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1.
针对颗粒材料剪切变形的细观尺度研究,介绍了基于密度匹配原理的颗粒实现完全移除底部摩擦力的光弹试验技术。通过对密实度为82%的光弹颗粒系统进行直剪变形研究,研究结果表明颗粒系统在直剪试验过程中,力链的主方向即主应力方向沿着剪切室短对角线方向发展,并贯穿于整个颗粒系统后在剪切室的边界处达到应力平衡; 而颗粒系统中各颗粒的位移场在归一化后表现出很好沿剪切室中轴的对称性。 相似文献
2.
钙质砂与钢板接触面力学特性试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对一种人工制备的钙质砂与光滑铜板接触面进行了一系列的单调和循环剪切试验,表明钙质砂与光滑钢板的接触属于摩擦接触,界面剪应力与正应力之比与剪切位移关系有较好的归一性。等正应力试验中钙质砂的的缩性较大;等体积试验中接触面的抗剪强度因正应力的降低而远低于等正应力试验;循环剪切中加荷与卸荷曲线基本重合,经历循环剪切作用后接触面的抗剪强度有降低的趋势。界面湿摩擦系数低于干摩擦系数。 相似文献
3.
This paper presents a micromechanical model for the analysis of wet granular soils at low saturation (below 30%). The discrete element method is employed to model the solid particles. The capillary water is assumed to be in a pendular state and thus exists in the form of liquid bridges at the particle‐to‐particle contacts. The resulting inter‐particle adhesion is accounted for using the toroidal approximation of the bridge. Hydraulic hysteresis is accounted for based on the possible mechanism of the formation and breakage of the liquid bridges during wetting and drying phases. Shear test computational simulations were conducted at different water contents under relatively low net normal stresses. The results of these simulations suggest that capillary‐induced attractive forces and hydraulic hysteresis play an important role in affecting the shear strength of the soil. These attractive forces produce a tensile stress that contributes to the apparent cohesion of the soil and increases its stiffness. During a drying phase, capillary‐induced tensile stresses, and hence shear strength, tend to be larger than those during a wetting phase. The proposed model appears to capture the macroscopic response of wet granular materials and revealed a number of salient micromechanical mechanisms and response patterns consistent with theoretical considerations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Macroscopic frictional behavior of granular materials is of great importance for studying several complex problems associated with fault slip and landslides. The main objective of this study is to model the macroscale frictional behavior of granular soils under monotonic and cyclic loadings based upon micromechanical determination of dissipated energy at particle contacts. This study is built on the general observation that the externally computed energy dissipation should be equal to the total internal energy dissipation derived from inter-particle sliding and rolling, energy losses from inter-particle collisions, and damping. For this purpose, the discrete element method is used to model a granular soil and determine the stored, dissipated, and damping energies associated with shear loading for applied monotonic and cyclic velocities. These energies are then related to the friction by an application of the Taylor-critical state power balance relationship. Also, the contributions of the different modes of energy dissipation (normal, shear, and rolling) to the total frictional resistance were studied. By changing the inter-particle friction, the simulations showed that the macroscopic friction was nearly constant, the slip friction increased almost linearly with increasing inter-particle friction, and the difference between the two was attributed to the non-energy dissipating dilatancy component. By providing a clear relationship between energy dissipated by micro-scale mechanisms versus the traditional engineering definition based on macro-scale (continuum) parameters, this study provides a means to develop a better understanding for the frictional behavior of granular media.
相似文献5.
阐述了Hoek建议的非线性关系原理,以此提出了求取岩体抗剪强度的算法：考虑了岩体抗剪破坏时总体或平均水平,通过计算出不同正应力 下对应的剪应力 ,线性回归确定一定应力范围内线性化后的 、 值,解决了Hoek-Brown准则拟合算法不能求解一定正应力 条件下岩土的抗剪强度的问题。在对中缅油气管道（国内段）澜沧江跨域工程边坡岩体应用以及进一步对比研究,结果表明：采用文中算法给出的第1种确定正应力 的方法所得的 、 值与Hoek-Brown准则拟合算法所得的结果相差不大,究其原因是两种算法考虑的因素不太一样,导致围压 或正应力 大小有所差别;在实际工程正应力 较低的情况下,应采用文中算法给出的第2种确定正应力 的方法来获取的 、 值,这样所得的结果才与实际情况比较接近,克服了Hoek-Brown准则拟合算法对围压 依赖的问题。 相似文献
6.
If the free vertical movement of the upper rigid part of the shear box is hindered during shearing, a frictional force is mobilized between the specimen and the vertical walls of the shear box. This causes either unloading (for contractant soils) or additional loading (for dilatant soils) of the specimen during shearing. If no correction of the applied vertical load with respect to the wall friction is taken into account, the resulting shear strength can be either underestimated (for contractant soils) or overestimated (for dilatant soils). For example, in a particular investigation of a normally consolidated soil, the measured friction angle from a direct shear test was almost 8° smaller than the angle from a triaxial test. This paper, therefore, presents a method for direct measurement of the frictional force at the contact between the vertical walls of the box and a fine-grained soil. If the wall friction is taken into account, the friction angle from the shear box coincides well with the angle from triaxial tests. If the wall friction cannot be measured during the test, a sufficiently large vertical gap should be adjusted in case of soft soils, in order to enable non-restrained settlement of the upper part of the box during specimen contraction. 相似文献
7.
自然条件下,颗粒介质大多以非规则单元形态存在。非规则几何形态对颗粒介质的宏观力学性能有很大影响。针对颗粒单元的不同几何形态,采用团颗粒单元对离散介质的直剪试验过程进行了离散元数值计算,详细地讨论了颗粒形态对离散介质剪切强度的影响。该非规则颗粒由不同形态、不同数目、镶嵌尺寸、组合方位和颗粒大小的球形颗粒进行随机构造,其在局部与整体坐标之间的转动、力矩和方位关系通过4元素方法进行确定,基本球体颗粒之间的作用力采用具有Mohr-Coulomb摩擦定侓的Hertz-Mindlin非线性接触模型,并考虑了非线性法向粘滞力的影响。通过构造7种具有相同的质量概率分布的不同形态的团颗粒,在不同法向应力下,对团颗粒的直剪试验进行了离散元模拟,分析了不同形态颗粒的剪切强度。通过对不同形态颗粒介质剪切强度的数值分析,进一步揭示了非规则颗粒间的咬合互锁效应,为分析非规则颗粒的宏观动力特性提供了依据。 相似文献
8.
Summary. A series of laboratory tests was performed on cemented shotcrete-rock joints to investigate the strength and stiffness of the interfaces, while simulating field conditions as close as possible. The direct shear test formed the core of the experimental work, while the tension and compression tests were complementary. To simulate loading conditions experienced in practical cases the direct shear tests were performed under fairly low normal stresses. In most practical cases when shotcrete is used with rock bolts, the normal load on shotcrete lining seldom exceeds 0.2 to 0.5 MPa. The direct shear test results show that, for such normal load range the shear strength is determined by the bond strength for genuinely bonded shotcrete-rock interfaces. For higher normal stresses (σn > 1.0 MPa), which rarely exist at the shotcrete-rock interface, the shear strength is largely influenced by friction resulting in the cohesive strength being less significant. Assessment of the shear surface revealed that the steel fibres in the shotcrete appeared to contribute significantly to the frictional component. The shear and normal stiffnesses of the interface were also determined, which were in principal the stiffnesses of the bond. An interesting observation was the complex interaction at the interface and the mechanisms that controlled the peak shear strength which depended on the surface roughness, the existence of natural flaws and the normal load. 相似文献
9.
Christopher P. Bobko Benjamin Gathier J. Alberto Ortega Franz‐Josef Ulm Lavinia Borges Younane N. Abousleiman 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(17):1854-1876
An inverse micromechanics approach allows interpretation of nanoindentation results to deliver cohesive‐frictional strength behavior of the porous clay binder phase in shale. A recently developed strength homogenization model, using the Linear Comparison Composite approach, considers porous clay as a granular material with a cohesive‐frictional solid phase. This strength homogenization model is employed in a Limit Analysis Solver to study indentation hardness responses and develop scaling relationships for indentation hardness with clay packing density. Using an inverse approach for nanoindentation on a variety of shale materials gives estimates of packing density distributions within each shale and demonstrates that there exists shale‐independent scaling relations of the cohesion and of the friction coefficient that vary with clay packing density. It is observed that the friction coefficient, which may be interpreted as a degree of pressure‐sensitivity in strength, tends to zero as clay packing density increases to one. In contrast, cohesion reaches its highest value as clay packing density increases to one. The physical origins of these phenomena are discussed, and related to fractal packing of these nanogranular materials. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
11.
Velocity dependence of strength and healing behaviour in simulated phyllosilicate-bearing fault gouge 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Despite the fact that phyllosilicates are widespread in fault zones, little is known about the strength of phyllosilicate-bearing fault rocks under brittle–ductile transitional conditions. In this study, we explored the steady state strength and healing behaviour of a simulated phyllosilicate-bearing fault rock, i.e. muscovite plus halite and brine, at room temperature, normal stresses of 1–9 MPa, atmospheric fluid pressure and sliding velocities of 0.001–13 μm/s, using a rotary shear apparatus. While 100% halite and 100% muscovite samples exhibit rate-independent frictional/brittle behaviour, the strength of mixtures containing 10–50% muscovite is both normal stress and sliding velocity dependent. At low velocities (< 1 μm/s), strength increases with increasing velocity and normal stress, and a mylonitic foliation develops. This behaviour results from pressure solution in the halite grains, which accommodates frictional sliding on the phyllosilicate foliation. The pervasive muscovite foliation, which coats all halite grains, prevents significant healing. At high velocities (> 1 μm/s), velocity-weakening frictional behaviour occurs, along with the development of a structureless, intermixed, cataclastic microstructure. The steady state porosity of samples deformed in this regime increases with increasing sliding velocity. We propose that this behaviour involves competition between dilatation due to granular flow and compaction due to pressure solution. Towards higher sliding velocities, dilatation increasingly dominates over pressure solution compaction, so that porosity increases and frictional strength decreases. During periods of zero slip, pressure solution compaction occurs, causing a significant strength increase on reshearing. Our results imply that cataclastic overprinting of mylonitic rocks in natural fault zones does not require any changes in temperature or effective pressure conditions, but can simply result from oscillating fault motion rates. Our healing data suggest that foliated, aseismically creeping fault segments will remain weak and aseismic, whereas segments that have slipped seismically will rapidly re-strengthen and remain in the unstable, velocity-weakening regime. 相似文献
12.
A hypoplastic constitutive model for debris materials 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Debris flow is a very common and destructive natural hazard in mountainous regions. Pore water pressure is the major triggering factor in the initiation of debris flow. Excessive pore water pressure is also observed during the runout and deposition of debris flow. Debris materials are normally treated as solid particle–viscous fluid mixture in the constitutive modeling. A suitable constitutive model which can capture the solid-like and fluid-like behavior of solid–fluid mixture should have the capability to describe the developing of pore water pressure (or effective stresses) in the initiation stage and determine the residual effective stresses exactly. In this paper, a constitutive model of debris materials is developed based on a framework where a static portion for the frictional behavior and a dynamic portion for the viscous behavior are combined. The frictional behavior is described by a hypoplastic model with critical state for granular materials. The model performance is demonstrated by simulating undrained simple shear tests of saturated sand, which are particularly relevant for the initiation of debris flows. The partial and full liquefaction of saturated granular material under undrained condition is reproduced by the hypoplastic model. The viscous behavior is described by the tensor form of a modified Bagnold’s theory for solid–fluid suspension, in which the drag force of the interstitial fluid and the particle collisions are considered. The complete model by combining the static and dynamic parts is used to simulate two annular shear tests. The predicted residual strength in the quasi-static stage combined with the stresses in the flowing stage agrees well with the experimental data. The non-quadratic dependence between the stresses and the shear rate in the slow shear stage for the relatively dense specimens is captured. 相似文献
13.
Two hundred observations of frictional behavior of seven low-porosity silicate rocks were made at temperatures to 700°C and pressures from 2.5 to 6 kbar. For all rocks except one, peridotite, stick-slip occurred at low temperature and gave way to stable sliding at some high temperature, different for each rock. These differences could be related to the presence or absence of minerals such as amphibole, mica, or serpentine. Up to some temperature, depending on rock type, the friction stress was relatively unaffected by temperature. The shear stress decreased at higher temperature, and in some cases such decrease was related to the coincidence of fracture and friction strength. While somewhat dependent on rock type, the friction stress for the seven rocks studied was about the same, within 10–15%. Up to 265°C, water had little effect on the frictional behavior of faulted granite at 3 kbar effective pressure. The frictional stresses measured in the laboratory were significantly higher than estimated for natural faults. This difference could be accounted for by high pore pressure or weak alteration materials in the natural fault zone. 相似文献
14.
A succinct 3D discrete element model, with clumps to resemble the real shapes of granular materials, is developed. The quaternion method is introduced to transform the motion and force of a clump between local and global coordinates. The Hertz–Mindlin elastic contact force model, incorporated with the nonlinear normal viscous force and the Mohr–Coulomb friction law, is used to describe the interactions between particles. The proposed discrete element model is used to simulate direct shear tests of the irregular limestone rubbles. The simulation results of vertical displacements and shear stresses with a mixture of clumps are compared well with that of laboratory tests. The bulk friction coefficients are calculated and discussed under different contact friction coefficients and normal stresses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
Fast shear behavior of granular materials in ring-shear tests and implications for rapid landslides 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The high mobility of rapid landslides is one of the most important subjects of both theoretical and practical interest to engineers and scientists. The idea that ultralow resistance could explain the high mobility inspires researchers to examine the shear behavior of granular materials under a wide range of conditions, but the response of granular materials to fast loading rates is largely unknown. The motivation for this study was to examine several fundamental issues of particle properties and mechanical conditions on the fast shear behavior of granular materials. Two granular materials were studied in the oven-dried state and were sheared by employing a ring-shear apparatus. Results indicated that angular particles (silica sand) had higher shear strength parameters than spherical particles (glass beads). In addition, the dilative process was observed during shearing, which depended on normal stress and particle shape. A slightly negative shear-rate effect on shear strength was observed for both granular materials under a certain range of shear rates. Furthermore, cumulative shear displacement had a significant effect on the degree of particle crushing. Fast ring-shear tests also revealed that shear rate had a slightly negative effect on particle crushing. Based on these experimental results, the possible applications of dynamic grain fragmentation theory to assess the high mobility of rapid landsliding phenomena were discussed. It was indicated that the magnitude and release rate of elastic strain energy generated by grain fragmentation played important roles on the dynamic process of landslide mobility. 相似文献
16.
用改造的直剪仪研究了滑带土再生强度与滑动面剩余剪应力比PRSS和强度再生时间的关系。结果表明,滑带土强度再生与上覆滑体压应力关系不大,但较高的剩余剪应力比PRSS妨碍滑带土强度再生,滑带土强度有效再生的界限PRSS在55%到70%之间。剩余剪应力比PRSS小于等于55%时,90 d时滑带土再生强度可达到慢剪强度的70%以上,PRSS大于等于70%时,90 d时滑带土再生强度不足慢剪强度的25%。滑带土强度再生过程中,黏聚力和内摩擦角增速不一致,PRSS小于等于55%时,黏聚力C在前30 d增速较快,30 d时增至慢剪强度[C]的44.6%,此后增速均明显放缓,90 d时其值为慢剪强度[C]的49%。内摩擦角φ在前90 d增速基本一致,90 d时其值占慢剪强度[φ]的90.4%。黏聚力和内摩擦角90 d以后均趋于稳定。 相似文献
17.
Particle size strongly influences the shear strength of granular materials. However, previous studies of the particle size effect have focused mainly on the macroscopic behavior of granular materials, neglecting the associated micro-mechanism. In this study, the effect of particle size on the shear strength of uncrushable granular materials in biaxial testing is investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). First, a comprehensive calibration against experimental results is conducted to obtain the DEM parameters for two types of quartz sand. Then, a series of biaxial tests are simulated on sands with parallel particle size distributions to investigate the effect of particle size on macro- and microscopic behaviors. Finally, by adopting the rolling resistance method and the clump method, irregular-shaped particles are simulated to investigate how the particle size effect will be influenced by the particle shape. Simulation results demonstrate that (1) the peak shear strength increases with particle size, whereas the residual shear strength is independent of particle size; (2) the thickness of the shear band increases with the particle size, but its ratio decreases with particle size; (3) the particle size effect can be explained by the increase of friction utilization ratio with particle size; and (4) the particle size effect is more significant in granular materials that consist of particles with higher angularity.
相似文献18.
Observation of shear zone development in ring-shear apparatus with a transparent shear box 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Using a new ring-shear apparatus with a transparent shear box and video image analysis system, drained and undrained speed-controlled tests were conducted on coarse-grained silica sands to study the shear-zone formation process in granular materials. Velocity distribution profiles of grains under shear at various stages in the ring shear tests were observed through processing the video image by the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) program. Shear-zone thickness and type of shear mode (slide-like or flow-like) during shear were observed. Before reaching peak strength in low-speed and drained condition test, a comparatively major part of the sample in the upper shear box showed a velocity distribution profile of structural deformation and dilatancy behavior. After peak strength, the velocity profile changed into a slide-like mode and thereafter showed almost no change. In higher speed tests with drained and undrained conditions, an almost slide-like mode was observed, compared to low-speed test. Apparent shear-zone thicknesses of high-speed tests are thinner than low-speed tests. Unexpectedly, almost no difference was observed in the shear-zone thickness and mode of shear (slide or flow-like) between drained and undrained tests. This study was conducted as part of the International Programme on Landslides (IPL) M101 “Areal prediction of earthquake and rain induced rapid and long-traveling flow phenomena (APERITIF)” of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). These results will contribute to understanding the mechanism of shear-zone development in granular materials as a basic knowledge for disaster risk mitigation of rapid long run-out landslides. 相似文献
19.
利用室内剪切试验装置,开展不同正应力、自然与饱水条件下岩体异性结构面的剪切试验,分析异性结构面的剪切变形和强度特性,利用JRC-JCS抗剪强度力学模型将试验结果与计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,（1）异性结构面的剪切变形曲线属于弹塑性残余变形类型。相比自然状态试件,饱水试件的弹性区减小,较早进入峰值区或塑性区;（2）异性结构面的剪切刚度均随法向力的增大而增大,但同一正应力下饱水试件的剪切刚度要小于自然状态的剪切刚度,在低法向力下尤为显著;（3）水对岩体异性结构面剪切强度参数有不同程度的弱化,尤其对内摩擦角 的劣化明显;（4）只要计算参数选取得当,并考虑实际岩体的受力及水等情况,JRC-JCS计算模型可以为实际工程岩体的结构面强度提供较为准确的参数。 相似文献
20.
构筑物与土体接触面力学行为是岩土工程研究的热点之一。基于一系列直剪试验,研究不同法向压力、土体含水率条件下黄土?水泥砂浆块界面剪切特性。结果表明,(1) 在土体含水率为9.2和13.1%条件下,法向压力为50、100 kPa时黄土?沙浆块界面剪切应力?位移曲线表现为应变软化型,且可分为峰值前、峰值后及残余阶段三部分,在法向压力为200、300 kPa时表现为应变硬化型;在土体含水率为17.1、20.8%条件下,不同法向压力时黄土?砂浆块界面剪切应力?位移曲线均为应变硬化型;(2) 黄土?砂浆块界面的抗剪强度包络线符合摩尔?库仑准则,随着含水率的增大,界面黏聚强度降低显著,摩擦强度略有增加,整体抗剪强度降低。当土体含水率由9.2%增加至20.8%时,界面黏聚力由41.5 kPa下降至3.6 kPa,界面摩擦系数由0.50增大至0.58。用非线性模型对界面剪切应力?位移曲线关系进行拟合,结果表明非线性模型可较好反映黄土?砂浆块界面的剪切特性。 相似文献