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1.
大型海藻的遗传育种及应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着栽培要求的不断增长,大型海藻的遗传育种逐渐成为海水养殖的重要内容.本文对大型海藻遗传育种的基本概念及品种的作用和研究简史进行了整理.就大型海藻的主要育种途径及工作,如:育种目标、种质资源、选择、引种、自交、选育、突变、杂交和杂种优势,纯系育种与细胞融合、转基因和分子标记辅助育种等进行了综述,并讨论了大型海藻遗传育种中存在的问题及解决方案. 相似文献
2.
本文结合多年养殖生产经验,并渗考诸多文献,阐述了罗氏沼虾养殖生产中的几个技术关键;必须彻底清塘;加强幼虾放养前的强化培育;争取虾苗在浮游动物高峰期下塘;尽量延长养殖周期;加强日常管理。 相似文献
3.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(2):421-436
The bulk ore carrier Apollo Sea sank south-west of Dassen Island off western South Africa in June 1994, oiling approximately 10 000 African penguins Spheniscus demersus, most of which were collected from Dassen Island. A total of 4 076 de-oiled penguins was released with flipper bands. From 1994 to 2005, follow-up research using re-sighting and capture-mark-recapture methods indicated that about 73% of the de-oiled penguins observed back at Dassen Island attempted to breed, and were thus successfully restored into the breeding population. For de-oiled breeders, the median interval between their first recorded sighting and first recorded breeding attempt was 11 months, indicating a short-term delay in restoration. At least 45% of the de-oiled breeders were still being re-sighted five years after their release, and a minimum of 4% survived into their ninth year. These results represent the most successful restoration estimates anywhere in the world. The proportion of de-oiled juvenile penguins re-sighted back at Dassen Island and recorded breeding was lower than that of birds in adult plumage. De-oiled non-breeders spent significantly more time along the shore and less time within breeding colonies than de-oiled breeders. The mean proportion of de-oiled breeders that abstained from breeding each year during the study period was greater than expected. There was a negative relationship between breeding and subsequent survival and breeding, suggesting a cost of reproduction for de-oiled birds. 相似文献
4.
以刺参为代表的高价值棘皮动物在我国的养殖规模不断扩大,市场价值越来越高,但有关棘皮动物育种数据管理与分析的系统并未开发。本平台是以ASReml软件为遗传评估核心,使用Mysql数据库和java、R语言,利用maven、myeclipse2017工具开发的一套基于B/S框架,在Linux环境下运行的育种数据管理与分析系统。平台包含6大功能模块:系统管理、种质信息、表型数据库、表型数据分析、基因组数据库和基因组数据分析等。能实现棘皮动物表型数据、系谱数据和基因组数据的管理、育种值分析、遗传力估算、近交和亲缘系数计算、遗传进展计算和选种配种方案制定。运用该平台对刺参育种模拟数据进行管理、分析与应用,利用模拟表型数据和基因组数据对刺参的棘刺、体重进行了遗传力分析和育种值计算,并提出选种配种方案。该平台的推广和应用将提升棘皮动物育种效率,对我国棘皮动物育种工作的发展具有重要的促进作用。 相似文献
5.
分子标记技术及其在育种中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pan Jie 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2000,30(Z1):25-31
九十年代后发展起来的分子标记技术因其所具有的 高效性和可靠性而得到广泛应用,也为动植物育种工作提供了新的研究手段。它可用于标记 辅助选择、品种鉴定、亲本选择等。分子标记辅助育种可以加速育种工作的发展,缩短育种 进程。目前,分子标记辅助育种在农作物如水稻、小麦、玉米,猪、牛、羊、鸡等家畜家禽 育种中已得到比较广泛的应用,积累了大量经验。综述近年来国内外分子标记辅助育种的研 究进展,并对海洋动物分子标记辅助育种工作的开展进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
6.
自然海域中曼氏无针乌贼产卵亲体性成熟提前和小型化现象明显，这可能是一种适应性进化，人工干预背景下曼氏无针乌贼繁殖期行为的动态变化值得关注。2020年4-6月室内采用聚焦个体扫描法和定点连续记录法分别观察和记录了曼氏无针乌贼繁殖期的行为活动，并按其生活习性和行为的生物学功能等进行系统化分类，构建了繁殖期行为谱。结果表明，曼氏无针乌贼繁殖期行为谱主要包括三大类12种行为：（1）游泳行为主要分为前进和后退，繁殖期的雌性多处于静潜水底或静浮水中的状态；（2）捕食行为主要分为发现、定位、捕捉和咀嚼等系列动作，曼氏无针乌贼能够快速感知周围17.0-36.0 cm范围内的饵料，捕捉的有效距离为8.0-22.0 cm，能在2.0-10.0 s内完成对饵料的高效捕获；（3）繁殖行为复杂，主要分为求偶、伴游、交配、产卵等，其中求偶行为体现在雄性对雌性的自我展示、追逐配对和争斗护卫等过程，雄性在争斗护卫和伴游过程中的护雌行为尤为激烈。曼氏无针乌贼交配时采用"头对头"的方式，平均交配持续时间42.9 s。曼氏无针乌贼对产卵附着基有选择性且偏好于最初的附卵物，卵群对雌性产卵行为有诱导和刺激作用，每次产卵到附卵过程平均用时108.6 s。曼氏无针乌贼繁殖期行为谱特征的研究可为后续曼氏无针乌贼行为机制和基于全生活史的资源保护等方面提供理论依据。 相似文献
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8.
An analysis of a selection experiment was used to assess the impact of various animal model structures on REML estimates of variance components.The analyses were carried out based on 162 d body mass (BM) of 1 287 animals from 21 paternal half-sib groups of Fenneropenaeus chinensis.Estimated breeding values (EBV) of BM of all individuals were estimated using eight statistical models (A,AB,ABC,ABDC,ABMFC,ABMDC,ABFDC and ABMFDC) and BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction).These models were designed involving factors such as sex,spawn date as fixed effects,maternal genetic effects,full-sib family effects as random effects,mean BM of families at tagging and age at recording (covariate).The results demonstrate the importance of correct interpretation of effects in the data set,particularly those that can influence resemblance between relatives.The data structure and the particular model that was applied markedly influenced the magnitude of variance component estimates.Models based on few effects obtained upward biased estimates of additive genetic variance.The accuracy of genetic parameters and breeding value estimated by ABFDC model was higher than other models.The results imply that additive genetic direct value,full-sib family effects,and covariance effects besides sex and spawn date as fixed effects were very important for estimating genetic parameters and breeding value of body mass.This model had a heritability estimate of 162 d BM of 0.44.The comparison of the efficiency of selection based on breeding values or phenotypic value revealed great difference:average breeding value of the best 24 families selected by the 162 d BM breeding value and phenotype were 0.577 g and 0.366 g,respectively,representing a 36.57% higher efficiency in the former.In conclusion,selection based on breeding value was more effective than selection based on phenotypic value.Our results indicate that effects influencing the magnitude of estimates should be taken into account when estimating heritability and breeding values for BM. 相似文献
9.
海产经济贝类壳色多态性的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
海产贝类的贝壳颜色是一个对生产、育种有重要意义的可遗传性状.滨螺、海湾扇贝、皱纹盘鲍、牡蛎、蛤类及珍珠贝等贝类的壳色多态性的遗传研究及壳色选择育种的角度综述了目前海产贝类壳色性状遗传机制的研究进展及壳色多态性在育种中的应用,为进一步开展壳色遗传机制和选择育种研究提供理论基础. 相似文献
10.
红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)选育家系构建与早期标准化培育 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用巢式设计方法和人工受精技术, 对红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)选育家系的构建与标准化培育技术进行研究。按照1雄配2雌的原则, 选取养殖、野生和日本3个群体的红鳍东方鲀进行定向交配, 并对红鳍东方鲀早期阶段苗种进行了环境标准化和一、二、三、四级数量标准化培育。结果表明, 红鳍东方鲀亲鱼产卵量大, 对构建父系半同胞家系十分有利; 从4次数量标准化看, 每次各家系内鱼苗数量都较为集中, 各阶段各家系的成活率也较高, 但存在部分家系间数量差异显著; 经过4次数量标准化, 成功构建22个父系半同胞家系, 48个母系全同胞家系。对早期阶段家系构建和培育存在的问题, 进行了探讨并提出拟解决方法, 为大规模建立红鳍东方鲀家系提供参照。 相似文献
11.
凡纳滨对虾抗WSSV选育家系的抗病与生长特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从引进的无特定病原（SPF）凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeusvannamei）亲虾生产的子代中挑选出生长快、体格健壮等性状良好的个体作为亲本建立16个第一代选育家系,并经223d饲养和感染实验从中挑选出抗病力强、生长快的家系建立21个第二代家系．抗WSSV实验的结果表明：第一代选育各家系经感染wssv（投喂）后的成活率在0～61．5％之间,平均成活率为30．0％±16．5％;第二代选育家系成活率在14．5％～70．0％之间,平均成活率为37．3％±15．2％,比第一代提高24．3％．21个第二代选育家系经28d的生长实验显示：21个选育家系体长特定生长率在0．00l5～0．0142之间,体重特定生长率在0．0053～0．0279之间;两代选育家系抗病与生长的结果表明：抗病较强的家系生长快,抗病差的家系生长慢,但抗病最强或生长最快的家系,其对应的生长或抗病性能则不理想． 相似文献
12.
Based on the traditional way of abalone breeding, the technological process of industrial abalone breeding suitable for the coastal areas of southern China has been developed. The process is simple and easy to handle, and results in a high yield of young abalones after being applied. 相似文献
13.
G. W. Yeates 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):472-496
The adult population of the colony, egg sizes, incubation watches, and egg and chick mortality are considered for the 1964–65 and 1965–66 breeding seasons. In 1964–65 1,051 breeding pairs were recorded and 1,467 chicks survived to leave the colony: this represents 67.5% of eggs laid. In 1965–66 1,186 breeding pairs successfully reared 1,390 chicks: 57.0% of eggs laid. Egg and chick mortality over four breeding seasons is considered, with special reference to ice conditions in McMurdo Sound. Dimensions of 349 eggs are given, including those for clutches produced by 33 known females in successive seasons. Breeding success of known pairs of birds is discussed. Birds breeding for the first time appear to lay a single, small egg and to be unsuccessful; experienced breeders which change their mate are usually unsuccessful. Observations are made on chick plumage and panting. A prone sleeping posture in which the bill is directed towards the axilla is described and illustrated. Some observations on the South Polar Skua are recorded. 相似文献
14.
海洋经济贝类育种研究进展 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
本文简要回顾了近些年来海洋经济贝类育种现状 ,综述了传统的杂交育种和各种现代生物技术如多倍体、转基因和分子标记技术在贝类育种中所取得的成就 ,特别是近年来分子标记技术应用于贝类杂种优势预测 ,群体遗传结构分析和标记辅助选择等。为新品种的培育提供了高效而可靠的手段。该技术的应用可望在较短的时间内改变目前海洋贝类品种培育的落后局面 相似文献
15.
近年来我国对虾养殖持续保持较高增长,但是高密度集约化养殖带来的病害频发和防控手段缺乏等问题,往往给对虾养殖业造成巨大损失,使对虾养殖业成为一个高风险高回报的产业。针对我国对虾养殖业存在的主要危害因子如病原微生物、真菌毒素和环境胁迫等,笔者所在研究团队多年来从对虾免疫反应和生长代谢调控角度,探讨了对虾应对外界刺激的内在机制。同时,研究开发了水产专用的微生物制剂、抗病功能蛋白以及生物饲料等新型的安全投入品,开展了从基础理论到实际应用的系统性研究工作。本文综述了研究团队多年来在对虾病害防控的理论与实践方面的研究成果。 相似文献
16.
根据南方和北方海带夏苗培育采用苗帘苗绳差异,在山东烟台国家级海带良种场海带育苗基地进行两种夏苗培育工艺的实验研究。在同一个育苗车间内,利用种海带采集游孢子并附苗,跟踪观测维尼纶苗帘和棕绳苗帘对海带育苗期间配子体发育、孢子体(幼苗)生长的影响,并比较两种不同苗帘育苗成本差异。结果显示:相同育苗条件下,维尼纶苗帘采苗后,配子体发育速度、孢子体形成速度显著优于棕绳苗帘上的配子体和孢子体;转化孢子体后,在育苗第15~31天时间内,维尼纶苗帘海带幼苗相对生长速率(RGR)显著大于棕绳苗帘幼苗(P0.05);维尼纶苗帘幼苗经55天培育,幼苗平均长度长至1.53 cm±0.13 cm,达到出库下海暂养规格,此时棕绳帘幼苗平均长度约0.47 cm±0.03cm。至70天,棕绳苗帘幼苗平均长度约1.78 cm±0.19 cm,维尼纶绳苗帘幼苗平均长度达7.87 cm±1.35cm,显著大于棕绳苗帘幼苗。采用维尼纶苗帘育苗,每1m3育苗水体育苗量约为60万株,综合育苗成本约为23元/万株,采用棕绳苗帘育苗,每1m~3育苗水体育苗量约40万株,综合育苗成本约为31元/万株。综上所述,北方采用维尼纶帘进行海带育苗在生产上具有可行性,并且可降低生产成本约25.8%。 相似文献
17.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(3):411-424
During 2008–2012, the number of crowned cormorants Phalacrocorax coronatus breeding in South Africa was c. 1 900 pairs, compared to 1 700 pairs for 1977–1981. Numbers at 10 islands in the Western Cape province fluctuated around a level of 1 100 pairs from 1991/1992 to 2011/2012, 300 more than from 1978/1979 to 1990/1991. These increases are attributable to the discovery of more colonies and an increased frequency of counting at the 10 islands after 1990/1991. The overall number of crowned cormorants breeding in South Africa is thought stable in the long term. Crowned cormorants feed mainly on small, inshore fish species that are not harvested by humans. Clinidae dominated the diet at 10 colonies adjoining the open sea, whereas Gobiidae contributed most food of birds at three colonies in a lagoon. The stability of the crowned cormorant population contrasts with decreases of some other seabirds endemic to southern Africa that feed primarily on prey that is exploited by fisheries. The crowned cormorant population decreased in the Northern Cape and small numbers initiated breeding at colonies to the east of Cape Agulhas at the turn of the century, but most of the population continues to breed to the west of Cape Agulhas. In some instances the availability of suitable breeding habitat may limit numbers breeding. 相似文献
18.
在严格控制水温和盐度条件下,对白条双锯鱼(Amphiprion frenatus)野生鱼、眼斑双锯鱼(A.ocellaris)野生鱼、海葵双锯鱼(A.percula)选育种和眼斑双锯鱼(A.ocellaris)选育种的胚胎发育进行观察比较。结果表明,所有双锯鱼几乎均稳定在一个月产卵两次,在相同的生长环境中,不同种类双锯鱼产卵时间相差不大,产卵间隔规律性较强;但胚胎发育时间有较大差别,海葵双锯鱼的选育种胚胎发育时间最长,眼斑双锯鱼的选育种最短。四种双锯鱼有着相同的胚胎发育学特征和孵化期,但胚胎发育时间不同,分别为244h、240h、260h、181h;其中卵裂期到神经胚期的发育时间差小于2h,翻转期至孵化期决定了胚胎发育时间。研究发现,不同双锯鱼胚胎发育时间可能与进化距离有关,且温度、光照周期以及卵质量与形态对其胚胎发育时间有较大影响。本研究的海葵双锯鱼选育种为纯人工选育的后代,在整个繁育过程中与野生种都有较大的差异。人工选育眼斑双锯鱼的胚胎发育时间最短,与野生眼斑双锯鱼差异明显。通过对不同双锯鱼比较胚胎学的研究可以丰富其人工选育技术,确定双锯鱼之间以及双锯鱼与其他鱼类的亲缘关系,为观赏鱼进化学说的发展和新品种选育提供依据。 相似文献
19.
Top predators, particularly seabirds, have repeatedly been suggested as indicators of marine ecosystem status. One region currently under pressure from human fisheries and climate change is the North Sea. Standardized seabird monitoring data have been collected on the Isle of May, an important seabird colony in the northwestern North Sea, over the last 10-20 years. Over this period oceanographic conditions have varied markedly, and between 1990 and 1999 a major industrial fishery for sandlance (Ammodytes marinus), the main prey of most seabird species, was prosecuted nearby. Sandlance fishing grounds close to seabird colonies down the east coast of the UK were closed in 2000 in an attempt to improve foraging opportunities for breeding seabirds, particularly black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Initially this closure seemed to be beneficial for kittiwakes with breeding success recovering to pre-fishery levels. However, despite the ban continuing, kittiwakes and many other seabird species in the North Sea suffered severe breeding failures in 2004. In this paper, we test the predictive power of four previously established correlations between kittiwake breeding success and climatic/trophic variables to explain the observed breeding success at the Isle of May in 2004. During the breeding season, kittiwakes at this colony switch from feeding on 1+ group to 0 group sandlance, and results up until 2003 indicated that availability of both age classes had a positive effect on kittiwake breeding success. The low breeding success of kittiwakes in 2004 was consistent with the late appearance and small body size of 0 group sandlance, but at odds with the two variables likely to operate via 1 group availability (lagged winter sea surface temperature and larval sandlance cohort strength in 2003). The reason for the discrepancy is currently unknown, but analysis of 1 group sandlance body composition indicated that lipid content in 2004 was extremely low, and thus fish eaten by kittiwakes during pre-breeding and early incubation were likely to be of poor quality. Monitoring of reproductive success of kittiwakes, although useful, was clearly not sufficient to tease apart the complex causation underlying the 2004 event. Monitoring programs such as this, therefore, need to be complemented by detailed research to identify the mechanisms involved, and to attribute and predict the effects of natural and human-induced environmental change. 相似文献