通量的季节变化特征,探讨了海-气界面CO_2转移与海表温度、盐度分布之间的联系。结果表明:该海域海水表层pCO_2及海-气CO_2通量具有显著的季节性差异。近海区域,春季受海表温度上升、生物作用加强的影响黄海南部、东海近岸区及陆架中部、东海南部表现为大气CO_2汇,其海-气界面季平均通量分别为(-7.77±6.59),(-11.08±8.99),(-2.94±6.78)mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。夏季黄海南部区域表现为大气CO_2源(2.99±6.09)mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),与该海域的下层海水涌升有关,东海中部陆架区及东海南部近岸区由于淡水输入,形成跃层阻碍水体混合,再加上光合作用增强等的综合作用为大气CO_2汇,通量为(-4.81±8.92),(-0.75±12.14)mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。秋季北风逐渐增强水体混合加剧,向冬季格局转变,底层富含CO_2的海水上涌,致使海表pCO_2升高,整个海区表现为大气CO_2源。在年际变化上,春季碳汇呈减弱趋势,而秋季碳源则逐渐增强。 相似文献
2.
The third Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE) was conducted in the summer of 2008.During the survey,the surface seawater partial pressure of CO_2(pCO_2) was measured,and sea water samples were collected for CO_2 measurement in the Canada Basin.The distribution of pCO_2 in the Canada Basin was determined,the influencing factors were addressed,and the air-sea CO_2 flux in the Canada Basin was evaluated.The Canada Basin was divided into three regions:the ice-free zone(south of 77°N),the partially ice-covered zone(77°–80°N),and the heavily ice-covered zone(north of 80°N).In the ice-free zone,pCO_2 was high(320 to 368μatm,1 μatm=0.101 325 Pa),primarily due to rapid equilibration with atmospheric CO_2 over a short time.In the partially ice-covered zone,the surface pCO_2 was relatively low(250 to 270 μatm) due to ice-edge blooms and icemelt water dilution.In the heavily ice-covered zone,the seawater pCO_2 varied between 270 and 300 μatm due to biological CO_2 removal,the transportation of low pCO_2 water northward,and heavy ice cover.The surface seawater pCO_2 during the survey was undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere in the Canada Basin,and it was a net sink for atmospheric CO_2.The summertime net CO_2 uptake of the ice-free zone,the partially ice-covered zone and the heavily ice-covered zone was(4.14±1.08),(1.79±0.19),and(0.57±0.03) Tg/a(calculated by carbon,1Tg=10~(12) g),respectively.Overall,the net CO_2 sink of the Canada Basin in the summer of 2008 was(6.5±1.3) Tg/a,which accounted for 4%–10% of the Arctic Ocean CO_2 sink. 相似文献
3.
《热带海洋学报》2016,(3)
文章综合分析了南海西部2012年秋季海表二氧化碳分压(p_(CO_2))分布及控制因素,估算并讨论了海-气CO_2通量及其区域性差异。结果表明,秋季南海西部海表p_(CO_2)变化范围为37.8~57.1Pa,均高于大气p_(CO_2),表现为大气CO_2的源。研究海域海表p_(CO_2)分布主要受海水碳酸盐热力学的影响,海表温度(SST)是影响海表p_(CO_2)分布的主要因素。但在局部海域,海表p_(CO_2)分布还受到其他因素的控制。其中,越南东部局部海域表层海水受湄公河冲淡水的影响呈低盐特征,高p_(CO_2)的冲淡水团和离岸水团的混合作用直接影响该海域海表p_(CO_2)分布。此外,珊瑚礁的钙化活动造成南沙群岛弹丸礁西部海域出现表层p_(CO_2)极高值。秋季南海西部表层海水CO_2释放速率的分布格局主要受风速的控制。北部海域海-气CO_2分压差(Δp_(CO_2))低于中南部海盆,但其海表风速远高于中南部海盆,造成北部海域表层海水CO_2释放速率(2.9mmol C·m~(-2)·d~(-1))明显高于中南部海盆(0.9mmol C·m~(-2)·d~(-1))。海-气CO_2通量估算中不能忽视局部海域珊瑚礁代谢作用的影响。 相似文献
4.
分析2013-10,2014-05和2015-05对桑沟湾3个航次的调查中采集的表、底层海水样品,研究该海域海水中溶解CH_4的分布特征及海-气交换通量。结果表明:春、秋季桑沟湾水体中CH_4浓度范围为3.0356.4nmol·L~(-1),底层浓度高于表层。由于水温的季节变化和陆源输入的影响,秋季表、底层平均CH_4浓度是春季的37倍。受养殖活动的影响,贝藻混养区表、底层CH_4均高于其他养殖区和湾外。2013-10,2014-05和2015-05桑沟湾表层海水CH_4的平均饱和度分别为(2 704±2 532)%,(330±276)%和(858±417)%,表现为秋季高于春季。根据W2014公式估算出桑沟湾春、秋季表层海水CH_4海-气交换通量范围为3.919.9μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),根据N2000公式估算出春、秋季表层海水CH_4海-气交换通量范围为5.520.6μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),表明春、秋季桑沟湾是大气CH_4的源区。 相似文献
5.
分别于2014年10月和2015年6月对南海北部陆坡区进行了调查,研究了其溶存氧化亚氮(N_2O)的分布、产生并估算了其海-气交换通量。结果表明:秋季南海北部表层海水中溶解N_2O浓度为(8.19±0.79)nmol/L,饱和度为132.5%±13.4%;夏季表层海水中溶解N_2O浓度为(7.72±0.56)nmol/L,饱和度为135.5%±9.7%。夏季由于受到珠江冲淡水的影响,表层N_2O浓度随盐度升高呈降低趋势,秋季调查区域东北部受到穿过吕宋海峡的黑潮分支表层水的影响,N_2O浓度较低。结合文献资料,南海北部陆坡区表层N_2O浓度季节变化特征为春末秋季夏季,同一季节,南海陆坡区的N_2O浓度高于其他区域。温度是影响N_2O分布的重要因素,ΔN_2O与表观耗氧量(apparent oxygen utilization,AOU)和NO_3~ˉ的显著相关说明硝化作用是南海水体中N_2O产生的主要机制,由此估算硝化作用的N_2O产率分别为秋季0.033%,夏季0.035%。利用N2000和W2014公式分别估算了该区域秋季和夏季N_2O的海-气交换通量:秋季为1.81—23.81(11.11±6.52,平均值±SD,下同)(N2000)和1.73—24.38(11.30±6.81)(W2014),夏季为1.01—21.57(7.04±6.10)(N2000)和0.75—22.69(6.94±6.49)(W2014),单位均为μmol/(m~2·d)。初步估算出南海北部陆坡N_2O释放量为0.055Tg/a,约占全球海洋总释放量的0.39%,远高于其面积比,说明南海北部陆坡是N_2O释放的活跃海域,是大气N_2O的重要源。 相似文献
6.
由于存在极高的初级生产和高效的碳代谢速率, 珊瑚礁海域二氧化碳(CO2)的汇/源属性仍存有争议。为明晰中国典型珊瑚礁海域CO2的汇源属性及驱动因素, 作者基于2022年11月(秋季)和2023年2月(冬季)在深圳杨梅坑海域的调查结果并结合室内培养实验所获得的数据, 探究了枯水季节典型亚热带珊瑚礁海水二氧化碳分压(pCO2)的分布特征及主要控制机制。结果表明, 调查期间pCO2的变化较大, 其范围为233.3~465.3 μatm。秋季表现为大气CO2的汇, CO2吸收通量为1.66±0.41 mmol C/(m2/d);冬季表现为大气CO2的弱源, 其释放通量为0.36±0.17 mmol C/(m2/d)。调查期间(枯水季)杨梅坑海域受淡水输入的影响较小, 季节性温度影响下的生物过程是驱动pCO2变化的关键因素, 其贡献pCO2总变化量的73.6%(表层)和66.5%(底层)。其中, 浮游植物光合作用的季节差异是导致海水CO2汇源转变的主要成因, 而微生物呼吸作用的影响甚微。相比较, 物理过程(CO2海-气交换、温度和盐度变化)对pCO2的影响相对较小, 其作用结果远低于生物过程。此外, 珊瑚的代谢活动对杨梅坑局部海域pCO2分布产生一定影响, 造成礁区pCO2值高于非礁区。因此, 海气CO2通量估算中不能忽视局部海域珊瑚代谢作用的影响。 相似文献
7.
依据2011年3月4日对胶州湾走航连续实测所得pCO2数据,结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步实测资料,对胶州湾海域pCO2分布及其影响因素进行了初步探讨,并估算了3月海-气CO2通量。结果表明:3月胶州湾表层海水pCO2实测值在191～332μatm之间,平均值为278μatm,海-气CO2通量在-22.76～-7.13mmol·m-2·d-1,平均值为-14.2mmol·m-2·d-1,这一时期胶州湾从大气吸收约1.59×103t C,表现为大气CO2的强汇。生物活动是影响这一时期表层海水pCO2分布的主要原因。 相似文献
8.
依托2017年8月23日至2017年9月6日在长江口及邻近海域连续走航测得的二氧化碳分压(pCO2)值,结合温度、盐度、溶解氧等数据,阐述该海域pCO2的分布特征,并利用一次大风事件前后一个断面的重复观测数据,讨论天气事件对长江口海-气CO2通量的影响。夏季长江口及邻近海域表层海水pCO2范围为145~929 μatm,总体呈近岸高远岸低的分布特征,在受长江冲淡水影响的区域,海表pCO2较低,整体表现为大气CO2的汇。大风事件(最大风速达9.7 m·s-1)加强了水体的垂直混合,导致近岸区域从大气CO2的弱源变为强源(CO2通量从0.2±1.9上升到 55.0±12.4 mmol·m-2·d-1),而远岸区域的碳汇略有加强(CO2通量从-12.7±2.3变为-16.8±2.5 mmol·m-2·d-1)。因此,在估算东海海-气CO2通量时,台风、冷空气等短时间尺度天气事件的影响也不容忽视。 相似文献
9.
基于2012年7月对东海的调查,剖析了其水体中各形态碳(pCO2、DIC、DOC、POC)的区域分布特征,估算了海-气界面CO2的交换通量(FCO2),探讨了影响其交换的主要因素,在此基础上,结合历史资料初步分析了近十几年来该海域海-气界面CO2交换通量的变化趋势。结果表明,2012年7月长江口邻近海域相对南部陆架区具有较低的DIC浓度,而DOC与POC的浓度相对较高。调查区域表层水pCO2变化范围为96.28~577.7μatm(1atm为101 325Pa),平均值为297.6μatm,低值区出现在长江冲淡水区(30°~33°N,123°~125°E),高值区主要分布在东海陆架的南部区域。表层水pCO2主要受控于长江冲淡水的输入和混合(盐度)、台湾暖流以及生物生产等。调查海域2012年7月海-气FCO2平均为(-6.410±7.486)mmol/(m2·d),表现东海在夏季是大气CO2的汇区,区域碳汇强度由强到弱依次为:长江冲淡水区(CDW)、黄东海混合水区(YEMW)、陆架咸淡水混合区(SMW)、近岸上升流区(CUW)和台湾暖流区(TWCW),东海夏季每日吸收大气CO2(以C计)约(18.3±19.8)kt。结合历史资料分析发现,近十几年来东海夏季碳汇强度有增强趋势,CDW区的海-气界面CO2通量平均年增速为-0.814mmol/(m2·d),即海水吸收大气二氧化碳每年增加约54.6kt,是夏季东海碳汇增加的最主要贡献者。 相似文献
10.
南海北部春季非水华期的CO_2分压及其调控 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对南海北部和吕宋海峡附近海域的海-气CO2通量及其调控问题,研究了2009年3月底至4月中旬在这些海域通过走航观测的方法取得的海-气CO2分压和海表温度、盐度等相关数据。结果表明,在河口、沿岸流以外的南海北部开阔海域,与大气平衡的CO2分压分布在368~380μatm,南低北高,平均值为371μatm;而海表CO2分压分布在293~405μatm,南高北低。南海北部开阔海域的海表CO2分压主要受温度效应调控,也在一定程度上受水团混合、海-气交换、生物活动等非温度效应的影响。在相同水温条件下,黑潮区的海表CO2分压比南海北部的海表CO2分压低。本研究和大多数前人研究的结果都表明,南海北部海盆区域和吕宋海峡西侧海域在春季与大气CO2接近源汇平衡,而非大气CO2的显著源区。 相似文献
11.
The 3rd Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE–Arctic III) was carried out from July to September in 2008. The partial pressure of CO2(pCO2) in the atmosphere and in surface seawater were determined in the Bering Sea during July 11–27, 2008, and a large number of seawater samples were taken for total alkalinity(TA) and total dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) analysis. The distributions of CO2 parameters in the Bering Sea and their controlling factors were discussed. The pCO2 values in surface seawater presented a drastic variation from 148 to 563 μatm(1 μatm = 1.013 25×10-1 Pa). The lowest pCO2 values were observed near the Bering Sea shelf break while the highest pCO2 existed at the western Bering Strait. The Bering Sea generally acts as a net sink for atmospheric CO2 in summer. The air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea shelf, slope, and basin were estimated at-9.4,-16.3, and-5.1 mmol/(m2·d), respectively. The annual uptake of CO2 was about 34 Tg C in the Bering Sea. 相似文献
12.
Carbonate chemistry and projected future changes in pH and CaCO3 saturation state of the South China Sea 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Chen-Tung Arthur Chen Shu-Lun Wang Wen-Chen Chou David D. Sheu 《Marine Chemistry》2006,101(3-4):277-305
To study the dissolved carbonate system in the South China Sea (SCS) and to understand the water mass exchange between the SCS and the West Philippine Sea (WPS), pH, total alkalinity and total CO2 were measured aboard the R/V Ocean Researcher 1. Because of the sill that separates these two seas in the Luzon Strait with a maximum depth of 2200 m, the SCS Deep Water has characteristics similar to those of water at about 2200 m in the WPS. The minimum pH and the maxima of normalized alkalinity and total CO2 commonly found in the open oceans at mid-depth also prevail in the WPS but are, however, very weak in the SCS. Rivers and inflows from Kuroshio Surface and Deep Waters through the Luzon Strait as well as those through the Mindoro Strait transport carbon to the SCS year-round. Meanwhile, the outflowing Taiwan Strait water as well as the SCS Surface and Intermediate Waters of the Luzon Strait transports carbon out of the SCS year-round. The Sunda Shelf is also a channel for carbon transport into the SCS in the wet season and out of the SCS in the dry season.fCO2 data and mass balance calculations indicate that the SCS is a weak CO2 source in the wet season but an even weaker CO2 sink in the dry season. With these facts taken together, the SCS is likely a very weak CO2 source. Anthropogenic CO2 penetrates to about 1500 m in depth in the SCS, and the entire SCS contains 0.60 ± 0.15 × 1015 g of excess carbon. Typical profiles of pH as well as the degree of saturation of each of calcite and aragonite in 1850 and 1997 are presented, and those for 2050 AD are projected. The maximum decrease in pH is estimated to be 0.16 pH units in the surface layer when the amount of CO2 is doubled. It is anticipated that aragonite in the upper continental slope will likely start to dissolve, thereby neutralizing excess CO2 by around 2050 AD. This paper is unique in that it presents the results of the first attempt ever to estimate the past, present and future physico-chemical properties of the world's largest marginal sea. 相似文献
13.
基于室内物理模拟实验, 对长江沉积物进行淡水和海水环境下沉积物搬运过程碳释放通量实验模拟。结果表明, 模拟实验初期, 淡水和海水均为大气CO2的源, 但淡水CO2释放通量略高于海水;淡水、海水两种环境下, CH4释放通量均较小, 为弱释放-弱吸收过程。对两种环境下碳通量对比研究发现,Eh 值可能是造成淡水和海水环境下CO2通量差别的主要原因, 而pH 值可能对CO2通量差别的影响较小。两种环境下温室气体通量差别的具体原因仍需进一步研究。通过模拟对比试验, 旨在为系统地认识长江流域水库的温室效应与减排提供科学依据, 为我国清洁水电能源发展提供理论参考。 相似文献
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15.
The improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is studied in the present work. The additional proportion coefficient between Stokes and anti-Stokes light intensities of quantum Raman scattering theory as compared with the classical Raman theory is introduced to successfully describe the anti-Stokes energy transfer. The theoretical formula for the improvement on the calculation of anti-Stokes energy transfer rate is derived for the first time in this study. The correctness of introducing coefficient exp{ΔE / kT} from well-known Raman scatter theory is demonstrated also. Moreover, the experimental lifetime measurement in Er0.01YbxY1 - 0.01 - xVO4 crystal is performed to justify the validity of our important improvement in the original phonon-assisted energy transfer theory for the first time. 相似文献
16.
Carbonate-related parameters of subsurface waters in the West Philippine, South China and Sulu Seas 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Like most other deep basins in Southeast Asia, the deep Sulu Sea (SS) basin is isolated from the neighboring seas by surrounding topography. While the near-surface circulation is mainly governed by the seasonally reversing monsoon winds, below the warm and fresh surface layer, the core of the incoming Subtropical Lower Water from the West Philippine Sea (WPS), by way of the South China Sea (SCS), can be seen, at a depth of around 200 m, to have a distinct salinity maximum. It lies well above the sill depth (420 m) in the Mindoro Strait and thus, its spreading is not hampered by topography. The deep circulation is forced by an inflow of upper North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) from the SCS through the Mindoro Str. Below 1000 m, the physico-chemical properties are remarkably homogeneous. The higher temperature, but lower salinity, oxygen and nutrients, of the deep SS waters, compared to those of the SCS, is indicative of the intrusion of NPIW above the sill depth. The excess, anthropogenic CO2 penetrates the entire water column, because of the over-spill of the excess CO2-laden water from the SCS.It has been reported that the bottom of the SS is CaCO3 rich, relative to the SCS. Previous investigators attribute this to the higher θ in the SS. Indeed, the aragonite does not become undersaturated in the SS until below 1400 m, compared to 600 m in both the WPS and SCS; and the calcite does not become undersaturated until below 3800 m in the SS, compared to 2500 m in the SCS and around 1600 m in the WPS. However, the temperature effect is relatively small. These large differences are, in fact, largely a result of higher CO32− concentrations in the SS, relative to the WPS and SCS. The higher CO32− concentration in the SS, in turn, is mainly caused by the smaller amounts of organic carbon decomposition. 相似文献
17.
The generalised gradient approximation based on density functional theory is used to study the structural and electronic properties of the endohedral fullerene dimer (N2@C60)2. Four N atoms sit at the cage centres in the form of two N_2 molecules. The density of states and Mulliken charge analysis explore that the energy levels from -6 to -10 eV are mainly influenced by the N2 molecules. 相似文献
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Dark respiration (non-photorespiratory mitochondrial respiration),which occurs both in the light and in darkness,is vital for growth and survival of algae and plays a critical role in modulating the carbon balance of them.In the present study,we have investigated dark respiration in the light (R L) and in darkness (R D) in three marine macroalgal species,Hizikia fusiformis (phaeophyta),Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta),cultured at 20℃ using aeration with two CO 2 conditions:current ambient (CO 2 concentration about 380 μl/L) and elevated CO 2 (approximately 720 μl/L) air.R L was estimated by using the Kok method,whereas R D was determined as the rate of O 2 influx at zero light.The results showed that both R L and R D were unchanged for the elevated CO 2-grown algae relative to ambient CO 2 concentration for all the algal species tested.However,R L was significantly lower than R D across all the algal species and growth CO 2 treatments,demonstrating that daytime respiration was partly depressed by the light.The percentage of inhibition of respiration by light was similar between ambient and elevated CO 2 grown algae.The ratio of respiration to photosynthesis,which tended to decrease when estimated using R L instead of R D,was not altered for the elevated relative to ambient CO 2 concentration.The results suggest that R L,rather than R D,is a more accurate estimate of nonphotorespiratory carbon loss in marine macroalgae during the daytime.It would not be anticipated that elevated atmospheric CO 2 would exert a substantial influence on respiratory flux either in the light or in darkness in these particular marine macroalgal species. 相似文献
20.
基于自旋-轨道-晶格Hamilton量,应用团簇自洽场方法,研究了双层钙钛矿结构材料K3Cu2F7基态的晶格、磁及轨道结构,发现近孤立的双层的对称破缺和Jahn-Teller晶格畸变使得Cu2+离子在每层内交替占据 z2-x2〉/ z2-y2〉轨道,进而导致双层的层间表现为强的反铁磁耦合,层内为弱的铁磁耦合.强反铁磁耦合导致层间 相似文献