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1.
Successful design of soil liner and covers for landfills and waste impoundments involves selection of liner material and assessment
of chemical compatibility of the liner material. In this work locally available materials with different mineralogy have been
evaluated from the viewpoint of liner application. Many local soils may not meet the requirements of liner material; often
it is necessary to amend these soils with commercially available processed bentonite. Clay liners may be attacked by chemical
waste or leachate, concentrated organic chemicals can attack compacted clay effectively destroying the characteristics of
liner material. Thus the main aim of this work has been to assess the suitability of different types of locally available
materials for their potential use as liners for waste containment facilities. The materials studied are kaolinitic red earth,
illite and fly ash. Based on literature survey and experimental work in this laboratory, 20% by weight of bentonite has been
chosen for amending selected materials. Addition of 20% bentonite to selected liner material improved the hydraulic conductivity
and adsorption capacity of the amended mixture but, reduced the volume stability. To improve the volume stability of the amended
material and to have better resistance towards chemicals attack, stabilizing the amended mixture with 1% by weight of lime
has been considered. The relative advantages and disadvantages of four materials namely; red earth with 20% bentonite, illite
with 20% bentonite, fly ash with 20% bentonite and illite alone, stabilized with 1% by weight of lime were brought out. The
chemical compatibility of the materials to electrolyte solution (0.5 N NaCl), alkaline solution (0.5 N NaOH), acid (0.5 N
HCl) and organic fluid (CCl4) has been studied. The relative efficiency of the selected materials with selected pore fluids was compared. 相似文献
2.
An approach for predicting swelling pressure of bentonites based on thermodynamic relationships between swelling pressure and suction is presented in this paper. The proposed method requires sorption isotherm data of the bentonites. A series of swelling pressure tests were performed on compacted specimens of bentonite-sand mixtures with different bentonite contents, water contents, and dry densities. The sorption isotherm of the pure bentonite was measured using a chilled-mirror hygrometer. It is found that the method works well for the bentonite-sand mixtures tested. Several published data on bentonites that have been proposed to be used as buffer and sealing material for nuclear waste repository were collected and used to verify the method. The proposed method is found to be also applicable for other bentonites of different types and therefore, can be used to predict swelling pressure of bentonites. 相似文献
3.
Over the last decade, waste disposal has become a particularly sensitive issue in Algeria. New legislation concerning landfill
liner design has been adopted. Traditional methods of landfill liner characterization involve soil sampling and chemical analysis,
which are costly, destructive and time-consuming. New techniques are currently being investigated that aim to provide nondestructive
liner characterisation. This paper details technical aspects associated with electrical conductivity measurements within landfill
liners and presents experimental work to show the direct application of electrical techniques to track ionic movement through
a sand bentonite liner under chemically induced flow. Samples of sand bentonite were mixed and compacted with NaCl electrolytes
at different concentrations. The electrical conductivities of compacted specimens were measured with a two-electrode cell.
The effects of frequency and electrolyte concentration on the conductivity measurement were explored. The relationship between
the soil electrical conductivity and the NaCl electrolyte concentration in interstitial pore fluid was determined. The conductivity
measurements were used to quantify the pore fluid concentration and effective diffusion coefficient of sand bentonite liners.
It is concluded here that the electrical conductivity of compacted specimens depends mainly on the salt concentration in the
pore fluid, and that this approach could therefore be used to track ionic movement through liners during diffusion. 相似文献
4.
Simplified evaluation for swelling characteristics of bentonites 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Bentonite is currently planned to be used as buffer and backfill materials for repositories of high-level nuclear waste because these materials must have the swelling characteristics to seal the waste. In the design for buffer and backfill materials, we must choose the adequate bentonite among many kinds of bentonite in the world. The database of the swelling characteristics of various bentonites and its evaluation will be available when we will select the adequate bentonite. For this purpose, this study performed the laboratory tests on the swelling pressure and swelling deformation of four kinds of bentonite produced in Japan and the United States. These bentonites have different physicochemical properties. This study investigated the characteristics of swelling pressure and swelling deformation from the viewpoint of the physicochemical properties of each bentonite. Furthermore, this study also proposed the simplified evaluation of swelling characteristics of various bentonites on the basis of microscopic analysis. 相似文献
5.
Determination of hydraulic conductivity of sand-bentonite mixtures for engineering purposes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pollution of the environment due to leakage from waste repositories is a well-known and wide spread problem. Emphasis has therefore been put on design of liners for such repositories, focusing on hydraulic conductivity and its variation with time, liner composition, water content, compaction etc. The paper addresses the hydraulic conductivity of sand/bentonite mixtures, especially the variation of the hydraulic conductivity as a function of bentonite content, compaction and degree of saturation. In order to better understand the variation of the hydraulic conductivity of a sand–bentonite mixture a new parameter k
1 has been proposed. The parameter reflects the amount of bentonite per pore volume and can easily be calculated based on the amount of bentonite and the dry density of the soil mixture. Thereby, the hydraulic conductivity can be predicted as a function of different degres of compaction. This method can be used for engineering purposes to predict the hydraulic conductivity at an early stage of a design to get an idea of the required design and hence, cost. 相似文献
6.
Hydraulic conductivity is a dominant parameter in the design of engineered waste disposal facilities such as landfill liners and covers, lagoon liners and slurry walls. It is of interest to a geotechnical or geo-environmental engineer to develop a predictive method of determining the hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained soils, in order to assess its suitability as a liner material. To predict the hydraulic conductivity of soils, researchers and geotechnical engineers have attempted to correlate it with index properties of the soils, such as the liquid limit, void ratio and specific surface. Based on the present study a predictive method has been developed in this paper to predict the hydraulic conductivity in terms of void ratio and shrinkage index (Liquid limit – shrinkage limit) for remoulded fine-grained soils. Though the initial conditions for the soil will affect the hydraulic conductivity behaviour to some extent, both the void ratio and soil characteristics are primary factors in affecting the hydraulic conductivity. Therefore for predictive purpose, the study of hydraulic conductivity behaviour of remoulded fine-grained soils as presented in this paper can be found to be useful for compacted soils also. 相似文献
7.
Research on the longevity of potential bentonite-based barrier materials is an important part of the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program. Valuable information on the longterm effectiveness of bentonitic barriers can be obtained by examining the properties of unprocessed bentonites from natural deposits. This study compares the swelling capacity (Ps) and hydraulic conductivity (K) of an unprocessed (clay that has not been ground and dried by the supplier) and a processed bentonite from south-central Saskatchewan, Canada. The clay deposit is 75 to 85 Ma old. At a given clay density, the processed bentonite exhibits a greater P3 and a lower K than the unprocessed clay. This can be at least partially attributed to the partial cementation of the unprocessed bentonite particles; this cementation is likely ruptured when the clay is ground during processing. Even though K for the unprocessed clay is higher than that of the processed clay, it is still low enough (< 1011m/s) to meet the permeability requirements of a barrier material in a nuclear fuel waste disposal vault. The unprocessed clay also has the has the ability to self seal: exposure to water, the normalized flow rate of water through some samples was as high as 10-5 m3/s, but the rate rapidly decreased to < 10-10m3/s the clay absorbed water and swelled. The data indicate that the unprocessed bentonite clay maintains anacceptably high swelling capacity and low permeability millions of years after deposition. 相似文献
8.
Containment landfills: the myth of sustainability 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
A number of major problems associated with the containment approach to landfill management are highlighted. The fundamental flaw in the strategy is that dry entombment of waste inhibits its degradation, so prolonging the activity of the waste and delaying, possibly for several decades, its stabilisation to an inert state. This, coupled with uncertainties as to the long-term durability of synthetic lining systems, increases the potential, for liner failure at some stage in the future whilst the waste is still active, leading to groundwater pollution by landfill leachate. Clay liners also pose problems as the smectite components of bentonite liners are subject to chemical interaction with landfill leachate, leading to a reduction in their swelling capacity and increase in hydraulic conductivity. Thus, their ability to perform a containment role diminishes with time. More critically, if diffusion rather than advection is the dominant contaminant migration mechanism, then no liner will be completely impermeable to pollutants and the containment strategy becomes untenable.
There are other less obvious problems with the containment strategy. One is the tendency to place total reliance on artificial lining systems and pay little attention to local geological/hydrogeological conditions during selection of landfill sites. Based on the attitude that any site can be engineered for landfilling and that complete protection of groundwater can be effected by lining systems, negative geological characteristics of sites are being ignored. Furthermore, excessive costs in construction and operation of containment landfills necessitate that they are large scale operations (superdumps), with associated transfer facilities and transport costs, all of which add to overall waste management costs. Taken together with unpredictable post-closure maintenance and monitoring costs, possibly over several decades, the economics of the containment strategy becomes unsustainable. Such a high-cost, high-technology approach to landfill leachate management is generally beyond the financial and technological resources of the less wealthy nations, and places severe burdens on their economies. For instance, in third world countries with limited water resources, the need to preserve groundwater quality is paramount, so expensive containment strategies are adopted in the belief that they offer greatest protection to groundwater. A final indictment of the containment strategy is that in delaying degradation of waste, the present generations waste problems will be left for future generations to deal with.
More cost-effective landfill management strategies take advantage of the natural hydrogeological characteristics and attenuation properties of the subsurface. The ‘dilute and disperse’ strategy employs the natural sorption and ion exchange properties of clay minerals, and it has been shown that in appropriate situations it is effective in attenuating landfill leachate and preventing pollution of water resources. Operated at sites with thick clay overburden sequences, using a permeable cap to maximise rainfall infiltration and a leachate collection system to control leachate migration, ‘dilute and disperse’ is a viable leachate management strategy. Hydraulic traps are relatively common hydrogeological situations where groundwater flow is towards the landfill, so effectively suppressing outwards advective flow of leachate. This approach is also best employed with a clay liner, taking advantage of the attenuation properties of clays to combat diffusive flow of contaminants. These strategies are likely to guarantee greater protection of groundwater in the long term. 相似文献
9.
Testing the ability of bentonite-amended natural zeolite (clinoptinolite) to remove heavy metals from liquid waste 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The design of environmentally sound liquid waste containment structures has become a crucial task in engineering applications
due to ever increasing groundwater contamination from such sites. Construction of such structures usually requires a bottom
liner of low hydraulic conductivity as part of the design. In order to reduce the hazards associated with liquid wastes including
landfill leachate, bentonite-amended natural zeolite is proposed as an alternative to conventional earthen liners. Among many
contaminants associated with liquid wastes, heavy metals are the most dangerous ones. This paper deals with determining the
ability of natural zeolite to remove heavy metals from aqueous waste. For this purpose, crushed natural zeolite (clinoptinolite)
is amended with commercial powdered bentonite to yield a soil mixture low in permeability and high in ion-exchange capacity.
Leachate from a conventional landfill is used as the percolation fluid. Concentrations of certain heavy metals in the effluent
fluid percolated through the bentonite-zeolite mixture are compared with that of initial leachate. The conclusion is reached
that certain metals are efficiently removed from the influent solution by the soil matrix whereas some ions do not show significant
reduction in concentration. This is attributed to high hydraulic conductivity of the bentonite-zeolite mixture. 相似文献
10.
P. V. Sivapullaiah H. Lakshmi Kantha K. Madhu Kiran 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2003,21(4):399-413
Locally available soils amended with sufficient bentonite are generally used for construction of liners for water and waste retention facilities. The amount of bentonite required to keep the hydraulic conductivity low varies with the nature of the local soil. Many studies have shown that bentonite content higher than 20% by weight is not usually required. This is also the case with Indian red earth containing predominantly quartz and kaolinite minerals. Incorporating bentonite, though keeps the hydraulic conductivity of soil low, increases the swelling and shrinkage potential; increases the loss of strength due to reduction in cohesion. This paper aims to improve the geotechnical properties of red earth and bentonite mixture with lime or cement. The studies reveal that the geotechnical properties of red earth with 20% by weight bentonite stabilised with 1% by weight of lime or cement are greatly enhanced, particularly after curing for 28 days. it has been shown that the early gain in strength is better with cement whereas its long-term strength gain is better with lime. 相似文献
11.
A research and development-project is being carried out at the University of Braunschweig, West Germany, in which the permeability and durability of clayey liners for waste deposits are investigated.
Results of long-term permeability tests with different aggressive test liquids (distilled water, two organic and five inorganic test liquids) are shown and sample behaviour is explained.
Further the used test-liquids are analysed before and after percolation of the liner materials. Leaching or adsorption effects can thus be recognized.
After percolation the liner specimens are mineralogically investigated in order to obtain by comparison with water analyses, additional evidence on ion exchange processes, and thus on the long-term durability of the liner materials. The different analytical methods used are presented and important results are discussed. 相似文献
12.
《矿物学报》2013,(Z1)
Bentonites consisting mainly of montmorillonite are widely utilized in various applications. However, natural bentonites contain many kinds of impurities such as quartz, cristobalite, feldspar, zeolite, calcite etc., which can decrease the performance of bentonite. Furthermore, quartz and cristobalite are carcinogenic. Therefore purification of bentonite is critical to its applications. Among the impurities in bentonite, cristobalite is the most difficult one to get rid of because of its tiny particle size and aggregation state. 相似文献
13.
Earthen barriers or clay liners are a major concern in geo-environmental engineering. They are designed to preclude or reduce leachate migration. Hence, a low hydraulic conductivity (k) is an important parameter in the design of clay liners. Materials such as bentonite and lateritic clays, which have a low hydraulic conductivity at high dry densities, are used in the construction of clay liners. Compacted expansive clays which are high in montmorillonite content also have a very low hydraulic conductivity. When expansive clays are blended with fly ash, an industrial waste, the hydraulic conductivity further reduces as the ash-clay blends result in increased dry densities at increased fly ash contents. Hence, fly ash-stabilised expansive clay can also be proposed as an innovative clay liner material. It is, therefore, required to study various physical and engineering properties of this new clay liner material. Liquid limit (LL) and free swell index (FSI) are important index properties to be studied in the case of this clay liner material. The hydraulic conductivity of this new clay liner material depends on the fly ash content in the blend. Further, parameters such as solute concentration and kinematic viscosity also influence hydraulic conductivity of clay liners. This paper presents experimental results obtained on hydraulic conductivity (k) of fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liner at varying fly ash content and solute concentration. The tests were performed with deionised water (DIW), CaCl2, NaCl and KCl as permeating fluids. Fly ash content in the blend was varied as 0, 10, 20 and 30 % by weight of the expansive clay, and the solute concentration was varied as 5 mM (milli molar), 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500. It was found that hydraulic conductivity (k) decreased with increasing fly ash content, solute concentration and kinematic viscosity. Further, hydraulic conductivity (k) was correlated with LL and FSI of the clay liner material for different fly ash contents and solute concentrations. Useful correlations were obtained. 相似文献
14.
土?膨润土垂直防渗墙在美国已广泛应用于城市卫生填埋场中,我国的工程中则应用较少。由国产膨润土与原地层土混合在自重应力作用下固结形成的防渗墙,其渗透性、孔隙和压缩性如何受膨润土掺量的影响,针对该一问题,使用福建标准砂模拟原地层,以3种典型膨润土作为混合料,在各掺量下对砂?膨润土填筑土料开展改进柔性壁渗透试验固结试验,研究不同膨润土掺量对填筑料渗透系数k、孔隙率n与压缩系数av影响。结果表明,膨润土和砂形成防渗墙时存在一个对应最小n和av的最优掺量Copt,当膨润土掺量小于等于Copt时,随着掺量增加,填筑料k下降很快,av缓慢减小;当掺量大于Copt后,随掺量上升,k降低速度趋缓,av快速地升高。理论上,膨润土掺入较少时黏土颗粒仅填充砂粒间的孔隙而不影响砂粒堆积,掺量达到一定程度后膨润土使砂粒彼此分离,悬浮在其中,填筑料的孔隙率随掺量而增大,可能是宏观上造成最优掺量产生的主要原因。 相似文献
15.
Permeability and its susceptibility to changes with time or exposure to chemicals are major factors in selection of earthen
liners for use in hazardous liquid-waste containment systems. Earthen liners often consist of mixtures including both granular
soil and fine matrix. Six different solid mixtures were tested to investigate the influence of hazardous liquid waste on their
permeability. The granular part of the mixtures included sand and crushed natural zeolite, whereas the matrix was composed
of bentonite and microcement. Highly acidic solutions, bases, leather industry leachate and municipal waste leachate were
used as permeants. Of the mixtures tested, only two mixtures performed well against the attack of chemicals. The testing method
was the falling head system with the compaction mold permeameter. The period of experiments varied from two to eight weeks.
Received: 24 September 1998 · Accepted: 5 January 1999 相似文献
16.
有机污染物在复合衬垫中的运移以扩散方式为主。目前关于运移参数不确定性及其对衬垫性能影响的研究还不多,复合衬垫厚度的设计也没有考虑不确定性的影响。总结了运移参数已有的成果,采用蒙特卡罗法研究了半无限条件下运移参数的变异性对衬垫底部污染物质量浓度和通量的影响,并对衬垫厚度进行了设计。研究表明:土工膜中有机污染物的分配系数和扩散系数的变异性对质量浓度和通量的影响可以忽略,而土中有机污染物的扩散系数和阻滞系数的变异性对其影响则非常显著。确定性方法计算的结果偏于危险,有必要加强对土中有机污染物的扩散系数和阻滞系数概率特性的研究。以甲苯为例进行黏土衬垫厚度设计,结果表明:概率计算方法得到的黏土衬垫厚度约为确定性方法的1.71~1.81倍,采用概率方法进行衬垫设计更合理。 相似文献
17.
18.
Characterization and correlation of Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) bentonite deposits in the Paris Basin and the Subalpine Basin, France 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pierre Pellenard Jean-Francois Deconinck Warren D. Huff† Jacques Thierry‡ Didier Marchand‡ Dominique Fortwengler§ Alain Trouiller¶ 《Sedimentology》2003,50(6):1035-1060
Abstract Explosive volcanic activity is recorded in the Upper Jurassic of the Paris Basin and the Subalpine Basin of France by the identification of five bentonite horizons. These layers occur in Lower Oxfordian (cordatum ammonite zone) to Middle Oxfordian (plicatilis zone) clays and silty clays deposited in outer platform environments. In the Paris Basin, a thick bentonite (10–15 cm), identified in boreholes and in outcrop, is dominated by dioctahedral smectite (95%) with trace amounts of kaolinite, illite and chlorite. In contrast, five bentonites identified in the Subalpine Basin, where burial diagenesis and fluid circulation were more important, are composed of a mixture of kaolinite and regular or random illite/smectite mixed-layer clays in variable proportions, indicating a K-bentonite. In the Subalpine Basin, a 2–15 cm thick bentonite underlain by a layer affected by sulphate–carbonate mineralization can be correlated over 2000 km2. Euhedral zircon, apatite and biotite crystals have been identified in all the bentonites. The geochemical composition of the bentonites in both basins is characterized by high concentrations of Hf, Nb, Pb, Ta, Th, Ti, U, Y, Zr and low concentrations of Cr, Cs and Rb. Biostratigraphical and geochemical data suggest that the thick bentonite in the Paris Basin correlates with the thickest bentonite in the Subalpine Basin, located 400 km to the south. These horizons indicate that significant explosive volcanic events occurred during the Middle Oxfordian and provide potential long-distance isochronous marker beds. Immobile element discrimination diagrams and rare-earth element characteristics indicate that the original ash compositions of the thickest bentonites correspond to a trachyandesitic source from a within-plate alkaline series that was probably related to North Atlantic rifting. 相似文献
19.
Smectites from the Ishirini bentonite deposit (Libya) were analysed for their oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios. Based on published isotopic fractionation data, the results indicate a predominantly meteoric origin of the fluids responsible for the transformation of pyroclastic rocks to bentonite at temperatures ranging from 30 to 90 °C. The thermal effect of the subsequent emplacement of volcanic intrusions was further evaluated by a detailed study of δ18O isotopic composition of smectites and fluid inclusions in quartz separated from silicified rings produced by the thermal action of a basalt dike. Five different groups of fluids were distinguished based on salinity and homogenization temperatures.
The contact zone of bentonite affected by high concentrated saline solution exhibit mineralogical changes. High salinity and high temperature also remarkably influence the technical parameters of bentonites and reduce, for example, the cation exchange capacity (CEC) or microporosity. 相似文献
20.
Vassilios C. Kelessidis Cassiani Papanicolaou Antonios Foscolos 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):394-400
This review paper presents the results of an extensive study investigating whether addition of 3% w/w Greek lignite to 6.42% w/w water–bentonite suspensions, after being exposed to high temperatures, can prevent gelation and control filtration characteristics. Two different bentonites and eight lignites from different Greek basins have been used while a commercial lignite product has been used as standard. The lignite-free bentonite suspensions heated to 177 °C for 16 h (thermal aging) thicken considerably, increasing the yield stress and the yield point. Fluid consistency and flow behavior indices also change while no significant change is observed for plastic viscosity. Thermal aging of the suspensions results in unacceptably high fluid loss values.Addition of Greek lignite to water–bentonite suspensions, followed by thermal aging, provided the rheological stability of the suspensions by maintaining the low yield stress/point regardless of the type of bentonite. Some of the lignites performed as well as their commercial counterpart. No specific trends for rheological improvement have been identified with respect to various characteristics of lignites such as contents of humic, fulvic acids, humins and other parameters such as specific surface area and cation exchange capacity.Furthermore, addition of lignite in most cases provided very good filtration control of the water–bentonite suspensions after exposure to 177 °C, with some Greek lignites being superior to the commercial product. The same lignite parameters examined for rheological control, were also examined to determine their effect on fluid loss of these suspensions for both bentonites. The content of humic and fulvic acids of two groups of lignites showed weak inverse correlations with the fluid loss volumes for both bentonites, while all other parameters did not seem to directly correlate with the effectiveness of the lignites. 相似文献