首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
从意愿调查价值评估法的优越性和局限性出发，以在北京市进行的关于市民为改善大气环境质量的支付意愿的调查研究为例，详细分析了调查方法和结果。通过对结果的评价，探讨了意愿调查价值评估法在我国进行环境物品价值评估实践中的可行性，得出了这一方法在我国具有推广前景的结论。最后对意愿调查价值评估法今后在我国实践中的应用提出了几点建议。  相似文献   

2.
CVM评价农户对农业水价的承受力——以甘肃省张掖市为例   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
唐增  徐中民 《冰川冻土》2009,31(3):560-564
水价是水资源管理手段中的基本工具,为了保证水价政策的有效实施,促进农业水资源的可持续利用和农业的发展,在农业水价制定过程中,农户对农业灌溉用水水价的承受力必须被考虑.虽然农户对水价的承受力可以分为支付能力和支付意愿,但支付意愿可以更好地、更全面地评价农户对农业灌溉水价的承受力.简要介绍了条件估值法(CVM),并以张掖市为例,利用条件估值法分析了农户对农业灌溉用水的支付意愿(WTP),从而评价农户对农业灌溉用水水价的承受力.结果表明:张掖市农户对农业用水的承受力为1 027.5元·hm-2,对照2006年的实际水价,说明目前的水价已经达到农户承受力的最高点.由于农户对水价的承受力低,农业水价的制定应优先考虑农户对水价的承受力,不能一味强调供水成本的全部回收.要提高农户对农业用水水价的承受力,最重要的是提高农户的收入.同时,由于工业用水的效益远高于农业用水的效益,政府在当前对农业用水供水单位进行扶助,以及工业用水和城市生活用水对农业用水的交叉补贴非常有必要.  相似文献   

3.
空气污染损害价值的WTP、WTA对比研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
条件估值法(Contingent Valuation Method, CVM),通过询问人们对于环境质量改善的支付意愿(Willingness To Pay, WTP)或受到损害后的受偿意愿(Willingness To Accept, WTA)来评估环境物品或服务的价值。虽然对CVM的准确性存在争议,但这一方法正被越来越广泛地应用,人们认识到这一方法能够解决许多无法解决的问题。空气污染一直是澳门的环境问题,空气污染造成的损害是多方面的。本研究分2次进行,2002年12月SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)爆发前,进行了WTP的调查,打电话调查样本1 600个,回收有效问卷720份;2004年3月SARS爆发后,又进行了WTA调查,打电话调查样本1 336个,回收有效问卷543份。本研究旨在采用CVM中之WTP和WTA方法,分析比较SARS爆发前后,居民对澳门空气污染损失的意愿价值的变化情况,探讨WTP和WTA两种研究方法的估值差异,为城市环境管理提供决策依据。本研究的特点:①对调查的误差进行了统计学分析;②CVM的调查采用支付意愿和受偿意愿相结合的对比研究。经济分析结果表明,2002年SARS爆发前,以WTP分析得出澳门空气污染的年经济损失保守估计值为3.77亿MOP(澳门元, 1美元=8.033MOP)、占当年GDP的0.69%;2004年SARS爆发后,以WTA法分析得出澳门空气污染的年经济损失最高估计值为14.32亿MOP/年,占当年GDP的2.2%。研究表明,SARS爆发后,居民的环护意识有不同程度的提高。  相似文献   

4.
条件价值评估法的发展与应用   总被引：115，自引：2，他引：115  
环境物品或生态系统服务的经济价值评估是国际上生态经济学、环境经济学研究的前沿领域。由于绝大多数环境物品或生态系统服务的公共物品特性，其经济价值的评估需要运用非市场的价值评估技术。条件价值评估法（CVM）是非市场价值评估技术中应用最广、影响最大的一种方法。详细介绍了国际上CVM及其发展与应用研究的现状，分析了CVM在环境价值评估技术中的地位及其理论基础，总结了最大支付意愿（WTP）的各种引导技术，全面归纳了CVM研究中可能出现的各种偏差及其相应的解决方法，简要介绍了最大支付意愿的数据统计分析方法。  相似文献   

5.
澳门噪音污染损害价值的条件估值研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
条件价值评估法（Contingent Valuation Method, CVM）是评估环境污染的经济损失价值的有效方法之一。在CVM研究方法发展的同时,应用范围亦不断扩大。本次调查通过询问人们对环境质量改善的支付意愿(Willingness To Pay, WTP)或忍受环境损失的受偿意愿(Willingness To Accept, WTA),探求澳门噪音污染的损害程度,为政府部门提供决策依据。试验以等距离随机抽样法访问了1 920人,回收样本956个。本研究对研究方法作了一些新的尝试:①对调查的误差进行了统计学分析;②在假设受访者是诚实和有信用的前提下,问卷采用双向投标卡博弈的问卷设计,对受访者同时进行WTA和WTP之引导试验,减少分开调查时可能出现的策略性偏差;③对影响噪音污染意愿调查结果的9项因素进行了统计学分析, 给出了回归方程。研究结果显示, 被访者的月收入、家庭规模和对噪音的关注程度影响其支付意愿和受偿意愿。2003年澳门噪音污染的年经济损失(以WTP方法试验的结果, 得到澳门噪音污染的最小损害)为5.32亿MOP/a(MOP为澳门元, 1美元=8.033MOP); 以WTA方法试验的结果,得到澳门噪音污染的最大损害为10.6亿MOP/a; 如果取CVM之中值,估算出澳门噪音污染的年损害值为7.98亿MOP/a。还对WTP与WTA之间的差异原因进行了讨论。  相似文献   

6.
In most developing countries policies and frameworks that govern solid waste management strategies have often been directed at the waste management service providers and less attention is often given to the demand side of the problem. This paper reports a study regarding householders’ willingness to pay for improved residential solid waste management. The data for the study originated from a contingent valuation survey that was conducted in 236 households in Ilorin city in Kwara State, Nigeria. A binary logit model was used to account for some factors influencing the respondents’ willingness to pay. The results show that more than 80 % of the respondents were in support of the residential waste management. The respondents were willing to pay an average of 3,660 Nigerian Naira (US $24) each year. Income, education, dwelling type and whether the respondent is satisfied with private sector participation in provision of waste management service positively influenced the respondents’ willingness to pay. The price, gender, household size and activities of sanitary inspectors had negative influence. The findings from this study could contribute to the knowledge regarding the design of a more sustainable residential waste management strategy in Nigeria and other countries that have similar conditions.  相似文献   

7.
Although intangible effects on natural environments are not visible and only become apparent over a long period of time, they may cause irreparable damages whose estimation is not always feasible. However, people’s willingness to pay (WTP) for the prevention of adverse environmental effects can be determined. The present study addresses the issue of the effect of dust in Yazd-Ardakan Plain. It aims at the valuation of local people’s WTP in order to prevent extra-regional intangible effects of dust in Yazd-Ardakan Plain in 2010. The study was based on data collected from 479 questionnaires completed by people in the affected area. Factors affecting local people’s WTP and their expected WTP were estimated by logit regression model. It was revealed that among the studied variables, income, education, and environment importance had significant positive effects, and that household size, type of residence, and bid had significant negative effects on people’s WTP. Also, the WTP for the conservation of the region was estimated as to be 93.4 billion Iranian Rials (IRR) per year. In other words, it is necessary to invest at least 93.4 billion IRR to prevent the adverse impacts of dust on the plain. Given the 183 billion IRR expenditure for stabilizing sand in the region and the estimated 93.4 billion IRR protection value for the plain, 50 % of expenses would be paid by people living in the region, which paves the way for the fulfillment of conservation programs by experts using public contributions.  相似文献   

8.
单边界和双边界是二分式条件价值法(CVM)的2种主要问题格式。针对澳门固体废弃物管理存在的问题，应用单边界和双边界二分式条件价值法，比较研究了澳门固体废弃物管理方案改善的支付意愿及其总经济价值；结果表明，80.56%的居民对新的固体废弃物管理方案存在支付意愿。单边界二分式CVM的分析结果表明澳门居民的平均支付意愿为每人每月14.87~24.12澳门元。双边界二分式CVM的结果表明澳门居民的平均支付意愿为每人每月14.43~17.94澳门元。单边界和双边界二分式CVM的评估结果相差不大，双边界二分式CVM的评估结果较为精确。按2003年澳门总人口44.85万计算，新的固体废弃物管理方案的年总经济价值约为7.02×107澳门元。   相似文献   

9.
尚海洋  寇莹  宋妮妮 《冰川冻土》2020,42(4):1376-1383
深入开展支付意愿的空间差异和空间效应分析, 对于分区定策、 精准实施生态治理工程、 提高生态补偿实践绩效、 提升治理与保护效果等方面, 有着重要的现实指导意义。在确定影响流域农户支付意愿的主要因素的基础上, 借助多分类Logistic模型分析各因素对农户支付意愿的影响作用, 并通过引入通达距离、 距河道距离分别比较流域农户支付意愿的空间效应, 得到的主要结论包括： 在不考虑距离因素的情况下, 教育程度、 农户类型对于农户支付意愿的影响显著; 在考虑距离因素的情况下, 受教育程度对支付意愿的影响存在“脱钩”现象, 模型3模拟结果显示, 高中群体处于更高支付意愿的发生比为1.044, 而大专群体处于更高支付意愿水平的发生比仅为0.363, 即支付意愿并不会伴随受教育程度的提高而增强; 通达距离与支付意愿表现为先负相关（“距离衰减”现象）、 之后呈正相关（“距离递增”现象）的关系; 距河道距离远近对流域农户的支付意愿呈现明显的“距离衰减”规律。  相似文献   

10.
A contingent valuation survey was conducted involving local community members, domestic and foreign visitors to estimate the environmental economics of the Khangchendzonga National Park and to elicit their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for its maintenance and conservation. Using a random survey, the average WTP was US$ 8.84 for foreign visitors per visit, followed by US$ 6.20 per household per year by local community members and US$ 1.91 per domestic visitor per visit for improvement in environmental conservation. The WTP was strongly influenced by age, education and income. The present study demonstrated that the contingent valuation method (CVM) is a promising approach, however it lacks inclusion of non-monetary contributions. The WTP for environmental management by the local communities was mostly in kind or time for services. The CVM can be a useful tool for decision-makers regarding investment and policy purposes for management of biodiversity hot spots and protected areas in developing countries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

11.
Using methods to estimate the value of environmental goods seems to be essential for economic planning and moving toward development. In this paper, using methods of discrete payment vehicle (dichotomous choice), i.e., single-bounded and Double-Bounded Dichotomous Choice, the value of air pollution in Tehran and households’ willingness to pay to improve air quality, in four selected regions (Shahr-e-Ray, Shoosh, Haft-e-Tir and Tajrish) is estimated and the corresponding results of these two techniques were compared. The results showed that the total value of air quality improvement, calculated through two techniques of Double-Bounded and Single-Bounded Dichotomous Choice were, respectively, 2,398,657,500 and 1,492,566,000 thousands Rials (1USD = 35,000R) in a year and weighted mean of each citizen’s willingness to pay to improve air quality, calculated through these two methods was estimated to be 282,192 and 175,596 Rials in a year, respectively. Considering the annual damage to health, for any 1% increase in pollutants and yearly cost of pollution reduction which are, respectively, 1,199,000,000 and 7,336,000,000 thousands Rials, it was determined that citizens’ willingness to pay through two methods includes 20 and 30% of the cost of pollution control, respectively, while 70% of pollution is due to mobile sources. However, citizens’ low willingness to pay is attributed to citizens’ distrust of government policies as well as their ignorance of the harmful effects of air pollution. In general, the results of this study, with regard to the cost of pollution from Single-Bounded Dichotomous Choice are closer to actual market conditions.  相似文献   

12.
估计环境价值的陈述偏好技术比较分析   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
随着人们环境意识的提高和环境资产稀缺性的增加，在资源利用决策中，决策也逐渐考虑环境因素的作用。但是由于缺乏市场，环境物品利用决策中大多缺乏有关环境价值方面的信息，陈述偏好技术是当前解决环境物品经济价值评估的主要方法和手段．首先介绍了环境物品经济价值的分类和评估技术，从理论和应用角度系统地阐述了当前国际上广泛应用于环境物品非利用价值评估的陈述偏好技术(条件估值法，选择模型法，条件分级法，条件排队法和配对比较法)，并分析比较了各种不同的陈述偏好技术的差异，最后总结分析了陈述偏好技术的优缺点。  相似文献   

13.
Environmental threats to wetland ecosystems are increasing, and these ecosystems are becoming increasingly sensitive to human impacts, leading to deterioration of these already fragile ecosystems. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and one of the most important wetlands in the world. However, water pollution and related environmental changes have increasingly drawn the scientific community's attention. The goal of this paper is to provide insights into the environmental threats to the Poyang Lake region as perceived from the households’ perspective, and to investigate their willingness to pay for conservation of the lake's environment. We collected both primary and secondary data through a questionnaire delivered to 270 households and analysis of existing water monitoring data. The major threat confronting the Poyang lake region is water pollution; water quality, as represented by the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and by chemical oxygen demand (COD), suggests a moderate to severe degree of eutrophication. The situation has worsened in recent years, particularly due to high TN and TP in agricultural drainage water caused by increasingly intensive use of chemical fertilizers by local farmers. Most households were willing to pay to mitigate these threats, but the magnitude of the payment was related to a farmer's dependence on the lake for their production and daily life. The results of our analysis will help managers develop more effective environmental management policies.  相似文献   

14.
Immediately after an earthquake event, how long people survive in place using their limited resources is relatively unknown, as is the behavioural response to resource scarcity. Computer-aided personal interviews were conducted with 172 householders to examine how many days people believed they were able to shelter in place without official aid in a simulated earthquake event, taking into account not only the water, food and medicine they had stockpiled, but also the availability of less obvious sources (such as water in the hot water cylinder or food from gardens). Based on recommended daily resource allowances, after a 3-day period without aid, 46 % of people had run out of at least one of these necessary resources and this increased to 90 % of people after 7 days. After a 7-day period without official aid, there is an increase in people’s perceived willingness to (1) ask for assistance from neighbours (but a reduction in people’s willingness to offer aid to others), (2) commit less socially acceptable acts (such as breaking into an empty house to take food and water) and (3) commit unsafe acts (such as drinking unpurified water). The results are discussed with regard to particular post-disaster social behaviours and how social norms shift as people adapt to survive.  相似文献   

15.
Prediction of heavy rainfall events due to severe convective storms in terms of their spatial and temporal scales is a challenging task for an operational forecaster. The present study is about a record-breaking heavy rainfall event observed in Pune (18°31′N, 73°55′E) on October 4, 2010. The day witnessed highest 24-h accumulated precipitation of 181.3 mm and caused flash floods in the city. The WRF model-based real-time weather system, operating daily at Centre for Development of Advanced Computing using PARAM Yuva supercomputer showed the signature of this convective event 4-h before, but failed to capture the actual peak rainfall and its location with reference to the city’s observational network. To investigate further, five numerical experiments were conducted to check the impact of assimilation of observations in the WRF model forecast. First, a control experiment was conducted with initialization using National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)’s Global Forecast System 0.5° data, while surface observational data from NCEP Prepbufr system were assimilated in the second experiment (VARSFC). In the third experiment (VARAMV), NCEP Prepbufr atmospheric motion vectors were assimilated. Fourth experiment (VARPRO) was assimilated with conventional soundings data, and all the available NCEP Prepbufr observations were assimilated in the fifth experiment (VARALL). Model runs were compared with observations from automated weather stations (AWS), synoptic charts of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). Comparison of 24-h accumulated rainfall with IMD AWS 24-h gridded data showed that the fifth experiment (VARALL) produced better picture of heavy rainfall, maximum up to 251 mm/day toward the southern side, 31 km away from Pune’s IMD observatory. It was noticed that the effect of soundings observations experiment (VARPRO) caused heavy precipitation of 210 mm toward the southern side 49 km away from Pune. The wind analysis at 850 and 200 hPa indicated that the surface and atmospheric motion vector observations (VARAMV) helped in shifting its peak rainfall toward Pune, IMD observatory by 18 km, though VARALL over-predicted rainfall by 60 mm than the observed.  相似文献   

16.
There is lack of information regarding ammonia nitrogen (AN), (i.e. NH3-N) decay rate of river water in tropical regions like Malaysia. AN decay rate is a very important kinetic parameter to estimate NH3-N, nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and dissolved oxygen concentrations of river water by using computer models. This study presents determination of ammonia nitrogen decay rate of river water in the tropical environment of Malaysia. A laboratory flume was used to conduct twelve experiments. The flume was used to represent the turbulent condition of a typical river. Ammonia nitrogen decay rate for the tropical environment of Malaysia was observed to be between 0.194 and 0.554 per day. Median value of AN decay rate was 0.26 per day, which is slightly lower than the global median value of 0.295 per day. To check the accuracy of flume experiments, the AN decay rate of Pusu River obtained from the flume experiment was used to calibrate and validate ammonia nitrogen concentration of the river by using water quality analysis and simulation program (WASP). Very good calibration and validation results were achieved, which substantiated the accuracy of the flume experiments.  相似文献   

17.
Overuse of groundwater in coastal areas, due to high population and agricultural activity results in seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer. This paper presents the control measures taken to manage aquifer recharge (MAR) and also to overcome the problem of seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifer along the Kalangi river, Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India having connectivity with Pulicat (saltwater) lake estuary. Due to overexploitation of groundwater and less rainfall in past years, adjacent seawater has started intruding in the Kalangi river sub-surface and deteriorating groundwater quality up to 11.6 km from the confluence of the river with Pulicat lake. To prevent this situtation, subsurface dams were constructed in traditional manner using local earth material in three different places across the Kalangi river near Sullurpet town. The water storage capacities calculated after the sub-surface dams’ construction are 1.28 mcft at GK Engineering College, 6.23 mcft at Challamagudi and 3.143 mcft at Holy Cross School sites. The Holy Cross School sub-surface dam is the first full scale dam-cum-check dam constructed to prevent salt water intrusion in the Kalangi river at Sullurpet, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. At the Kalangi river estuary portion (at the mouth of sea) a groyne was reconstructed over old groyne site with the introduction of clay bed and wooden sheet piles at down stream. Apart from prevention of sea water entry into Kalangi river sub-surface (during seasons) the groyne top level was raised to prevent mixing of high sea water tides with fresh water and ensuring additional storage of fresh water at upstream side. The reconstructed groyne was serving the purpose of obstructing the surface seawater entry in the Kalangi river and water quality has improved in the river as well as in the wells. After construction of sub-surface dam, as per the Simpson ratio classification, there is substantial improvement of water quality in the SHAR infiltration well situated near the Holy Cross School sub-surface dam.  相似文献   

18.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(11):2138-2153
Recent geochemical and hydrological findings show that the water quality of the base flow of the Lower Jordan River, between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea, is dependent upon the ratio between surface water flow and groundwater discharge. Using water quality data, mass-balance calculations, and actual flow-rate measurements, possible management scenarios for the Lower Jordan River and their potential affects on its salinity are investigated. The predicted scenarios reveal that implementation of some elements of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty will have negative effects on the Jordan River water salinity. It is predicted that removal of sewage effluents dumped into the river (∼13 MCM/a) will significantly reduce the river water’s flow and increase the relative proportion of the saline groundwater flux into the river. Under this scenario, the Cl content of the river at its southern point (Abdalla Bridge) will rise to almost 7000 mg/L during the summer. In contrast, removal of all the saline water (16.5 MCM/a) that is artificially discharged into the Lower Jordan River will significantly reduce its Cl concentration, to levels of 650–2600 and 3000–3500 mg/L in the northern and southern areas of the Lower Jordan River, respectively. However, because the removal of either the sewage effluents or the saline water will decrease the river’s discharge to a level that could potentially cause river desiccation during the summer months, other water sources must be allocated to preserve in-stream flow needs and hence the river’s ecosystem.  相似文献   

19.
The high demographic growth of the city of Fez, as well as the implantation of social districts in the periphery of the city, is leading to the deterioration of water quality of the Sebou River. This critical situation has considerable effects on the environment of Fez, where this river has become in its vicinity a sewer leading to various nuisances. The total pollution added by the city rises to 100,000 m3/day, it will reach 120,000 m3/day by 2015. Sebou River represents the main superficial network of Fez region. It is threatened currently by human activities such as urban, industrial and agricultural wastes. To evaluate water quality of this river, a study was carried out to determine the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters during the two seasons: winter (November 2006) and summer (July 2007). Results show a high level of pollution from various sources notably by Fez industrial wastewaters. Downstream discharges of the city and downstream the point of confluence of Fez stream and Sebou River, we note a low content in dissolved oxygen; high contents in suspended matter, nitrites and DBO5 and high conductivity, high concentrations in phosphates, sulphates and heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Cr, Cu and Zn). This study also presents an evaluation of the bacterial load in discharged wastewaters. The concentrations of fecal coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria exceed greatly the norms recommended by WHO.  相似文献   

20.
Water quality management in distribution networks is directly related to spatial distribution of chlorine boosters and its dosages. Water chlorination is essential to reduce the effects of bacterial and other microbiological contaminants. A higher dosage of chlorine generates harmful by-products in addition to changes in drinking water’s taste and odor. The optimization of chlorine dosage is necessary to decrease the microbial contaminants that affect water quality. Once the chlorine threshold is determined for microbial contaminant, it will help decision makers suggest optimal values. These decisions can rely on the estimated water quality index (WQI). WQI is an index to evaluate water quality and can be linked to adequate residual chlorine with optimal booster dosage, numbers, and locations in water distribution network (WDN). The city of Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia’s WDN was selected to validate the application of this study. Based on geographic location, the city Al-Khobar water network was divided into five zones. The initial temporal and spatial analysis pointed out poor water quality zones. EPANET, a modeling and simulating software, was applied to evaluate the WQI. Those EPANET results were then integrated with an optimization model. The optimization model suggested new chlorine booster locations to improve water quality in the city of Al-Khobar water distribution network.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号