共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
Wind component fluctuations have been decomposed into contributions of large and small-scale eddies to study turbulence structures in the atmospheric surface layer over snow-covered pack ice for a case with snow drift and another without. It was found that on average, the large eddies contribute little to the covariance, but significantly to the variance of the horizontal wind components. The turbulent kinetic energy and the friction velocity show clearly expressed energy and flux variations. The time series of turbulent statistics, calculated on the basis of large eddies only, show the same behavior. However, the time variations of the turbulent kinetic energy and the friction velocity, determined by the small eddies, are suppressed when there is drifting snow.The occurrence of different types of motions (ejections, sweeps and interactions) was detected by the quadrant-technique. It was found that events with strong drag reduction during snow drift correspond to a strong increase of contributions from the first and third quadrant. However, strong drag reduction events in the case without snow drift are caused by a general decrease of contributions from all four quadrants. It was also found that interactions are significantly less correlated with ejections and sweeps in the case with snow drift than in the case without. 相似文献
2.
The horizontal and vertical wind velocity fluctuations were measured using two sonic anemometers at a height of 135 cm above
a snow surface under a transverse snow wave-forming condition. A snow-wave was formed when the wind at a height of 1 m blew
at a speed of more than 7 m s−1 after an approximate accumulation of from 10 to 20 cm of new snow on a snowfield. For example, when a snow-wave had a wavelength
of 10 m and a wave height of 15 to 20 cm, the measured horizontal and vertical velocity components showed that they had a
frequency peak of 0.7 Hz in coherence and co-spectrum corresponding to this wavelength. The results suggest that wind turbulence
and snow-wave formation interact with each other. 相似文献
3.
The horizontal and vertical wind velocity fluctuations were measured using two sonic anemometers at a height of 135 cm above a snow surface under a transverse snow wave-forming condition. A snow-wave was formed when the wind at a height of 1 m blew at a speed of more than 7 m s–1 after an approximate accumulation of from 10 to 20 cm of new snow on a snowfield. For example, when a snow-wave had a wavelength of 10 m and a wave height of 15 to 20 cm, the measured horizontal and vertical velocity components showed that they had a frequency peak of 0.7 Hz in coherence and co-spectrum corresponding to this wavelength. The results suggest that wind turbulence and snow-wave formation interact with each other. 相似文献
4.
Extraordinary blowing snow transport events in East Antarctica 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Claudio Scarchilli Massimo Frezzotti Paolo Grigioni Lorenzo De Silvestri Lucia Agnoletto Stefano Dolci 《Climate Dynamics》2010,34(7-8):1195-1206
In the convergence slope/coastal areas of Antarctica, a large fraction of snow is continuously eroded and exported by wind to the atmosphere and into the ocean. Snow transport observations from instruments and satellite images were acquired at the wind convergence zone of Terra Nova Bay (East Antarctica) throughout 2006 and 2007. Snow transport features are well-distinguished in satellite images and can extend vertically up to 200 m as first-order quantitatively estimated by driftometer sensor FlowCapt?. Maximum snow transportation occurs in the fall and winter seasons. Snow transportation (drift/blowing) was recorded for ~80% of the time, and 20% of time recorded, the flux is >10?2 kg m?2 s?1 with particle density increasing with height. Cumulative snow transportation is ~4 orders of magnitude higher than snow precipitation at the site. An increase in wind speed and transportation (~30%) was observed in 2007, which is in agreement with a reduction in observed snow accumulation. Extensive presence of ablation surface (blue ice and wind crust) upwind and downwind of the measurement site suggest that the combine processes of blowing snow sublimation and snow transport remove up to 50% of the precipitation in the coastal and slope convergence area. These phenomena represent a major negative effect on the snow accumulation, and they are not sufficiently taken into account in studies of surface mass balance. The observed wind-driven ablation explains the inconsistency between atmospheric model precipitation and measured snow accumulation value. 相似文献
5.
Height, time, and latitude dependences are analyzed of zonal mean vertical component of wind velocity for the period of 1992–2006
from the UKMO atmospheric general circulation model. It is shown that the ascending wind speed can provide vertical transport,
against gravity, of rather large (up to 3–5μm) aerosol particles with density to 1.0–1.5 g/cm3 in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The wind velocity vertical component is supposedly a significant factor of particle motion
up to 30–40–km levels and can affect sedimentation rate and residence time of the aerosol particles in the stratosphere. Structure
of the mean vertical component of wind velocity allows occurrence of dynamically stable aerosol layers in the middle stratosphere. 相似文献
6.
Field measurements of snow-drift threshold and mass fluxes,and related model simulations 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Field measurements were carried out to calculate the threshold friction velocity for snow saltation, and mass fluxes during snow drift. The wind was measured in three components by an ultrasonic anemometer, and the mass fluxes were determined using an optical sensor (snow particle counter), acoustic sensors (Flowcapt) and mechanical traps. The threshold friction velocity was found to be correlated to the grain size (R2=0.75). The mass flux measurements were compared with numerical simulations of snow drift, and it was demonstrated that the maximum snow transport takes place at shear stress values of roughly two times the average shear stress over 20 min. By implementing a probability distribution for the shear stress the mass flux was simulated with only the mean measured value of the shear stress as input. This procedure enables the future use of the numerical model for operational applications. 相似文献
7.
Measurements of the small-, intermediate-, and large-ion concentrations and the air–earth current density along with simultaneous measurements of the concentration and size distribution of aerosol particles in the size ranges 4.4–163 nm and 0.5–20 μm diameter are reported for a drifting snow period after the occurrence of a blizzard at a coastal station, Maitri, Antarctica. Ion concentrations of all categories and the air–earth current simultaneously decrease by approximately an order of magnitude as the wind speed increases from 5 to 10 ms− 1. The rate of decrease is the highest for large ions, lowest for small ions and in-between the two for intermediate ions. Total aerosol number concentration decreases in the 4.4–163 nm size range but increases in the 0.5–20 μm size range with wind speed. The size distribution of the nanometer particles shows a dominant maximum at ~ 30 nm diameter throughout the period of observations and the height of the maximum decreases with wind speed. However, larger particles show a maximum at ~ 0.7 μm diameter but the height of the maximum increases with increasing wind speed. The results are explained in terms of scavenging of atmospheric ions and aerosols by the drifting snow particles. 相似文献
8.
北京延庆山区降雪云物理特征的垂直观测和数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于风廓线雷达、云雷达、粒子谱仪、微波辐射计和自动站等垂直观测设备,结合中尺度数值模式WRF对2017年3月23~24日北京延庆海坨山地区的一次降雪过程进行了观测和数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:垂直探测仪器结合中尺度数值模式可以获得降雪的宏观结构和微物理信息,有助于对降雪的深入研究。此次降雪过程由中高层西南及偏南暖湿气流与低层东南偏冷空气交汇造成动力和水汽辐合抬升形成,4~5 km高度处的风切变有利于降雪的增强。上升气流有助于水汽的输送、冰雪转化以及雪晶凝华、聚合,冰晶数浓度中心对应着上升运动顶部。然而此次降雪云系低层过冷云水含量不足,降雪回波<20 dBZ,回波顶高<7 km,雪花垂直下落速度<2 m s-1,地面降水量大值与低层强回波区对应。降雪粒子谱分布范围较窄,以直径1 mm左右的小粒子为主,相态主要为干雪,基本不存在混合相态。 相似文献
9.
Hubert Gall��e Alexandre Trouvilliez C��cile Agosta Christophe Genthon Vincent Favier Florence Naaim-Bouvet 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,146(1):133-147
For the first time a simulation of blowing snow events was validated in detail using one-month long observations (January 2010) made in Adélie Land, Antarctica. A regional climate model featuring a coupled atmosphere/blowing snow/snowpack model is forced laterally by meteorological re-analyses. The vertical grid spacing was 2 m from 2 to 20 m above the surface and the horizontal grid spacing was 5?km. The simulation was validated by comparing the occurrence of blowing snow events and other meteorological parameters at two automatic weather stations. The Nash test allowed us to compute efficiencies of the simulation. The regional climate model simulated the observed wind speed with a positive efficiency (0.69). Wind speeds higher than 12 m s ?1 were underestimated. Positive efficiency of the simulated wind speed was a prerequisite for validating the blowing snow model. Temperatures were simulated with a slightly negative efficiency (?0.16) due to overestimation of the amplitude of the diurnal cycle during one week, probably because the cloud cover was underestimated at that location during the period concerned. Snowfall events were correctly simulated by our model, as confirmed by field reports. Because observations suggested that our instrument (an acoustic sounder) tends to overestimate the blowing snow flux, data were not sufficiently accurate to allow the complete validation of snow drift values. However, the simulation of blowing snow occurrence was in good agreement with the observations made during the first 20 days of January 2010, despite the fact that the blowing snow flux may be underestimated by the regional climate model during pure blowing snow events. We found that blowing snow occurs in Adélie Land only when the 30-min wind speed value at 2 m a.g.l. is >10 m s ?1. The validation for the last 10 days of January 2010 was less satisfactory because of complications introduced by surface melting and refreezing. 相似文献
10.
Stefan Kneifel Maximilian Maahn Gerhard Peters Clemens Simmer 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2011,113(1-2):75-87
Quantifying snowfall intensity especially under arctic conditions is a challenge because wind and snow drift deteriorate estimates obtained from both ground-based gauges and disdrometers. Ground-based remote sensing with active instruments might be a solution because they can measure well above drifting snow and do not suffer from flow distortions by the instrument. Clear disadvantages are, however, the dependency of e.g. radar returns on snow habit which might lead to similar large uncertainties. Moreover, high sensitivity radars are still far too costly to operate in a network and under harsh conditions. In this paper we compare returns from a low-cost, low-power vertically pointing FM-CW radar (Micro Rain Radar, MRR) operating at 24.1?GHz with returns from a 35.5?GHz cloud radar (MIRA36) for dry snowfall during a 6-month observation period at an Alpine station (Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus, UFS) at 2,650?m height above sea level. The goal was to quantify the potential and limitations of the MRR in relation to what is achievable by a cloud radar. The operational MRR procedures to derive standard radar variables like effective reflectivity factor (Z e) or the mean Doppler velocity (W) had to be modified for snowfall since the MRR was originally designed for rain observations. Since the radar returns from snowfall are weaker than from comparable rainfall, the behavior of the MRR close to its detection threshold has been analyzed and a method is proposed to quantify the noise level of the MRR based on clear sky observations. By converting the resulting MRR-Z e into 35.5?GHz equivalent Z e values, a remaining difference below 1?dBz with slightly higher values close to the noise threshold could be obtained. Due to the much higher sensitivity of MIRA36, the transition of the MRR from the true signal to noise can be observed, which agrees well with the independent clear sky noise estimate. The mean Doppler velocity differences between both radars are below 0.3?ms?1. The distribution of Z e values from MIRA36 are finally used to estimate the uncertainty of retrieved snowfall and snow accumulation with the MRR. At UFS low snowfall rates missed by the MRR are negligible when comparing snow accumulation, which were mainly caused by intensities between 0.1 and 0.8 mm?h?1. The MRR overestimates the total snow accumulation by about 7%. This error is much smaller than the error caused by uncertain Z e?Csnowfall rate relations, which would affect the MIRA36 estimated to a similar degree. 相似文献
11.
利用阿勒泰地区7个气象观测站1981-2013年积雪初、终日期、积雪期(积雪初、终日期间日数),以及同期平均气温、平均0厘米地面温度、降水量、日照时数和平均风速资料,分析了该区积雪的变化特征及其与五个气象因子的关系。结果表明：阿勒泰地区平均初日为11月3日,终日为4月2日,平均积雪期为152d;近33年阿勒泰地区积雪初日呈上升的趋势,而终日和积雪期是呈下降趋势;除了吉木乃站的积雪初日气候倾向率是负值外,其余各站均是正值的,积雪终日的气候倾向率各站均为负值,积雪期的气候倾向率除了吉木乃站外其余均是正值;各站在积雪期内与降水量呈显著的正相关,表明降水量越多积雪持续时间越长,而且七个站均通过了显著性检验,降水因子在五个因子的对各站积雪期的影响较大;阿勒泰地区的各站积雪期与积雪初、终日期间的风速、降水量、0厘米地温、日平均气温、日照时数五个因子的相关系数中有57%的通过信度0.05的显著性检验,还有20%的通过了信度0.001的显著性检验; 相似文献
12.
北京冬季降水粒子谱及其下落速度的分布特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了深入探讨北京冬季云降水的微物理特征,提高雷达反演冬季固态降水的精度和冬季降水的预报水平,利用PARSIVEL（Particle Size and Velocity）降水粒子谱仪所观测的冬季降水粒子谱,结合地面显微镜粒子图像和云雷达数据,对比分析了北京海坨山地区冬季过冷雨滴、霰粒、雪花、混合态降水的粒子谱和下落速度特征,得到主要结论如下:（1）霰粒降水过程的云顶最高,整层的含水量最大,低层的退偏振比（LDR）最小,粒子更接近于球形;降雪过程的云顶最低,云中含水量最少,低层的退偏振比较大;混合态降水过程的雷达回波强度和高度特征介于两者之间,但低层的退偏振比最大;（2）在云中上升或下沉气流及湍流的影响下,过冷雨滴、霰粒和雪的下落速度均对称分布于各自理论下落末速度曲线的两侧。因此可根据粒子浓度相对于其直径和速度分布的中轴线位置,判断出该段降水过程中的主要粒子形态;（3）冬季雪花、霰粒和混合态降水粒子下落速度分布的散度较雨滴更大,其原因是由于冷云降水过程的粒子形态复杂,且固态粒子下落过程中更容易受破碎、聚并和凇附等微物理过程影响;（4）在4种降水类型中,雪的平均直径和离散度最大,雨滴最小;混合态降水粒子的总数浓度最大,雨滴的总数浓度最低,并且4种降水类型的粒子数浓度、平均直径和离散度均随降水强度的增大而增大。 相似文献
13.
2008年初江苏暴雪天气的诊断分析 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
用2008年1月25—29日NCEP/NCAR一日四次全球再分析资料对1月25—29日江苏省大范围强降雪过程的天气背景、散度场、水汽通量的流函数与势函数、视热源与视水汽汇以及Q矢量等物理量进行了分析,并进行了南北地区的对比。结果表明:(1)200 hPa与850 hPa的散度差值场,与降雪落区有较好的对应关系;(2)沿江和苏南地区明显的水汽辐合,配合北方冷空气的向南侵入,是造成江淮流域持续暴雪的重要原因之一;(3)强降雪期间,非绝热加热对降雪产生重要影响,其中淮河以南降雪以对流性降雪为主,淮河以北地区以非对流性降雪为主;(4)非地转风造成的Q矢量辐合区主要位于850 hPa切变线附近,为强降雪提供了有利条件。 相似文献
14.
Eddy-correlation measurements over snow, wet bare soil, and lake water indicate very small vertical ozone fluxes. Adjustments to the small vertical fluxes are needed to take into account the effect of mean Stefan flow associated with evaporation at the surface and the effects of correlation between density variations and vertical wind fluctuations. For snow, the residual resistance calculated for the surface is about 34 s cm-1, indicating that the maximum deposition velocity is abut 0.03 cm s-1. For cold bare soil well saturated with water, the surface resistance is about 10 s cm-1 (maximum deposition velocity of about 0.1 cm s-1). The highest resistances obtained are for transfer to the surface of Lake Michigan, yielding values near 90 s cm-1 for resistance (0.01 cm s-1 for deposition velocity).Work supported by the U.S. Dept. of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 相似文献
15.
Response of the Indian summer monsoon circulation and rainfall to seasonal snow depth anomaly over Eurasia 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Several observational and modeling studies indicate that the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) is inversely related to the Eurasian snow extent and depth. The other two important surface boundary conditions which influence the ISMR are the Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) to a large extent and the Indian Ocean SST to some extent. In the present study, observed Soviet snow depth data and Indian rainfall data for the period 1951–1994 have been statistically analyzed and results show that 57% of heavy snow events and 24% of light snow events over west Eurasia are followed by deficient and excess ISMR respectively. Out of all the extreme monsoon years, care has been taken to identify those when Eurasian snow was the most dominant surface forcing to influence ISMR. During the years of high(low) Eurasian snow amounts in spring/winter followed by deficient(excess) ISMR, atmospheric fields such as temperature, wind, geopotential height, velocity potential and stream function based on NCEP/NCAR reanalyses have been examined in detail to study the influence of Eurasian snow on the midlatitude circulation regime and hence on the monsoon circulation. Results show that because of the west Eurasian snow anomalies, the midlatitude circulations in winter through spring show significant changes in the upper and lower level wind, geopotential height, velocity potential and stream function fields. Such changes in the large-scale circulation pattern may be interpreted as precursors to weak/strong monsoon circulation and deficient/excess ISMR. The upper level velocity potential difference fields between the high and low snow years indicate that with the advent of spring, the winter anomalous convergence over the Indian region gradually becomes weaker and gives way to anomalous divergence that persists through the summer monsoon season. Also the upper level anomalous divergence centre shifts from over the Northern Hemisphere and equator to the Southern Hemisphere over the Indian Ocean and Australia. 相似文献
16.
基于新疆昌吉州5个国家气象站2008—2010年积雪深度大于等于0 cm的实测地面温度与雪面温度,对0 cm地面温度（含最高、最低）、雪面温度（含最高、最低）及云量、日照时数、雪深进行统计分析,找出不同积雪深度下地面温度与雪面温度的关系,并以阜康市天池气象站2011年所有积雪日数据对关系模型作检验。结果显示：地面温度与雪面温度的关系有3个雪深分层：5 cm以下、6~40 cm和40 cm以上,积雪深度为0~5 cm时,地面温度与雪面温度差值很小,受雪深及天气条件影响明显,雪深6~40 cm,主要受雪深影响,雪深超过40 cm,地面温度趋于定值。 相似文献
17.
根据NCEP／NCAR提供的1968--1996年全球逐月、2008年1月全球逐日再分析资料以及中国气象局提供的降水资料,分析了2008年1月中国南部持续低温雨雪冰冻天气期间东亚地区中低空大气环流异常特征。结果表明,乌拉尔山阻塞高压和地面蒙古冷高压是这次灾害性天气重要的冷空气源地;700hPa异常偏强的低空西南风急流以及低空急流大风速中心随时间沿急流轴的传播为此次低温雨雪冰冻天气提供了充足的动量、热量和水汽;850hPa流场西太平洋上空异常东南风、印度洋上空异常西南风以及850hPa垂直速度场中国南部大陆异常上升气流,在很大程度上影响着2008年1月中国南部的天气;赤道辐合带、西太平洋副热带高压以及南支槽的异常,致使东亚上空不仅存在异常的南支槽前西风带水汽输送和西太平洋副热带高压西南侧东风带水汽输送,还存在异常的由印度洋经孟加拉湾向中国南方大陆的水汽输送。 相似文献
18.
Abstract Observations in both the ice and slush layers suggest that sea water intrudes into the snow layer following a snow storm. Ice temperature values recorded at 1 cm below the snow‐ice interface show that the upward flux of sea water is of short duration. This is followed by a period of intense brine drainage characterized by the migration of a salty brine layer, with salinities up to 42 psu. These results suggest that a snow storm induces a complete (upward) flushing of the brine channel network and major modifications of snow and ice characteristics. Melt rates and downward brine fluxes were calculated using salinity measured in a 40 cm deep box placed on the ice‐water interface, which isolated a 50 × 50 cm area of sea ice from ocean mixing processes. In this semi‐isolated environment, observed salinity changes allowed us to determine melt water fluxes and brine drainage or flushing even though ice thickness measurements did not show any significant change. Melt rates up to 21 cm/month and equivalent growth rates up to 32 cm/month were measured. 相似文献
19.
Abstract Dry deposition velocity measurements of SO2 and NO2 over a deciduous forest, a carrot field and a snow surface are compared with estimates obtained from the dry deposition module in the regional Eulerian Acid Deposition and Oxidant Model (ADOM). The comparison with measurements taken in the fall and winter shows large model overestimates, sometimes as large as a factor of 5. The NO2 estimates are particularly poor and support existing evidence that models that employ the constant flux assumption for NO2 are inadequate. The canopy and the snow surface resistances are the largest contributors to the total resistances for SO2 and NO2, except for situations in which some of the snow turns into liquid water, when the aerodynamic resistance becomes important. Increasing the magnitudes, taken from measurements, of the ADOM original values for the stomatal, cuticle, ground and snow resistances and decreasing the NO2 mesophyll resistance and the Leaf Area Index (LAI) yield improved model results, particularly for SO2, reducing the error by almost a factor of 5 at times. The new estimates compare favourably with those from a model that includes Wesely's canopy resistance parametrization. Over snow the NO2 estimates are improved by as much as a factor of 6. Observed deposition velocities for SO2 vary from 0 to 0.65 cm s?2 over a deciduous forest, 0 to 0.60 cm s?2 over a carrot field and are generally less than 0.05 cm s?2 over snow. 相似文献
20.
In order to investigate the impact of the smoothed orography and the spurious orographic ripples on simu-lations in the low-resolution spectral model, three different numerical tests, that is, the unsmoothed orography scheme, the smoothed orography scheme and non-ripples scheme are performed. In this paper, the model used by us is the same as Part I except for orographic specification.The results from simulations indicate that, as far as the climatic simulation is concerned, some aspects of the simulated stationary disturbances, zonal and meridional wind, temperature and precipitation in the low-resolu-tion spectral model with properly smoothed mountains are significantly improved, especially in winter hemis-phere.The deep ripples in the model with the unsmoothed orography produce spurious high pressure regions at the surface with subsidence, and suppress rainfall, causing an unrealistic splitting of the precipitation area in northern winter and summer. Removal of tbe deep ripples by using the special procedure for smoothing topog-raphy allows a strong upward motion in the ripple area with heavy rainfall, eliminating the unrelistic split in the precipitation area. 相似文献