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1.
The observations in weak wind stable conditions are scarce. The present study examines the observations from the Land Surface
Processes Experiment (LASPEX) conducted at Anand, (Gujarat, India) during the year 1997–1998 to study the characteristics
of surface layer under weak wind stable conditions. The observed surface fluxes are compared with those computed using Monin-Obukhov
(M-O) similarity theory. The upper air observations and regional climatology are used to justify the persistence of weak wind
conditions at Anand. The frequency of occurrence of weak wind stable conditions is observed to be around 67%. In 86% of the
cases under weak wind conditions, bulk Richardson number (RiB) is found to be larger than 0.2. The magnitude of surface fluxes computed from M-O similarity theory is shown to be smaller
in comparison to those based on the observations in weak wind stable conditions. Surface fluxes computed using the empirical
relations for the eddy diffusivities and drag and heat exchange coefficients are found to be comparable with those based on
M-O similarity theory however these fluxes are under-predicted in comparison to the observations. The traditional M-O similarity
theory is not able to simulate the observed fluxes well in weak wind stable conditions at Anand. 相似文献
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Ali Mamtimin Yu Wang Hajigul Sayit Xing Hua Yang Fan Yang Wen Huo Chenglong Zhou Lili Jin 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(12):2365-2378
As the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, the Gurbantünggüt Desert undergoes a long period of snow cover in the winter and the rapid growth of ephemeral plants in the spring, presenting obvious seasonal changes in the underlying desert surface type, which can lead to variation in the turbulence of the near-surface boundary layer turbulence over the desert. In this study, gradient tower data and eddy covariance data from 2017 were analysed to investigate the turbulence characteristics of the different surface boundary layers in the hinterland of the Gurbantünggüt Desert. The results indicate that stable atmospheric conditions in the desert occur exclusively during the early morning and at night in the desert, and the onset and duration of this stable state varies seasonally. Two regimes of intermittent turbulence occur during the night, a weak turbulent regime that occurs when the wind speed is less than the threshold and a strong turbulent regime when the wind speed exceeds the threshold, and different wind speed thresholds were observed at each level. These parameters follow a seasonal pattern of summer (July) > spring (April) > autumn (October) > winter (January) in terms of magnitude. The mean turbulence intensities of the along-wind, cross-wind and vertical wind are 0.5, 0.47 and 0.14, respectively, with Iu > Iv > Iw. The normalized standard deviation of the wind velocity components (σu, σv and σw) generally satisfies a 1/3 power-law relation. Our results show that the night-time turbulence regime classification for the Gurbantünggüt Desert strongly depends on meteorological and orographic features, and the intermittent turbulent events have the non-stationarity of the flow in common. The results can contribute to the study of land surface processes, climate change and desertification in inland arid desert areas. 相似文献
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藏南羊卓雍错湖面大气湍流特征观测分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
湍流运动是大气边界层的本质特征,是地表与大气之间能量和物质交换的主要方式.本文利用2016和2017年4-10月藏南羊卓雍错湖泊涡动观测资料,分析了湖面大气湍流方差和湍流特征量的统计和变化特征.结果表明：（1）不稳定层结下,三维风速分量和超声虚温、水汽密度、CO2密度的无量纲标准差随稳定度变化符合Monin-Obukhov相似理论的"1/3"或"-1/3"次幂律,垂直风速的拟合效果最好;稳定层结下,除CO2密度无量纲标准差与稳定度无明显关系外,其他量基本上满足相似性规律;中性条件下,以上物理量的无量纲标准差分别趋近常数：3.57、3.93、0.77、20.91、6.35和11.96.（2）水平方向平均湍流强度（0.60和0.58）大于垂直方向（0.13）,三维方向湍流强度与平均风速的变化呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.39、-0.42和-0.34.（3）湖面湍流动能随风速呈线性增长,增长率达0.45 m/s;近中性层结时湍流动能最大,层结越稳定或不稳定湍流动能均减小.（4）湖泊下午到傍晚动量输送较强,13：00-22：30时间段平均动量通量达0.091 kg/（m·s2）;热量输送以潜热为主,潜热通量日平均值（77.3 W/m2）是感热通量（14.6 W/m2）的5.3倍,感热和潜热通量日变化峰值分别出现在5：30（22.4 W/m2）和16：00（106.6 W/m2）. 相似文献
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Accurate knowledge of the surface roughness and the resultant wind speed are important for many applications, such as climatic models, wind power meteorology, agriculture and erosion hazards, especially on sand dunes in arid and semi‐arid environments, where vegetation cover is scarce. In this study we aimed at quantifying the effects of vegetation cover and topography on surface roughness over a stabilizing dune field on the southern coast of Israel. Forty‐six wind measurements were made at various distances from the coastline, ranging from 10 to 2800 m, and z0 values were calculated from the wind measurements based on the ratio between the wind gust and the average wind speed. We estimated vegetation cover using the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) from Landsat satellite images for the upwind sector at various lengths, ranging from 15 to 400 m, and based on digital elevation models and differential GPS field measurements we calculated the topographic variable of the relative heights of the stations. z0 values were positively correlated with the winter SAVI values (r = 0·87 at an upwind length of 200 m) and negatively correlated with the relative height (r = ?0·68 at an upwind length of 200–400 m for the inland dune stations). Using these variables we were able to create a map of estimated z0 values having an accuracy of over 64%. Such maps provide a better understanding of the spatial variability in both wind speed and sand movement over coastal dune areas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Evaluating morphological estimates of the aerodynamic roughness of debris covered glacier ice 
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下载免费PDF全文 Duncan Quincey Mark Smith David Rounce Andrew Ross Owen King Cameron Watson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(15):2541-2553
Aerodynamic roughness length (z0), the height above the ground surface at which the extrapolated horizontal wind velocity profile drops to zero, is one of the most poorly parameterised elements of the glacier surface energy balance equation. Microtopographic methods for estimating z0 have become prominent in the literature in recent years, but are rarely validated against independent measures and are yet to be comprehensively analysed for scale or data resolution dependency. Here, we present the results of a field investigation conducted on the debris covered Khumbu Glacier during the post‐monsoon season of 2015. We focus on two sites. The first is characterised by gravels and cobbles supported by a fine sandy matrix. The second comprises cobbles and boulders separated by voids. Vertical profiles of wind speed recorded by a tower comprising five cup anemometers and deployed over both sites enable us to derive measurements of aerodynamic roughness that reflect their observed surface characteristics (0.0184 m and 0.0243 m, respectively). At the second site, z0 also varied through time following snowfall (0.0055 m) and during its subsequent melt (0.0129 m), showing the importance of fine resolution topography for near‐surface airflow. To compare the wind profile data with microtopographic methods, we conducted structure from motion multi‐view stereo (SfM‐MVS) surveys across each patch and calculated z0 using three previously published approaches. The fully three‐dimensional cloud‐based approach is shown to be most stable across different scales and these z0 values are most correct in relative order when compared with the wind tower data. Popular profile‐based methods perform less well providing highly variable values across different scales and when using data of differing resolution. These findings hold relevance for all studies using microtopographic methods to estimate aerodynamic roughness lengths, including those in non‐glacial settings. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Dimiter Yordanov 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1968,69(1):229-236
Summary Solution of the diffusion equation is obtained for a linear source in the boundary layer with unstable stratification, when the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory is used for the wind profile and coefficient of vertical turbulent exchange. On the basis of the solution obtained numerically calculations are made. 相似文献
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Robert M. Banta 《Acta Geophysica》2008,56(1):58-87
This paper reviews results from two field studies of the nocturnal stable atmospheric boundary layer (SBL) over the Great
Plains of the United States. Data from a scanning remote-sensing system, a High-Resolution Doppler Lidar (HRDL), provided
measurements of mean and turbulent wind components at high spatial and temporal resolution through the lowest 500–1000 m of
the atmosphere. This data set has allowed the characteristics of the low-level jet (LLJ) maximum (speed, height, direction)
to be documented through entire nights. LLJs form after sunset and produce strong shear in the layer below the LLJ maximum
or nose, which is a source of turbulence and mixing in the SBL. Simultaneous HRDL measurements of turbulence quantities related
to turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) has allowed the turbulence in the subjet layer to be related to LLJ properties. Turbulence
structure was found to be a function of the bulk stability of the subjet layer. For the strong-LLJ (> 15 m s−1), weakly stable cases the strength of the turbulence is proportional to the strength of the LLJ. For these cases with nearly
continuous turbulence in the subjet layer, low-level jet scaling, in which lengths are scaled by the LLJ height and velocity
variables are scaled by the LLJ speed, was found to be appropriate. For the weak-wind (< 5 m s−1 in the lowest 200 m), very stable boundary layer (vSBL), the boundary layer was found to be very shallow (sometimes < 10
m deep), and turbulent fluxes between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere were found to be essentially shut down. For more
intermediate wind speeds and stabilities, the SBL shows varying degrees of intermittency due to various mechanisms, including
shearinstability and other gravity waves, density currents, and other mesoscale disturbances. 相似文献
11.
—An attempt has been made to study the atmospheric surface layer characteristics such as Richardson number (Ri). Monin-Obukhov length scale (L), friction velocity (U * ?), friction temperature (θ *?), roughness length (Z 0?), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), ratio of eddy conductivity to eddy diffusivity (K m ?/K h ?) over a semi-moist convective regime. Data which were collected at Varanasi (25°18′N, 83°E) as part of the experiment known as MONTBLEX-90 (Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment) during the summer monsoon season was used in the present study. The variation of the above parameters with stability has been discussed. The differences within the surface layer are also pointed out. Some broad features are found to coincide with that of Businger et al. (1971). The heterogeneity and the anisotropic turbulence typical of monsoon tropical atmosphere are shown to be responsible for the deviations noticed within the surface layer. 相似文献
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Accurate knowledge of the contacts between surface roughness and the resultant wind speed are important for climatic models, wind power meteorology, agriculture and erosion hazards especially on sand saltation in arid and semi-arid environments, where vegetation cover is scarce. In this study, synchronous measurements of three-dimensional wind speed below 5 m are carried out in three different surface roughness conditions in Minqin, China, and the difference in the turbulence statistics and the structure of the very large-scale motions (VLSMs) were revealed. The results show that the slope of the mean wind profile (MVP), the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and Reynolds stress increase with the surface roughness. The roughness seems to suppress the ejection events and the surface roughness will not only weaken the energy of the VLSMs, but also reduce the scale values of VLSMs near the wall. These influences may cause some changes regarding the dust transportation in streamwise and vertical directions during the sand and dust storm (SDS). That is, the decrease of the mean velocity near the ground will reduce the dust transportation in the streamwise direction and influence of the roughness on the ejection and sweep events will change the dust transportation in the vertical direction. Furthermore, the increase of roughness will weaken the scale and energy of VLSMs, which will lead to the decrease of the capacity of dust transportation. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Xuesong Wang Chunlai Zhang Xiaoqi Huang Yaping Shen Xueyong Zou Jiao Li Songbo Cen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(2):614-623
Aeolian sand transport is a complicated process that is affected by many factors (e.g. wind velocity, sand particle size, surface microtopography). Under different experimental conditions, erosion processes will therefore produce different results. In this study, we conducted a series of wind tunnel experiments across a range of wind velocities capable of entraining sand particles (8.0, 10.0, 12.0, and 14.0 m s-1) to study the dynamic changes of the shear velocity, aerodynamic roughness length, and sand transport. We found that the shear velocity and aerodynamic roughness length are not constant; rather, they change dynamically over time, and the rules that describe their changes depend on the free-stream air velocity. For wind tunnel experiments without feeding sand into the airflow, the sand bed elevation decreases with increasing erosion time, and this change significantly affected the values of shear velocity and aerodynamic roughness length. A Gaussian distribution function described the relationships between the sand transport rate (qT) and the duration of wind erosion (T). It is therefore necessary for modelers to consider both deflation of the bed and the time scale used when calculating sand transport or erosion rates. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Zhou Yanlian Sun Xiaomin Zhu Zhilin Zhang Renhua Tian Jing Liu Yunfen Guan Dexin Yuan Guofu 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2006,49(2):262-272
Roughness length and zero-plane displacement over three typical surfaces were calculated iteratively by least-square method, which are Yucheng Experimental Station for agriculture surfaces, Qianyanzhou Experimental Station for complex and undulant surfaces, and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station for forest surfaces. On the basis of roughness length dynamic, the effects of roughness length dynamic on fluxes were analyzed with SEBS model. The results indicate that, aerodynamic roughness length changes with vegetation conditions (such as vegetation height, LAI), wind speed, friction velocity and some other factors. In Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station, aerodynamic roughness length over the fetch of flux tower changes with vegetation height and LAI obviously, that is, with the increase of LAI, roughness length increases to the peak value firstly, and then decreases. In Qianyanzhou Experimental Station, LAI changes slightly, so the relationship between roughness length and LAI is not obvious. The aerodynamic roughness length of Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station changes slightly with wind direction, while aerodynamic roughness length of Qianyanzhou Experimental Station changes obviously with wind direction. The reason for that is the terrain in Yucheng and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station is relatively flat, while in Qianyanzhou Experimental Station the terrain is very undulant and heterogeneous. With the increase of wind speed, aerodynamic roughness length of Yucheng Experimental Station changes slightly, while it decreases obviously in Qianyanzhou Experimental Station and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station. Roughness length dynamic takes great effects on fluxes calculation, and the effects are analyzed by SEBS model. By comparing 1 day averaged roughness length in Yucheng Experimental Station and 5 day averaged roughness length of Qianyanzhou and Changbai Mountains Experimental Station with roughness length parameter chosen by the model, the effects of roughness length dynamic on flux calculation is analyzed. The maximum effect of roughness length dynamic on sensible heat flux is 2.726%, 33.802% and 18.105%, in Yucheng, Qianyanzhou, and Changbai Mountains experimental stations, respectively.
相似文献17.
Sensitivity of model parameterizations for simulated latent heat flux at the snow surface for complex mountain sites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The snowcover energy balance is typically dominated by net radiation and sensible and latent heat fluxes. Validation of the two latter components is rare and often difficult to undertake at complex mountain sites. Latent heat flux, the focus of this paper, is the primary coupling mechanism between the snow surface and the atmosphere. It accounts for the critical exchange of mass (sublimation or condensation), along with the associated snowcover energy loss or gain. Measured and modelled latent heat fluxes at a wind‐exposed and wind‐sheltered site were compared to evaluate variability in model parameters. A well‐tested and well‐validated snowcover energy balance model, Snobal, was selected for this comparison because of previously successful applications of the model at these sites and because of the adjustability of the parameters specific to latent heat transfer within the model. Simulated latent heat flux and snow water equivalent (SWE) were not sensitive to different formulations of the stability profile functions associated with heat transfer calculations. The model parameters of snow surface roughness length and active snow layer thickness were used to improve latent heat flux simulations while retaining accuracy in the simulation of the SWE at an exposed and sheltered study site. Optimal parameters for simulated latent heat flux and SWE were found at the exposed site with a shorter roughness length and thicker active layer, and at the sheltered site with a longer roughness length and thinner active layer. These findings were linked to physical characteristics of the study sites and will allow for adoption into other snow models that use similar parameters. Physical characteristics of wind exposure and cover could also be used to distribute critical parameters in a spatially distributed modelling domain and aid in parameter selection for application to other watersheds where detailed information is not available. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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P. C. Chu 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1989,130(1):31-45
An important part of the influence of the oceans on the atmosphere is through direct radiation, sensible heat flux and release of latent heat of evaporation, whereby all of these processes are directly related to the surface temperature of the oceans. A main effect of the atmosphere on the oceans is through momentum exchange at the air-ocean interface, and this process is directly related to the surface wind stress. The sea surface temperature (SST) and the surface wind stress are the two important components in the air-ocean system. If SST is given, a thermally forced boundary layer atmospheric circulation can be simulated. On the other hand, if the surface wind stress is given, the wind-driven ocean waves and ocean currents can be computed.The relationship between SST and surface wind is a coupling of the atmosphere and the oceans. It changes a one-way effect (ocean mechanically driven by atmosphere, or atmosphere thermally forced by oceans) into two-way air-sea interactions. Through this coupling the SST distribution, being an output from an ocean model, leads to the thermally forced surface winds, which feeds back into the ocean model as an additional forcing.Based on Kuo's planetary boundary layer model a linear algebraic equation is established to link the SST gradient with the thermally forced surface wind. The surface wind blows across the isotherms from cold to warm region with some deflection angle to the right (left) in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Results from this study show that the atmospheric stratification reduces both the speed and the deflection angle of the thermally forced wind, however, the Coriolis' effect increases the wind speed in stable atmosphere (Ri>10–4) and increases the deflection angle. 相似文献
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E. A. Mareev S. Israelsson E. Knudsen A. V. Kalinin M. M. Novozhenov 《Annales Geophysicae》1997,14(10):1095-1101
The outdoor experiments, using a metallic grid above the ground surface, have yielded well-defined vertical profiles of the space-charge density. The profiles showed strong evidence for the existence of an electrode effect, which could be named the artificial electrode effect and can serve as a very useful and well-controlled model for the study of atmospheric electric processes in the atmospheric surface layer. The build-up or break-down of an electrode-effect layer occurred in a time of the order of 10 s under the experimental conditions realized. The artificially generated electrode effect is dependent on the electrical field strength supplied, wind speed, turbulent mixing and ion mobilities. Wind speed and ion mobility seem to be the dominant factors, defining space-charge density profiles. A theoretical model for the artificial electrode effect has been developed, taking into account turbulent mixing of charged particles in the air flow with the logarithmic profile of the wind velocity. The numerical analysis of the boundary value problem for the two-dimensional equations for the light ion concentrations has been performed. The model presented shows a qualitative agreement of calculated space-charge profiles with measured ones, and explains the dependence of the artificial electrode effect on the dominant control parameters. The limiting conditions for the developed theory are discussed.Permanent address: Institute of Appl. Physics, 46 Ulyanov St., 603600 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 相似文献
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Bernard O. Bauer Robin G. D. Davidson‐Arnott Ian J. Walker Patrick A. Hesp Jeff Ollerhead 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(15):1661-1677
Evidence from a field study on wind flow and sediment transport across a beach–dune system under onshore and offshore conditions (including oblique approach angles) indicates that sediment transport response on the back‐beach and stoss slope of the foredune can be exceedingly complex. The upper‐air flow – measured by a sonic anemometer at the top of a 3·5 m tower located on the dune crest – is similar to regional wind records obtained from a nearby meteorological station, but quite different from the near‐surface flow field measured locally across the beach–dune profile by sonic anemometers positioned 20 cm above the sand surface. Flow–form interaction at macro and micro scales leads to strong modulation of the near‐surface wind vectors, including wind speed reductions (due to surface roughness drag and adverse pressure effects induced by the dune) and wind speed increases (due to flow compression toward the top of the dune) as well as pronounced topographic steering during oblique wind approach angles. A conceptual model is proposed, building on the ideas of Sweet and Kocurek (Sedimentology 37 : 1023–1038, 1990), Walker and Nickling (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28 : 111–1124, 2002), and Lynch et al. (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33 : 991–1005, 2008, Geomorphology 105 : 139–146, 2010), which shows how near‐surface wind vectors are altered for four regional wind conditions: (a) onshore, detached; (b) onshore‐oblique, attached and deflected; (c) offshore, detached; and (d) offshore‐oblique, attached and deflected. High‐frequency measurements of sediment transport intensity during these different events demonstrate that predictions of sediment flux using standard equations driven by regional wind statistics would by unreliable and misleading. It is recommended that field studies routinely implement experimental designs that treat the near‐surface wind field as comprising true vector quantities (with speed and direction) in order that a more robust linkage between the regional (upper air) wind field and the sediment transport response across the beach–dune profile be established. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献