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1.
根据1957-2005 年中国各省区煤炭调出和调入数据, 运用SPSS 和GIS 方法, 首先对 “一五”~ “十五”各省区的煤炭流动地域类型进行了判别, 然后在省域尺度研究了煤炭资源 区域流动的时空过程, 最后探讨了煤炭资源流动时空演变的驱动力。“一五”~ “十五”中国 省际间煤炭流动演变特征有: 中国省际间煤炭资源流动规模逐年增大, 省际间煤炭调出总量 年均增长5.9%, 煤炭调入总量年均增长5.6%。流动范围逐年扩展, 无流地由1957 年的10 个省区缩小至近年的1 个左右。流场呈集中输流、分散汇流的特征, 调出省区个数< 调入省 区个数, 调出首位度> 调入首位度。煤炭区域流动演变的主要驱动力有: ① 产消不平衡是煤 炭资源区域流动的基本动力。晋陕蒙、西部煤炭产消盈余, 华东、中南、东北煤炭产消亏缺, 决定了北煤南运、西煤东运的煤炭流动格局。② 运煤通道的改善促进了煤炭区域流动。2005 年交通密度指数在20 以上的省区, 煤炭外运条件较好, 交通密度指数20 以下的省区都不同 程度的存在煤炭外运困难。而且, 统筹交通设施布局与煤炭生产布局可极大地推动区域煤炭 流动。③ 煤炭区域价格差异是煤炭流动的信号, 对资源流动的方向和数量产生一定的影响。 相似文献
2.
Bituminous coal in the Xutuan Coal Mine of the Huaibei Mining Bureau (China) is the research object of this study. The influence of moisture content on the porosity of the bituminous coal was investigated from a microscopic perspective by using a high-solution 3D X-ray micro-analyzer. The threshold segmentation method was used to segment the scanning slices of the coal samples. The threshold values of the various media were in the following order (from large to small): minerals, water, matrices, and fractures. The scanning volume and actual volume proportions of the different media in the coal samples with different moisture contents were calculated. The accuracy of the computerized tomography (CT) scanning method in measuring the coal moisture content was verified by comparison with the results obtained using the weighing method. 3D reconstructed coal samples, with different moisture contents, were analyzed, as well as separately reconstructed fractures and water in the coal samples with different moisture contents. The heterogeneity and anisotropy of the coal mass were explained quantitatively by the CT scanning intensity. A commonly used fracture classification method indicated that the primary fracture in the coal sample was a type A fracture. The results of the analysis of water in the coal fracture indicated that the porosity of bituminous coal decreased with the increase in moisture content in conditions of atmospheric pressure and a short immersion period. However, a certain level of porosity remained evident, and the degree of fracture development of the coal samples remained unchanged. This is attributed to the minor volumetric change in the minerals in the coal samples, as the water does not completely occupy the fractures in the coal samples, and the dissolution of the minerals by water is therefore not significant. The reasons for the moisture content affecting gas adsorption, seepage, and strength of a coal body were analyzed from a microscopic perspective. In addition, the types of fractures and water in the coal samples were classified by employing statistics and analyses of volume, surface area, specific surface area, and aspect ratio of the fractures and the water in the coal samples with different moisture contents. 相似文献
3.
For the low price of coal and ineffective environmental management in mining area, China is in the dilemma of the increasing coal demand and the serious environmental issues in mining area. The more coal that is exported from a region, the more heavily it suffers from the environmental impacts of coal export. In this paper, the temporal and spatial process of exporting coal from Shanxi to other provinces of China is traced between 1975 and 2005. The coal net export of Shanxi increased to 370.69 million tonnes in 2005, representing an average annual growth rate of 7.5% from 1975 to 2005. With the increase of the amount of coal export from Shanxi, the Environmental Loads Transfer (ELT) that import provinces input to mining areas of Shanxi are rising. Effective means of internalizing the environmental externality of ELT lie in: 1) setting up a coal sustainable development fund to restore environment of coal mining area; 2) enforcing environment tax, financial transfer payment and transferring advantage technology of pollution reduction to coal export area; and 3) reducing coal regional flow by reducing coal demand from power generation and heating and other industries. 相似文献
4.
长江流域是中国相对完整的经济区,依托长江的煤炭运输一直是支撑流域社会经济发展的重要力量,分析长江流域港口的煤炭运输职能对揭示长江港口在流域经济发展中的作用有重要意义。基于此,本文刻画了20世纪80年代以来长江流域港口的煤炭运输格局与演化过程,重点分析煤炭进出港空间格局演变,归纳主要特征,测度空间集散水平并总结演变规律。借助区位商和进出港系数,分析了长江流域煤炭运输职能空间分异的演变过程,并探讨了不同运输职能之间的空间关系。基于不同阶段下港口煤炭运输的空间特征,本文凝练了长江流域港口煤炭运输的空间模式,全面总结了煤炭运输格局演变的驱动因素。以此,为长江流域港口的建设与功能优化提供参考。 相似文献
5.
With increasing demands for coal resources, coal has been gradually mined in deep coal seams. Due to high gas content, pressure and in situ stress, deep coal seams show great risks of coal and gas outburst. Protective coal seam mining, as a safe and effective method for gas control, has been widely used in major coal-producing countries in the world. However, at present, the relevant problems, such as gas seepage characteristics and optimization of gas drainage borehole layout in protective coal seam mining have been rarely studied. Firstly, by combining with formulas for measuring and testing permeability of coal and rock mass in different stress regimes and failure modes in the laboratory, this study investigated stress–seepage coupling laws by using built-in language Fish of numerical simulation software FLAC3D. In addition, this research analyzed distribution characteristics of permeability in a protected coal seam in the process of protective coal seam mining. Secondly, the protected coal seam was divided into a zone with initial permeability, a zone with decreasing permeability, and permeability increasing zones 1 and 2 according to the changes of permeability. In these zones, permeability rises the most in the permeability increasing zone 2. Moreover, by taking Shaqu Coal Mine, Shanxi Province, China as an example, layout of gas drainage boreholes in the protected coal seam was optimized based on the above permeability-based zoning. Finally, numerical simulation and field application showed that gas drainage volume and concentration rise significantly after optimizing borehole layout. Therefore, when gas is drained through boreholes crossing coal seams during the protective coal seam mining in other coal mines, optimization of borehole layout in Shaqu Coal Mine has certain reference values. 相似文献
6.
论述了内蒙古巴彦宝力格煤田赛汉塔拉组中煤层煤质特征及用途。本区煤属中灰、低硫、低磷、特低氯、低～中热值,各煤层煤类以长焰煤为主,有少量褐煤。煤中有害成分低,发热量较高,是良好的民用及动力用煤。用于火力发电,各种工业锅炉使用,也可在建材工业,化学工业中做焙烧材料。 相似文献
7.
基于人口普查资料中的行业门类就业数据,以山西省各县域为空间单元,采用基尼系数、集中度指数、Kriging空间插值等方法,分析1990年、2000年、2010年山西省煤炭产业空间集聚的格局特征及演变过程,并且解释其驱动机理。研究表明：山西省煤炭产业空间集聚格局变化明显,经历了由单中心点状集聚向多中心面状集聚的演变过程,且整体扩散趋势中表现出局部集聚现象。在此过程中,煤炭生产的地域功能实现了由特大城市、大城市向中小城市的空间转移;煤炭产业高度集聚的热点区呈现出均衡化发展态势,且各热点区蔓延式扩散的强度和范围表现出显著时空差异性;煤炭产业的空间集聚过程是多因素共同作用的结果,其中,资源禀赋的地域差异性、煤炭产业的路径依赖效应、资源型城镇空间演变的客观规律,交通基础设施建设的牵引作用,以及政府制度与政策的宏观调控与引导等是主要驱动因素。 相似文献
8.
Characterization of coal micro-structure and the associated rock mechanical properties are of key importance for coal seam exploration, coal bed methane development, enhanced coal bed methane production and CO2 storage in deep coal seams. Considerable knowledge exists about coal chemical properties, but less is known about the nanoscale to the micro-scale structure of coals and how they change with coal strength across coal ranks. Thus, in this study, 3D X-ray micro-computed tomography (with a voxel size of 3.43 µm) and nano-indentation tests were conducted on coal samples of different ranks from peat to anthracite. The micro-structure of peats showed a well-developed pore system with meso- and micro-pores. The meso-pores essentially disappear with increasing rank, whereas the micro-pores persist and then increase past the bituminous rank. The micro-fracture system develops past the peat stage and by sub-bituminous ranks and changes into larger and mature fracture systems at higher ranks. The nano-indentation modulus showed the increasing trend from low- to high-rank coal with a perfect linear relationship with vitrinite reflectance and is highly correlated with carbon content as expected. 相似文献
9.
One of the prospective methods of coal utilization, especially in case of coal resources which are not mineable by means of
conventional methods, is underground coal gasification (UCG). This technology allows recovery of coal energy “in situ” and
thus avoid the health and safety risks related to people which are inseparable from traditional coal extraction techniques.
In Poland most mining areas are characterized by numerous coal beds where extraction was ceased on account of technical and
economic reasons or safety issues. This article presents estimates of Polish hard coal resources, broken down into individual
mines, that can constitute the basis of raw materials for the gasification process. Five mines, representing more than 4 thousand
tons, appear to be UCG candidates. 相似文献
10.
The Eastern Kentucky coal field, along with adjacent portions of Virginia and southern West Virginia, is part of the greatest production concentration of high-heating-value, low-sulfur coal in the United States, accounting for over 27% of the 1993 U.S. production of coal of all ranks. Eastern Kentucky's production is spread among many coal beds but is particularly concentrated in a limited number of highquality coals, notably the Pond Creek coal bed and its correlatives, and the Fire Clay coal bed and its correlatives. Both coals are relatively low ash and low sulfur through the areas of the heaviest concentration of mining activity. We discuss production trends, resources, and the quality of in-place and clean coal for those and other major coals in the region. 相似文献
11.
在分析黑山煤田区域构造背景和勘查资料的基础上,论述了构造运动对煤层赋存的控制作用,并以三种控煤构造组合形式揭示了本区的基本赋煤规律。聚煤期同沉积构造控制着含煤性在空间上的变化;印支期NWW向褶皱对煤层的赋存起着关键的控制作用;喜山晚期张性和走滑断层,破坏了煤层的连续性,并控制了煤田东、西部残留煤系的埋藏深度。逆冲——褶皱和断裂——单斜式控煤构造组合中,逆断层上盘煤层抬升而利于勘查开采,但规模有限;褶皱——断裂式控煤构造组合中,复式向斜之次级背斜区,煤系上覆地层受剥蚀,煤层埋藏较浅,为主要的有利勘查区。 相似文献
12.
Coal fires occur in underground natural coal seams, in exposed surface seams, and in coal storage or waste piles. The fires ignite through spontaneous combustion or natural or anthropogenic causes. They are reported from China, India, USA, South Africa, Australia, and Russia, as well as many other countries. Coal fires lead to loss of a valuable resource (coal), the emission of greenhouse-relevant and toxic gases, and vegetation deterioration. A dangerous aspect of the fires is the threat to local mines, industries, and settlements through the volume loss underground. Surface collapse in coal fire areas is common. Thus, coal fires are significantly affecting the evolution of the landscape. Based on more than a decade of experience with in situ mapping of coal fire areas worldwide, a general classification system for coal fires is presented. Furthermore, coal seam fire geomorphology is explained in detail. The major landforms associated with, and induced by, these fires are presented. The landforms include manifestations resulting from bedrock surface fracturing, such as fissures, cracks, funnels, vents, and sponges. Further manifestations resulting from surface bedrock subsidence include sinkholes, trenches, depressions, partial surface subsidence, large surface subsidence, and slides. Additional geomorphologic coal fire manifestations include exposed ash layers, pyrometamorphic rocks, and fumarolic minerals. The origin, evolution, and possible future development of these features are explained, and examples from in situ surveys, as well as from high-resolution satellite data analyses, are presented. The geomorphology of coal fires has not been presented in a systematic manner. Knowledge of coal fire geomorphology enables the detection of underground coal fires based on distinct surface manifestations. Furthermore, it allows judgments about the safety of coal fire-affected terrain. Additionally, geomorphologic features are indicators of the burning stage of fires. Finally, coal fire geomorphology helps to explain landscape features whose occurrence would otherwise not be understood. Although coal fire-induced thermal anomalies and gas release are also indications of coal fire activity, as addressed by many investigators, no assessment is complete without sound geomorphologic mapping of the fire-induced geomorphologic features. 相似文献
13.
利用1949—2008年的相关统计数据,分析中国煤炭资源供应格局和流动路径,结果表明:(1)国家政策变动对中国煤炭资源消费规模影响深刻,每一次政策变化都会造成能源消费规模的波动,近年来强烈的能源需求使得我国煤炭供应不得不面临进口的现实;(2)受能源需求和资源禀赋的双重压力,大规模、跨区域、长距离的煤炭运输成为我国能源运输体系的重要特征;(3)尽管煤炭运输方式在向铁路、水路和公路组合并用的多元化发展,但仍然不能满足旺盛的能源需求,煤炭运输瓶颈始终存在,变输煤为输电是缓解当前煤炭运输困难的一个途径。 相似文献
14.
China, with the world’s largest population, is one of the most rapidly growing countries and the largest consumer of energy in the world. It possesses the second largest coal reserves globally and is the largest producer of coal in the world. Approximately 95% of the coal produced in China is from underground mining, which causes serious environmental and water quality problems. This paper investigates the relationship between coal production and the environment using a spatial econometric methods. The results indicate that electricity production and waste water have the greatest influence on coal production. Findings from this study are helpful to policy makers for designing environmental regulations in the coal production industry in China. 相似文献
15.
Coal is a basic resource and its use guarantees the development of national economies and human society. Thus, coal transportation is an important part of China’s overall transportation system. In this system, ports are the vital transit nodes. This study considered coastal ports in China and analysed the evolution of coal transportation from 1973 to 2013. We focused on the spatial pattern of coal loading and unloading, and summarized the main characteristics and development of the processes. Then, we examined the volumes of coal transported and regional changes in these amounts using mathematical models and indicators. Finally, we analysed the specialized function and spatial differentiation of the ports involved in coal transportation to reveal their spatial relationship and temporal evolution. We found that the spatial pattern of coal transportation changed from “south input and north output” to “all input and north output”. However, the prominent ports used for coal unloading are still concentrated in areas south of the Yangtze River. Coal loading is concentrated on the west bank of Bohai Bay. In addition, some ports around Bohai Bay, such as Dandong, Dalian, Yantai, and Qingdao, changed from traditional coal loading ports to unloading ports. This study further developed the theory of transport geography, and improved our understanding of China’s coal transportation system. 相似文献
16.
An economic-geographical analysis is made of the main current problems with the development of Kuzbass implying a strict dependence of the economy on world prices and demand for coal, a high transportation component in the price of Kuznetsk coal, and on the irrational structure of the region’s coal sector. From the perspective of the market economy, N. N. Kolosovskii’s concept of energy-production cycles is rethought, the notion of the “coal production cycle” is formulated, and a generalized scheme of this cycle is presented. This study revealed the territorial limits of Kuznetsk coal exports and use which formed the basis for determining the near concentrated consumption of coals including Kemerovo oblast and neighboring regions of Western Siberia. For this zone the proposals were developed for a modernization of the structure of coal production cycle including recommendations for the extraction of coal and associated components, their alternative exports and primary and downstream processing. Attention is focused on the economic-geographical substantiation of the specific location of enterprises for downstream processing of Kuznetsk coals including the facilities for coking, semicoking, generator and subsurface gasification, hydrogenization as well as transportation of coal via the Kuzbass–Ural coal pipeline. 相似文献
17.
The U.S. Geological Survey recently completed a digital coal resource assessment model of the Upper Pennsylvanian Pittsburgh coal bed, which indicates that after subtracting mined-out coal, 16 billion short tons (14 billion tonnes) remain of the original 34 billion short tons (31 billion tonnes) of coal. When technical, environmental, and social restrictions are applied to the remaining Pittsburgh coal model, only 12 billion short tons (11 billion tonnes) are available for mining. Our assessment models estimate that up to 0.61 billion short tons (0.55 billion tonnes), 2.7 billion short tons (2.4 billion tonnes), and 8.5 billion short tons (7.7 billion tonnes) could be available for surface mining, continuous mining, and longwall mining, respectively. This analysis is an example of a second-generation regional coal availability study designed to model recoverability characteristics for all the major coal beds in the United States. 相似文献
18.
Mining-induced tremors are indispensable events that gestate and trigger coal bursts. The radiated energy is usually considered a key index to assess coal burst risk of seismic events. This paper presents a model to assess coal burst risk of seismic events based on multiple seismic source parameters. By considering the distribution and relation laws of the seismic source parameters of coal bursts, the model aims to identify dangerous seismic events that more closely match the characteristics of multiple seismic source parameters of coal bursts. The new coal burst risk index T is proposed. It consists of the similarity index SI (representing the similarity degree of relations between seismic events and coal burst events based on seismic source parameters) and the strength index ST (representing the burst strength of seismic events). We studied 79 coal burst events that occurred during extraction in LW250105 of the Huating coal mine in Gansu Province, China. We obtained the distribution and relation laws of multiple seismic source parameters of coal burst events to establish SI and ST. Two groups of seismic events with different energy distributions were examined to compare the assessment results based on the new model and energy criteria. The results show that 80% and 89% of seismic events with strong coal burst risk in Groups A and B, respectively, were coincident, and the seismic events with medium coal burst risk were slightly less compared to those based on radiated energy. The results indicate that the assessment based on the T value is a modification and optimization of that based on radiated energy. This model is conducive to improving the efficiency of monitoring and early warning of coal burst risk. 相似文献
19.
Coal is a basic resource and its use guarantees the development of national economies and human society. Thus, coal transportation is an important part of China's overall transportation system. In this system, ports are the vital transit nodes. This study considered coastal ports in China and analysed the evolution of coal transportation from 1973 to 2013. We focused on the spatial pattern of coal loading and unloading, and summarized the main characteristics and development of the processes. Then, we examined the volumes of coal transported and regional changes in these amounts using mathematical models and indicators. Finally, we analysed the specialized function and spatial differentiation of the ports involved in coal transportation to reveal their spatial relationship and temporal evolution. We found that the spatial pattern of coal transportation changed from "south input and north output" to "all input and north output". However, the prominent ports used for coal unloading are still concentrated in areas south of the Yangtze River. Coal loading is concentrated on the west bank of Bohai Bay. In addition, some ports around Bohai Bay, such as Dandong, Dalian, Yantai, and Qingdao, changed from traditional coal loading ports to unloading ports. This study further developed the theory of transport geography, and improved our understanding of China's coal transportation system. 相似文献
20.
煤炭是支撑和保障国家经济发展和社会进步的战略性资源,煤炭运输一直是中国综合运输体系的重要组成部分,而港口是煤炭运输网络中的关键集散中转节点。本文以中国沿海港口为研究对象,以1973-2013年为时间尺度,刻画沿海港口煤炭运输的空间分异格局及演化,重点分析港口煤炭下水与接卸的空间格局演变,归纳总结主要特征和发展规律;然后,采用数理模型和指标,评价港口煤炭下水与接卸的空间集聚水平及变化;最后分析港口煤炭运输的专业化职能及空间分异格局,揭示煤炭下水港和接卸港的空间关系及演变规律。研究发现,中国沿海港口的煤炭运输格局由“南进北出”模式演变为“全进北出”模式,但接卸职能突出的港口仍然集中在长江以南地区,煤炭下水港集中于渤海西岸,而环渤海地区的丹东、大连、烟台、青岛等港口由传统的煤炭下水港演变为接卸港。本研究有助于丰富交通地理和能源地理的理论研究,并为中国沿海港口煤炭运输体系的布局优化提供指导。 相似文献
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