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1.
三峡水库澎溪河水-气界面CO2、CH4扩散通量昼夜动态初探 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
三峡水库温室气体效应近年来备受关注.为揭示三峡水库典型支流澎溪河水-气界面CO2和CH4通量的昼夜动态规律,明晰短时间尺度下该水域温室气体释放的影响因素,在2010年6月至2011年5月的一个完整水文周年内,选择4个具有代表性的时段(2010年8、11月和2011年2、5月)对澎溪河高阳平湖水域开展昼夜跟踪观测.结果表明:2010年8、11月和2011年2、5月4次采样的CO2日总通量值分别为-8.34、73.94、28.13和-20.12 mmol/(m2·d),相应的CH4日总通量值分别为2.22、0.11、0.32和7.16 mmol/(m2·d),不同时期昼夜变化明显.研究水域CO2和CH4通量过程不具同步性:CO2昼夜通量变化可能更显著地受到水柱光合/呼吸过程的影响,但瞬时气象过程(水汽温差、瞬时风速等)在高水位时期亦可对CO2通量产生显著影响;CH4昼夜通量变化与水温条件改变更为密切. 相似文献
2.
涡度相关技术的发展, 为准确获取区域尺度的CO2通量分布格局提供了数据基础. 但由于涡度相关技术自身的局限性, 需要利用模型模拟作为获取区域CO2通量的重要手段. 可是CO2通量和其他微气象变量之间的非线性关系给模拟CO2通量的时空动态变化带来了一定的困难.人工神经网络模型为模拟CO2通量与其他微气象变量的非线性关系提供了一种新的手段. 在ChinaFLUX三个不同类型(农田、森林、草地)生态系统中, 基于2003年6~8月的半小时涡度相关观测数据, 采用BP人工神经网络模型, 以能量通量(净辐射、潜热、显热和土壤热通量)以及温度(空气温度、土壤温度)和表层土壤水分作为输入变量, 模拟了CO2通量的动态变化. 结果表明, 人工神经网络模型具有较好的模拟结果, 其R2系数在0.75与0.866之间.RMSE在0.008 ?mol/m2与0.012 ?mol/m2之间, MAE在1.38 ?mol/m2与3.60 ?mol/m2之间, 其中农田和森林生态系统的模拟精度略高于草地生态系统.其次, 通过比较土壤水分要素是否参与模拟的结果表明, 在生长季期间, 不存在土壤水分胁迫的情况下, 土壤水分的参与并不能显著提供模型模拟的精度. 最后, 应用连接权重方法进行了神经网络模型不同输入变量的重要性分析, 指出神经网络模型不完全是一个黑箱模型, 也可以有效地揭示出某些机理性现象.该研究证明, 神经网络模型不仅可以有效地模拟CO2通量, 也可以揭示出一些机理现象, 为通过涡度相关观测与遥感反演技术的集成途径, 利用已获取的区域尺度能量通量数据, 模拟分析区域尺度的CO2通量分布格局提供了一种有效的方法. 相似文献
3.
内陆水域二氧化碳(CO2)排放是全球碳平衡的重要组成部分,全球CO2排放通量估算通常有很大不确定性,一方面源于CO2排放数据观测的时空离散性,另一方面也是缺少水文情景与CO2排放通量关联性的研究.本文观测了2018年洪泽湖不同水文情景表层水体CO2排放通量特征,并探讨其影响因素.结果表明,洪泽湖CO2排放通量为丰水期((106.9±73.4) mmol/(m2·d))>枯水期((18.7±13.6) mmol/(m2·d))>平水期((5.2±15.5) mmol/(m2·d)),且碳通量由丰(310.2~32.0 mmol/(m2·d))、枯(50.8~2.2 mmol/(m2·d))、平(-17.3~39.8 mmol/(m2·d))3种水文情景的交替表现出湖泊碳源到弱碳汇的转变,空间上CO2排放通量总体呈现北部成子湖区低、南部过水湖区高的分布趋势.洪泽湖CO2排放对水文情景响应敏感,特别是上游淮河流域来水量的改变,是主导该湖CO2排放时空分异的重要因子.丰水期湖泊接纳了淮河更多有机和无机碳的输入,外源碳基质的降解和矿化显著促进了水体CO2的生产与排放,同时氮、磷等营养物质的大量输入,加剧了水体营养化程度,进一步提高CO2排放量,间接反映出人类活动对洪泽湖CO2变化的深刻影响.平、枯水期随着上游淮河来水量的减少,驱动水体CO2排放的因素逐渐由外源输入转变为水体有机质的呼吸降解.此外,上游河口区DOM中陆源类腐殖质的累积与矿化能够促进CO2的排放,而内源有机质组分似乎并没有直接参与CO2的排放过程.研究结果揭示了水文情景交替对湖库CO2排放的重要影响,同时有必要进行高频观测以进一步明晰湖泊的碳通量变化及其控制因素. 相似文献
4.
三峡水库澎溪河消落区土-气界面CO2和CH4通量初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水库近岸湿地(消落区)温室气体(CO2、CH4)产汇是水库温室气体效应问题的重要组成部分.本文以三峡水库支流澎溪河的白家溪、养鹿两处大面积消落区为研究对象,于2010年6 9月水库低水位运行期间,对近岸消落区土-气界面CO2、CH4通量进行监测.白家溪消落区土-气界面CO2通量均值为12.38±2.42 mmol/(m2·h);CH4通量均值为0.0112±0.0064 mmol/(m2·h).养鹿消落区CO2、CH4通量均值分别为10.54±5.17、0.14±0.16 mmol/(m2·h).总体上,6 9月土-气界面CO2通量呈增加趋势,而CH4通量水平呈现显著的递减趋势.消落区土地出露后植被恢复,在一定程度上促进了土壤有机质含量的增加,使得6 9月CO2释放通量的总体趋势有所增加.消落区退耕后,其甲烷氧化菌的活性得到恢复,加之在土地出露曝晒过程中土壤透气性增强,使得消落区土壤对大气中CH4吸收氧化潜势增强.尽管如此,仍需进一步的研究以明晰消落区土-气界面CO2、CH4产汇的主要影响因素. 相似文献
5.
在巢湖西北半湖近岸带设置大型围隔研究秋季连续打捞蓝藻对湖泊温室气体通量的影响，应用YL-1000型大型仿生式水面蓝藻清除设备进行原位打捞蓝藻，通过便携式温室气体分析仪-静态箱法对大型围隔内水-气界面CH4、CO2通量特征及其影响因素进行观测.结果表明：对比未打捞区，蓝藻连续打捞下打捞区水体中叶绿素a（Chl.a）、悬浮物（SS）浓度不断下降，两者削减率分别为72%、85%，Chl.a、SS浓度分别下降到29.6±2.5 μg/L、12.5±1.2 mg/L，打捞对围隔内颗粒态物质去除效果十分明显；打捞过程中水体溶解性有机物（DOM）中微生物代谢类腐殖质（C1）、类蛋白（C3）显著下降趋势，打捞区C1、C3组分（0.18±0.02、0.06±0.01 RU）强度明显低于未打捞区（0.26±0.05、0.12±0.03 RU），打捞能有效控制藻源性溶解性有机质释放.同时，打捞区水-气界面CH4通量呈显著下降趋势，未打捞区CH4通量平均值（17.473±1.514 nmol/（m2·s））为打捞区（7.004±4.163 nmol/（m2·s））近2倍，CH4通量与Chl.a、C1、C3组分均呈显著正相关，水体中藻源性溶解态有机质对CH4通量具有促进作用；打捞区CO2释放通量呈显著上升趋势，打捞区CO2吸收通量（-0.200±0.069 μmol/（m2·s））明显低于未打捞区（-0.344±0.017 μmol/（m2·s）），CO2通量与Chl.a、温度均呈显著负相关.秋季打捞对CH4、CO2综合日平均通量减排量值为0.275±0.076 mol/（m2·d）（以CO2当量计）.研究结果揭示了巢湖秋季连续打捞蓝藻过程对水-气界面温室气体具有显著减排作用，且能在一定程度上减缓蓝藻水华与湖泊富营养化、气候变暖之间的恶性循环，为湖泊碳循环和蓝藻水华灾害防控提供科学数据支撑和理论参考. 相似文献
6.
鼎湖山常绿针阔叶混交林CO2通量估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
鼎湖山通量站是中国通量网络(ChinaFLUX)中4个森林站之一,采用开路涡度相关方法,对南亚热带常绿针阔叶混交林进行生态系统尺度的CO2通量长期定位观测．利用2003,2004年2整年观测资料,分析该生态系统CO2通量时间变化特征及其受环境因子的制约关系．通过坐标转换、WPL订正和质量控制后,发现本通量站存在明显的夜间泄漏问题,因此采用Michaelis- Menten模型,利用白天(PAR>1．0μmol-1 Photons·m-2·s-1)湍流充分条件-F(u*>0．2 m·s-1)的通量资料,逐月拟合净生态系统CO2交换NEE对光合有效辐射PAR的响应,利用拟合Michaelis-Menten方程得到的生态系统呼吸Reco,建立Reco与5 cm土壤温度的指数关系,借此反演夜间呼吸．主要结论包括:(i)逐月拟合的光能利用效率a平均为0．0027(±0．0011)mgCO2·μmol-1 Photons,最大光合速率Amax平均为1．102(±0．288)mgCO2·m-2·s-1,a与Amax季节性变化规律均不明显,表明林内旱季没有明显的缺水和低温胁迫存在,这与南亚热带常绿混交林叶面积指数(LAI)季节性变化较小的特点是一致的．（ii）生态系统呼吸月总量平均为95.3（±21．1）gC·mm-2month-1，约占生态系统总初级生产力GPP的68％．NEE月总量平均为-43．2（±29．6）gC·m-2·month-1，大部分月份NEE为负号，表明该生态系统全年均具有较强的碳汇功能．估算得到2003，2004年NEE总量分别为-563，-441．2gC·m-2·a-1，占GPP的32％． 相似文献
7.
湖库淡水水域对温室气体排放的贡献不容小觑,然而观测时间的代表性不足以及缺乏对降雨因素的考虑制约了碳排放的准确估计.本研究以湖北宜昌境内官庄水库为例,选取强降雨多发的夏季时段,针对水气界面温室气体通量、水体表层和垂向剖面气体溶存浓度及环境因子开展了为期1周的原位高频观测,以探讨夏季降雨事件对水库温室气体通量变化的影响.结果表明,观测期内官庄水库水气界面CH4通量变化范围为0.007~0.077 mg/（m2·h）,CO2通量范围为5.48~57.57 mg/（m2·h）,白天和夜晚均表现为大气的碳源.小雨、中雨乃至暴雨天气条件下,CH4和CO2日均通量均较低,日通量倾向于受风速和温度调控.CH4和CO2通量变化趋势较为一致,观测期内日间排放量高于夜间排放量出现的次数更多,昼夜差异对降雨天气状况无明显响应,风速是CH4和CO2通量昼夜变化的主导因素.暴雨过程中,CH4-k600和CO2-k600与水气温差存在显著正相关,但水体垂向混合过程十分短暂.在平均雨强为3.8 mm/h的暴雨第I阶段,CH4-k600对风速和降雨的响应明显,而在雨强更大（8.5 mm/h）的第II阶段,CH4-k600与风速、降雨均未表现出相关性,通量箱在强降雨条件下的适用性可能存在雨强阈值. 相似文献
8.
内陆水体是大气CO2收支估算的重要组成部分。农业流域分布着大量池塘景观水体,且具备蓄洪抗旱、消纳污染、水产养殖等多种功能。但是,农业流域不同功能的小型池塘CO2排放特征尚不清楚。本研究以极具农业流域代表性的烔炀河流域为研究对象,选取流域中用于水产养殖(养殖塘)、生活污水承纳(村塘)、农业灌溉(农塘)、蓄水(水塘)的4个功能不同的景观池塘,基于为期1年的野外实地观测,以明确农业流域小型池塘CO2排放特征。结果表明,不同功能池塘水体CO2排放差异显著,受养殖活动、生活污水输入和农田灌溉等人类活动影响,养殖塘((80.37±100.39) mmol/(m2·d))、村塘((48.69±65.89) mmol/(m2·d))和农塘((13.50±15.81) mmol/(m2·d))是大气CO2的热点排放源,其CO2排放通量分别是自然蓄水塘((4.52±23.26) mmol/(m2·d))的18、11和3倍。统计分析也表明,该流域池塘CO2排放变化总体上受溶解氧、营养盐等因素驱动。4个不同景观池塘CO2排放通量全年均值为(37.31±67.47) mmol/(m2·d),是不容忽视的CO2排放源,其中养殖塘和村塘具有较高的CO2排放潜力,在未来研究中需要重点关注。 相似文献
9.
模型估算法是水-气界面甲烷（CH4）通量监测的主要方法.本研究选择6种不同的参数化模型方法估算了2015年6、8和10月两个亚热带河口养殖塘水-气界面CH4传输速率（kx）及其扩散通量，探讨了河口养殖塘kx及CH4扩散通量的变化特征和影响因子.结果表明：研究期间，不同模型估算下的kx及其扩散通量均值在闽江河口养殖塘变化范围分别为1.60±0.75~6.29±1.30 cm/h和9.19±2.67~30.64±6.28 μmol/（m2·h），在九龙江河口养殖塘的变化范围分别为0.89±0.19~6.07±0.61 cm/h和3.18±0.48~21.03±2.13 μmol/（m2·h）；kx及其扩散通量在两个河口区均呈现随时间推移而升高的特征；整个养殖期间，养殖塘水-气界面平均CH4传输速率kx呈现闽江河口略高于九龙江河口（P>0.05），但水-气界面平均CH4扩散通量呈现闽江河口显著高于九龙江河口的特征（P<0.05）；风速、水体溶解CH4浓度和盐度是调控河口区养殖塘水-气界面CH4扩散通量变化的重要因子；不同模型估算出的河口养殖塘水-气界面CH4传输速率kx存在差异，表明模型估算法获得的水-气界面CH4扩散通量存在一定的不确定性. 相似文献
10.
千烟洲中亚热带人工林生态系统CO2通量的季节变异特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作为中国陆地生态系统通量网络(ChinaFLUX)的组成部分, 利用涡度相关技术对千烟洲中亚热带人工林生态系统CO2 通量进行了长期观测. 本研究集中探讨了千烟洲人工林2003年和2004年净生态系统CO2交换量(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(Re)和总生态系统CO2交换量(GEE)的季节变异特征及其源汇状况与强度. 研究结果表明: (ⅰ) NEE, Re和GEE具有明显的季节变化趋势且密切相关, 冬季和干旱期量级较低而夏季量级较高. (ⅱ) 光照、温度和水分条件是控制千烟洲人工林生态系统NEE, Re和GEE季节动态的主导因素. 光照是控制NEE的主要因素, 而温度和水汽压差共同影响着NEE, 但水汽压差对NEE的影响作用更强. 在适宜光照条件下, 干旱胁迫会造成千烟洲人工林生态系统碳吸收的适宜温度范围明显降低. 温度和降水的协同作用共同控制着Re. (ⅲ) 2003年和2004年千烟洲人工林生态系统NEE, Re和GEE分别为-387.2和-423.8 g C·m-2, 1223.3和1442.0 g C·m-2, -1610.4和-1865.8 g C·m-2, 这表明千烟洲人工林生态系统具有较强碳吸收能力. 相似文献
11.
水库或湖泊的热分层结构是其动力与环境过程的重要研究方面,虽然很多学者针对水体分层结构和演变机理开展了大量研究,但水体通过水-气界面与大气进行热交换的过程,各气象因子的贡献机理等研究成果还很缺乏。本文基于三峡水库香溪河库湾2019年3月-2020年2月期间的水温、水位及气象等监测数据,针对水-气界面热交换过程如何影响水温垂向结构及表层水体湍流混合作用开展研究。结果表明,(1)香溪河水体年内呈高温期分层、低温期混合的基本特征,高温期混合层深度小于8 m,低温期混合层深度超过30 m。(2)太阳短波辐射是香溪河水体的主要热源,潜热通量和长波辐射是香溪河水体的主要冷源,感热通量贡献极小。(3)香溪河平均风速较弱,约为1.6 m/s,主要通过增强潜热和感热通量的方式影响水体垂向稳定性结构特征,其机械扰动作用较弱。(4)表层水体湍能通量在高温期较低(10-7m3/s3量级),此时水体处于分层状态,风应力大概率主导表层水体湍流发育;低温期表层水体湍能通量较高(10-6 m3/s3<... 相似文献
12.
River supercooling and ice formation is a regular occurrence throughout the winter in northern countries. The resulting frazil ice production can obstruct the flow through intakes along the river, causing major problems for hydropower and water treatment facilities, among others. Therefore, river ice modellers attempt to calculate the river energy budget and predict when supercooling will occur in order to anticipate and mitigate the effects of potential intake blockages. Despite this, very few energy budget studies have taken place during freeze-up, and none have specifically analysed individual supercooling events. To improve our understanding of the freeze-up energy budget detailed measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, short- and longwave radiation, and water temperature were made on the Dauphin River in Manitoba. During the river freeze-up period of late October to early November 2019, a total of six supercooling events were recorded. Analysis of the energy budget throughout the supercooling period revealed that the most significant heat source was net shortwave radiation, reaching up to 298 W/m2, while the most significant heat loss was net longwave radiation, accounting for losses of up to 135 W/m2. Longwave radiation was also the most significant heat flux overall during the individual supercooling events, accounting for up to 84% of the total heat flux irrespective of flux direction, highlighting the importance of properly quantifying this flux during energy budget calculations. Five different sensible (Qh) and latent (Qe) heat flux calculations were also compared, using the bulk aerodynamic method as the baseline. It was found that the Priestley and Taylor method most-closely matched the bulk aerodynamic method on a daily timescale with an average offset of 8.5 W/m2 for Qh and 10.1 W/m2 for Qe, while a Dalton-type equation provided by Webb and Zhang was the most similar on a sub-daily timescale with average offsets of 20.0 and 14.7 W/m2 for Qh and Qe, respectively. 相似文献
13.
源区划分和质量过滤提高湖面涡动相关通量数据可靠性的同时,却降低了通量时间序列的连续性.为此,本文基于TensorFlow机器学习框架构建了一种超宽人工神经网络(ANN)模型.在选择输入ANN模型的特征变量信息时,我们采取了尽可能获取湍流输送过程中热力、动力学同步观测背景强迫信息的原则.通过ANN模型模拟通量的插补,本文实现了通量时间序列连续性的优化,插补后的羊卓雍错湖面通量数据的时间覆盖率从不足0.40提升至超过0.98.基于10次折叠交叉验证的ANN模型通量模拟性能检验则表明,各个检验组之间ANN模型的模拟误差波动较小,这显示出了较好的稳健性.具体地讲,感热通量、潜热通量和水汽通量原始观测平均值分别约为18.8 W/m~2、81.5 W/m~2和1.84 mmol/(s·m~2),10组交叉验证的插补感热通量、潜热通量和水汽通量平均绝对误差分别为5.4 W/m~2、15.7 W/m~2和0.35 mmol/(s·m~2).这表明本文所探索的ANN建模结构和同步观测变量筛选原则可更充分地利用观测点局地同步观测信息估算通量强度,有效地优化湍流通量数据的时间连续性,从而提升通量数据的可分析性. 相似文献
14.
小时尺度水面蒸发可影响水面大气边界层热力和动力结构,分析湖泊小时尺度水面蒸发主要影响因素,选取准确模拟其特征的蒸发模型,将有助于改善流域天气预报和空气质量预报.基于太湖避风港站2012—2013年通量、辐射和气象观测数据,分析太湖小时尺度水面蒸发主要影响因子和3个模型(传统质量传输模型、Granger and Hedstrom经验模型、DYRESM模型)的模拟效果.结果表明:影响太湖小时尺度水面蒸发的主要因子为水气界面水汽压差和风速的乘积,而非净辐射.传统质量传输模型、Granger and Hedstrom经验模型、DYRESM模型模拟值与全年实测值的一致性系数分别为0.92、0.87和0.89,均方根误差分别为28.35、41.58和38.26 W/m~2.传统质量传输模型对太湖小时尺度水面蒸发的日变化和季节动态模拟效果最佳,其夜间模拟相对误差小于3%,除秋季外,其他季节的模拟绝对误差均小于4 W/m~2.Granger and Hedstrom经验模型系统性地高估太湖潜热通量,在大气较为稳定的午后(高估22~32 W/m~2)和冬季(高估72%)高估最为明显,模拟效果最差.DYRESM模型也系统地高估太湖潜热通量,模拟效果居中.考虑水汽交换系数随风速的变化特征将有助于改善传统质量传输模型和DYRESM模型对太湖小时尺度水面蒸发的模拟精度. 相似文献
15.
Land surface energy fluxes are required in many environmental studies, including hydrology, agronomy and meteorology. Surface energy balance models simulate microscale energy exchange processes between the ground surface and the atmospheric layer near ground level. Spatial variability of energy fluxes limits point measurements to be used for larger areas. Remote sensing provides the basis for spatial mapping of energy fluxes. Remote‐sensing‐based surface energy flux‐mapping was conducted using seven Landsat images from 1997 to 2002 at four contiguous crop fields located in Polk County, northwestern Minnesota. Spatially distributed surface energy fluxes were estimated and mapped at 30 m pixel level from Landsat Thematic Mapper and Enhanced Thematic Mapper images and weather information. Net radiation was determined using the surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) procedure. Applying the two‐source energy balance (TSEB) model, the surface temperature and the latent and sensible heat fluxes were partitioned into vegetation and soil components and estimated at the pixel level. Yield data for wheat and soybean from 1997 to 2002 were mapped and compared with latent heat (evapotranspiration) for four of the fields at pixel level. The spatial distribution and the relation of latent heat flux and Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible heat to latent heat) to crop yield were studied. The root‐mean‐square error and the mean absolute percentage of error between the observed and predicted energy fluxes were between 7 and 22 W m−2 and 12 and 24% respectively. Results show that latent heat flux and Bowen ratio were correlated (positive and negative) to the yield data. Wheat and soybean yields were predicted using latent heat flux with mean R2 = 0·67 and 0·70 respectively, average residual means of −4·2 bushels/acre and 0·11 bushels/acre respectively, and average residual standard deviations of 16·2 bushels/acre and 16·6 bushels/acre respectively (1 bushel/acre ≈ 0·087 m3 ha−1). The flux estimation procedure from the SEBAL‐TSEB model was useful and applicable to agricultural fields. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Summary The mean annual cycle of the net energy flux through the sea surface and of the heat storage are investigated in detail using
observations of the Light Vessel LV Elbe 1 for the period 1962-1986 in the German Bight and at Ocean Weather Ship OWS Famita
for the period 1965-1978 in the central North Sea. The investigation confirms the general geographical picture of the heat
budget of the German Bight that shows a net loss to the atmosphere by a long-term mean of -15 W m-2. The radiative surface input of 113 W m-2 is balanced by -62 W m-2 net back radiation, -51 W m-2 of latent heat flux and -15 W m-2 of sensible heat flux. The heat advection calculated as the residual of the heat storage rate and surface energy balance
is 16 W m-2. The mean annual cycles of heat storage and surface energy balance are nearly equal, and the temperature variations are mainly
driven by local heat input. The small differences build up the annual advection cycle. Warm water advection occurs from October
to April and cold water advection in summer from May to September. The seasonal advection variability is extreme in winter
and summer, and the ranges slow down in spring and autumn, when the sign of the heat balance changes. The OWS Famita is situated
also in an area of net energy loss to the atmosphere, showing a long-term annual mean loss of -16 W m-2. The surface radiation input of 105 W m-2 is mainly balanced by outgoing long wave back radiation of -60 W m-2 and a latent heat flux of -49 W m-2. A minor contribution to the heat balance is the sensible heat flux of -12 W m-2. Warm water advection occurs in winter and spring. Variability is greater than at LV Elbe 1.
Calculated monthly fluxes show the dominance of the energy gain of incoming solar radiation. Net long-wave radiation is nearly
constant with time. The sensible heat flux serves as a heat source only at LV Elbe 1 from May to June. The latent heat flux
is a loss term all the year. The heat storage cycle is nearly equal to the surface energy balance at LV Elbe 1 ; the differences
are more irregular at OWS Famita. The temperature variations are mainly driven by local heat input. The simplified one-dimensional
balance holds generally for the heating period in both regions, although for some months the magnitude of the advection is
up to a third of the net surface fluxes or the storage rate. At LV Elbe 1 from April to December, the heat budget is dominated
by local dynamics. At OWS Famita the advective contribution is less than 30% of net surface heat input from May to October.
The dominance of solar radiation in determining the surface heat fluxes, and the annual cycles of the storage rate in phase
justify the use of one-dimensional models as a first approximation of the temperature dynamics in these regions. Comparisons
of simulations of the temperature cycle at both sites with observations give sufficient precision during most parts of the
seasonal cycle. Suitable data sets to drive and validate these models are now available and different models should be tested.
Advektive beitr?ge zur w?rmebilanz der deutschen bucht (feuerschiff elbe 1) und zur w?rmebilanz der zentralen nordsee (Wetterschiff Famita)
Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurde der mittlere Jahresgang vom W?rmeeintrag durch die Meeresoberfl?che und vom W?rmeinhalt der Wassers?ule. Dazu wurden Messungen aus der Deutschen Bucht vom Feuerschiff Elbe 1 für die Jahre 1962-1986 und Messungen in der zentralen Nordsee vom Wetterschiff Famita für die Jahre 1965-1978 verwendet. Die Untersuchung best?tigt das generelle Bild einer W?rmeabgabe an die Atmosph?re von -15 W m-2 im langj?hrigen Mittel für die Deutsche Bucht. Die kurzwellige Einstrahlung von 113 W-2 wird durch -62 W m-2 langwellige Ausstrahlung, -51 W m-2 latenten W?rmefluβ und -15 W m-2 sensiblen W?rmefluβ nahezu balanciert. Die berechnete W?rmeadvektion als Residuum aus W?rmeinhalt und Nettow?rmefluβ an der Meeresoberfl?che betr?gt 16 W m-2 Der Jahresgang des W?rmeinhaltes und der Jahresgang des Nettow?rmeflusses an der Oberfl?che sind fast gleich, so daβ der Temperaturjahresgang haupts?chlich durch den lokalen W?rmeeintrag gesteuert wird. Kleine Abweichungen hiervon bestimmen den Jahresgang der W?rmeadvektion. Warmwasseradvektion tritt von Oktober bis April auf. Kaltwasseradvektion liegt im Sommer von Mai bis September vor. Die Variabilit?t der W?rmeadvektion ist im Winter und Sommer am gr?βten, w?hrend die Variabilit?t im Frühjahr und Herbst geringer ist, wenn sich das Vorzeichen der W?rmebilanz ?ndert. Das Wetterschiff Famita befindet sich ebenfalls in einer Region, in der W?rme an die Atmosph?re abgegeben wird. Die W?rmeabgabe betr?gt -16 W m-2 im langzeitlichen Mittel. Die kurzwellige Einstrahlung von 105 W m-2 wird haupts?chlich durch -60 W m-2 langwellige Ausstrahlung, -49 W m-2 latenten W?rmefluβ und -12 W m-2 sensiblen W?rmefluβ balanciert. Warmwasseradvektion tritt im Winter und Frühjahr auf. Die Variabilit?t der W?rmeadvektion ist gr?βer als bei Feuerschiff Elbe 1. Die berechneten monatlichen Energieflüsse zeigen, daβ die solare Einstrahlung den Jahresgang der W?rmebilanz dominiert. Die effektive Ausstrahlung ist nahezu konstant. Die sensible W?rme wirkt nur bei Feuerschiff Elbe 1 von Mai bis Juni als W?rmequelle. Der latente W?rmefluβ ist w?hrend des gesamten Jahres negativ. Für Feuerschiff Elbe 1 ist der W?rmeinhalt der Wassers?ule mit dem Energieeintrag an der Oberfl?che in Phase, w?hrend bei Wetterschiff Famita Differenzen auftreten. Die Temperaturvariationen sind haupts?chlich durch den lokalen W?rmeeintrag bestimmt. Diese vereinfachten Verh?ltnisse gelten für beide Regionen, obwohl für einige Monate die W?rmeadvektion bis zu einem Drittel des Nettow?rmeflusses an der Oberfl?che betragen kann. Bei Feuerschiff Elbe 1 wird die W?rmebilanz von April bis Dezember durch die lokale Dynamik bestimmt. Bei Wetterschiff Famita ist die W?rmeadvektion von Mai bis Oktober kleiner als 30% vom Oberfl?cheneintrag. Die Dominanz der solaren Einstrahlung für die W?rmebilanz an der Oberfl?che und der phasengleiche Jahresgang des W?rmeinhaltes rechtfertigen es, eindimensionale Wassers?ulenmodelle für die Region zu verwenden, um die Dynamik der Temperatur zu berechnen. So zeigt der Vergleich von simulierten und gemessenen Temperaturjahresg?ngen an beiden Positionen eine ausreichende Genauigkeit über weite Teile des Jahres. Damit stehen neben der gezeigten W?rmebilanzabsch?tzung zwei Datens?tze zur Verfügung, um Modelle zu betreiben, zu validieren und verschiedenartige Modelle zu vergleichen.相似文献
17.
鄱阳湖夏季水热通量特征及环境要素影响分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
气候变化加速了全球水文循环过程,然而,气候变化如何影响水体蒸发及其水热通量交换仍然不清楚.基于涡度相关系统观测鄱阳湖水体水热通量过程,在小时和日尺度分析了水热通量的变化规律及其主要影响因子.研究表明,潜热通量日变化波动剧烈,大部分为正值,变化范围在-50~580 W/m2之间.而感热通量数值较小,变化范围在-50~50 W/m2之间.8月份潜热通量和感热通量均呈波动下降趋势,均值分别为167.4和15.9 W/m2.8月份日平均潜热通量和感热通量之和大于净辐射,这是由于这一时段储存在水体中的热量释放并补充潜热通量和感热通量.小时尺度上潜热通量日变化在相位上与净辐射无显著相关性,而与风速显著相关.在日尺度变化趋势上,8月份日平均潜热通量仍主要受到风速和水温的影响,感热通量则主要受到风速和饱和水汽压差的影响. 相似文献
18.
Estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is of great significance in modeling the water and energy interactions between land and atmosphere. Negative correlation of surface temperature (Ts) versus vegetation index (VI) from remote sensing data provides diagnosis on the spatial pattern of surface soil moisture and ET. This study further examined the applicability of Ts–VI triangle method with a newly developed edges determination technique in estimating regional evaporative fraction (EF) and ET at MODIS pixel scale through comparison with large aperture scintillometer (LAS) and high‐level eddy covariance measurements collected at Changwu agro‐ecological experiment station from late June to late October, 2009. An algorithm with merely land and atmosphere products from MODIS onboard Terra satellite was used to estimate the surface net radiation (Rn) and soil heat flux. In most cases, the estimated instantaneous Rn was in good agreement with surface measurement with slight overestimation by 12 W/m2. Validation results from LAS measurement showed that the root mean square error is 0.097 for instantaneous EF, 48 W/m2 for instantaneous sensible heat flux, and 30 W/m2 for daily latent heat flux. This paper successfully presents a miniature of the overall capability of Ts–VI triangle in estimating regional EF and ET from limited number of data. For a thorough interpretation, further comprehensive investigation needs to be done with more integration of remote sensing data and in‐situ surface measurements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
The two commonly used statistical measures of the air-sea heat flux, the sampling and classical means, have been compared using hourly reports over a 7-year-period from a weather ship stationed in the NE Atlantic. The sampling mean is the average over all flux estimates in a given period, where individual flux estimates are determined from ship reports of meteorological variables using the well-known bulk formulae. The classical mean is the flux derived by substituting period-averaged values for each of the meteorological variables into the bulk formula (where the averaging period employed is the same as that over which the fluxes are to be determined). Monthly sampling and classical means are calculated for the latent and sensible heat fluxes. The monthly classical mean latent heat flux is found to overestimate the sampling mean by an amount which increases from 1–2 W m−2 in summer to 7 W m−2 in winter, on average, over the 7-year-period. In a given winter month, the excess may be as great as 15 W m−2, which represents about 10% of the latent heat flux. For the sensible heat flux, any seasonal variation between the two means is of the order of 1 W m−2 and is not significant compared to the interannual variation. The discrepancy between the two means for the latent heat flux is shown to arise primarily from a negative correlation between the wind speed and sea-air humidity difference, the effects of which are implicitly included in the sampling method but not in the classical. The influence of the dominant weather conditions on the sign and magnitude of this correlation are explored, and the large negative values that it takes in winter are found to depend on the typical track of the mid-latitude depressions with respect to the position sampled. In conclusion, it is suggested that sampling means should be employed where possible in future climatological studies. 相似文献
20.
Natural convection in magmas at subliquidus temperatures is analyzed using Bingham plastic and power-law rheology models. Heat flux measurements were obtained at liquidus and subliquidus temperatures for degassed basaltic lava at atmospheric pressure. These measurements of heat flux ranged from 2 to 40 kW/m2 and were obtained using two different types of convective heat flux probes. The agreement between the two different instruments and the theoretical calculations is excellent. A noticeable change in the trend of the convective heat flux data is observed in the vicinity of the liquidus temperature. Subliquidus convective heat flux rates (6–15 kW/m2) are attractive for energy extraction applications. 相似文献