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1.
天津近海小型底栖动物丰度研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
2006年7月至2007年10月在渤海湾天津近海的15个站位,分春、夏、秋、冬4个航次进行了小型底栖动物丰度的调查.通过对未受扰动沉积物样品中的生物分析,共采集到线虫、桡足类、多毛类、介形类、寡毛类、双壳类、动吻类等小型底栖动物类群和少量未鉴定实体,其中线虫为优势类群,占总丰度的90%以上.调查海域小型底栖动物丰度春、夏、秋、冬依次为(405.4±154.8)ind/10cm2,(417.6±38.6)imd/10 cm2,(161.6±64.5)ind/10cm2和204.7±69.7ind/10 cm2,区内的分布以中部海域居多.小型底栖动物丰度值存在季节变化,春季和夏季平均丰度值较高,夏季略高于春季;秋冬季值偏低.小型底柄动物多分布于沉积物0～5 cm层次,占总量的85.9%～92.9%.春季和秋季的小型底栖动物丰度值与沉积物叶绿素a含量显著相关.与我国近海海域研究资料比较显示,目前渤海湾天津近海小型底栖动物丰度值略低. 相似文献
2.
根据2006年7月13日至8月30日在长江口及邻近陆架海区采集的小型底栖动物样品,对小型底栖动物类群组成,丰度、生物量的水平分布和垂直分布以及调查海区的环境因子进行了研究。结果表明：研究海域小型底栖动物有线虫、桡足类、多毛类、寡毛类、介形类、螨类、双壳类、腹毛类、动吻类、端足类和等足类等11个类群及无节幼体等。平均丰度为453.22±355.34 ind/10 cm2,最优势类群为线虫,占小型底栖动物总丰度的81.37%,次优势类群分别为底栖桡足类和多毛类,分别占小型底栖动物总丰度的10.13%和2.96%。平均生物量为622.65±505.07 μg/10 cm2,生物量占比最高的类群为多毛类,占总生物量的30.21%,其次分别为线虫和寡毛类,分别占小型底栖动物总生物量的23.69%和19.44%。水平分布上,从河口冲淡水区到东海陆架深水区,小型底栖生物丰度呈现由低到高的变化趋势,杭州湾小型底栖动物丰度为240.96±223.47 ind/10 cm2,长江口近岸区为442.91±304.16 ind/10 cm2,东海陆架深水区为865.42±553.88 ind/10 cm2。垂直分布上,小型底栖动物主要分布在0~2 cm层,丰度为290.28±250.03 ind/10 cm2;其次是2~5 cm层,丰度为132.81±128.74 ind/10 cm2;5~10 cm层分布最少,丰度为30.14±31.91 ind/10 cm2。其中线虫、多毛类、寡毛类与桡足类等主要类群的垂直分布与总分布趋势相同。与环境因子进行相关分析表明,调查海区小型底栖动物的丰度主要与水深、盐度和溶解氧显著相关,对小型底栖动物分布影响最大的环境因子组合为溶解氧和盐度。 相似文献
3.
为研究南黄海小型底栖动物的空间分布格局及其环境影响因素,于2020年8月（夏季）和11月（秋季）对南黄海进行了两个航次的野外观测和采样,对小型底栖动物的类群组成、丰度、生物量、垂直分布、群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果显示,共鉴定出小型底栖动物类群15个,其中自由生活海洋线虫为最优势类群,在两个航次中分别占小型底栖动物总丰度的75.6%和84.6%。其他较重要的类群还包括底栖桡足类、轮虫类和枝角类等。夏季和秋季小型底栖动物的平均丰度分别为（514.9±32.1）ind./(10 cm2) 和（350.8±30.7）ind./(10 cm2),平均生物量（干质量）分别为（651.7±98.0）μg/(10 cm2)和（589.2±37.1）μg/(10 cm2)。小型底栖动物在时空分布上存在差异。在季节分布上,小型底栖动物丰度和类群组成存在极显著差异。结合环境因子分析结果可知,沉积物中值粒径是引起差异的主要环境因子。在空间分布上,夏季小型底栖动物丰度和类群组成在不同水深间存在极显著差异,秋季小型底栖动物丰度和类群组成在不同水深间差异不显著。推测黄海冷水团是影响夏季小型底栖动物空间分布差异的主要因素。本研究中小型底栖动物的数量和类群多样性相较于国内其他对南黄海小型底栖动物的研究较低,其中沉积物叶绿素a含量及有机质含量是引起南黄海小型底栖动物丰度变化的重要因素。海洋线虫与桡足类的丰度比值（N/C比值）评估显示秋季该区域存在有机污染,这一结果与应用大型底栖动物对同一区域进行环境评价的结果不一致,对于应用N/C比值评价环境质量还需要进一步的研究。 相似文献
4.
2007年6月对厦门东海域5个站位和晋江安海湾4个站位进行了小型底栖动物调查，分析了小型底栖动物的类群组成、密度和生物量．结果表明，从这两个海域样品中共鉴定出12个小型底栖动物类群，厦门东海域和安海湾自由生活海洋线虫分别占总数量的84．56％和98．19％．生物量组成和密度组成不同，厦门东海域多毛类（37．80％）、海洋线虫（33．32％）和底栖桡足类（18．64％）共同组成了小型底栖动物的生物量优势类群；安海湾生物量优势类群是由海洋线虫（67．64％）和多毛类（30．46％）组成．厦门东海域小型底栖动物的平均密度为72．67±10．21ind／cm^2，平均生物量为23．01±10．41μg/cm^2；安海湾的平均密度为31．48±45．58ind／cm^2，平均生物量为18．28±25．69μg/cm^2． 相似文献
5.
于2016年10月对蓬莱海水浴场、2018年7月对威海那香海沙滩进行了小型底栖动物的采样调查。蓬莱海水浴场小型底栖动物平均丰度为632.83±719.34 ind·10cm-2,平均生物量为726.09±707.08μg dwt·10cm-2,鉴定出12个小型底栖动物类群;威海那香海沙滩小型底栖动物平均丰度为3 461.96±2 121.20 ind·10cm-2,平均生物量为7 617.35±5 804.83μg dwt·10cm-2,鉴定出10个小型底栖动物类群。两个沙滩的小型底栖动物的丰度、生物量都具有显著的潮区差异。蓬莱海水浴场小型底栖动物丰度在潮区间的变化规律表现为低潮带>中潮带>高潮带,生物量表现为中潮带>低潮带>高潮带;威海那香海沙滩小型底栖动物丰度和生物量在潮区间变化规律均表现为中潮带>低潮带>高潮带。Pearson分析表明蓬莱海水浴场小型底栖动物及主要类群的丰度与各环境因子都无显著相关性,威海那香海沙滩小型底栖动物丰度与沉积物粒度参数显著相关。B... 相似文献
6.
胶州湾底栖软体动物与环境因子的关系 总被引：33，自引：3，他引：30
采用1998年2月—2002年11月,共5年19个季度月对胶州湾10个站进行综合调查的资料,对胶州湾大型底栖软体动物的种数、生物量和栖息密度三项数量指标与温度、盐度、底层初级生产力、底质四项生态因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,胶州湾底栖软体动物是胶州湾重要的生物类群,共发现了51种。生物量和栖息密度最高的站均为2号站,分别为1015．6g／m^2和1041ind／m^2。软体动物的数量分布和季节变化与底质、温度存在较为密切的关系,同时底栖软体动物的出现种数和平均栖息密度与底层初级生产力呈线形相关,但三者与盐度的关系不明显。 相似文献
7.
于2010年4月至2011年1月对福建厦门大德记海滨浴场沙滩进行了季节性的调查采样,对小型底栖动物及其所处的沉积环境进行了研究,探讨了小型底栖动物的丰度、生物量和群落的时空变化及其与环境的关系。共鉴定出16个小型底栖动物类群,桡足类是最优势的类群,其次是线虫和缓步类,三者共占小型底栖动物总丰度的88.1%。小型底栖动物的年平均丰度和生物量分别为(660.2±424.000) ind/cm~2和(1 908.2±1 343.8)μg·dwt·10 cm~(-2)。大德记沙滩沉积环境的空间分布相对均匀但季节变化分明。小型底栖动物的丰度和生物量呈现显著的季节变化,夏季显著高于其他季节,但在潮区间和断面间差异不显著。间隙水温度、盐度、溶氧、叶绿素ɑ质量比和脱镁叶绿酸质量比等理化环境因子的季节波动是导致小型底栖动物丰度季节变化的主要因素。小型底栖动物的类群组成在季节、潮区和断面间差异均显著。间隙水温度、沉积物中值粒径和分选系数三个环境因子的组合能最好的解释该沙滩小型底栖动物的群落结构。研究结果可为亚热带沙滩小型底栖动物的深入研究提供基础数据,也可为全球气候变化背景下沙滩的保护、开发和利用提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2016,(12)
2011—2014年春夏季和秋冬季于北黄海冷水团及其周边海域进行采样,对小型底栖动物丰度、生物量、类群组成和群落结构的时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结合908专项调查,以多年数据分析探究冷水团对小型底栖动物的生态效应。调查海域共鉴定出小型底栖动物20个类群,总丰度中线虫占85%,桡足类占11%,其它类群仅占4%。小型底栖动物在春夏季和秋冬季的平均丰度分别为(961±797)、(679±553)ind/10cm2,平均生物量分别为(1 007±753)、(658±401)μg dwt/10cm2。三因素方差分析(three-way ANOVA)和二因素相似性分析(two-way ANOSIM)结果表明小型底栖动物丰度、生物量和群落结构在冷水团中心及其周边以及在春夏季和秋冬季之间皆有显著差异。群落结构的差异主要由桡足类、动吻类和介形类引起。Pearson相关分析表明丰度和生物量与底温呈显著负相关,与底盐呈显著正相关。小型底栖动物丰度、生物量与有机碳水平分布规律相反。93%的小型底栖动物分布在沉积物0~5cm层,桡足类在0~2cm层分布率高于小型底栖动物平均水平。 相似文献
9.
2010年9月在南海北部5个深海站位和1个浅海站位进行了小型底栖动物和环境因子采样,对小型底栖动物的丰度和生物量进行了定量研究。本次调查中,共鉴定出10个小型底栖动物类群,分别是线虫、桡足类、多毛类、介形类、甲壳类幼体、异足类、寡毛类、涡虫、无板类和等足类。从丰度来看,线虫是绝对的优势类群,占总丰度百分比为94.72%;桡足类次之,占2.70%;多毛类再次,占1.62%;其他类群之和仅占0.96%。从生物量来看,线虫的生物量最大,占总生物量的53.83%;其次是多毛类,占32.17%;居生物量第三位的是桡足类,占7.14%;其他类群之和占6.85%。小型底栖动物的丰度和干重生物量分别为566.12±635.61个·(10cm2)-1和398.43±431.98μg·(10cm 2)-1,线虫的丰度和干重生物量分别为536.21±593.48个·(10cm 2)-1和214.48±237.39μg·(10cm 2)-1。研究站位线虫、桡足类、多毛类和小型底栖动物丰度,小型底栖动物生物量与环境因子的相关分析表明,影响线虫丰度、小型底栖动物丰度、小型底栖生物生物量的主要环境因子包括底层水pH值、沉积物粉砂黏土含量和有机质含量。单因素方差分析(One-way ANVOA)结果表明,线虫丰度、桡足类丰度、小型底栖动物丰度和生物量在不同站位均有显著差异。与渤海、北黄海、南黄海、长江口、芽庄湾(越南)、大亚湾、北部湾、南海近海等海域相比,本研究海域的小型底栖动物丰度和生物量偏低。 相似文献
10.
2007年秋季搭栽开放航次时黄海、东海、南海3个海域共10个站位的小型底栖动物组成、丰度和生物量,以及环境因子进行了调查研究.3个海域小型底栖动物的平均丰度以黄海最高,为(2 132±946)个/10 cm2,东海次之,为(1 954±2 047)个/10 cm2,而南海仅(156±56)个/10 cm2;平均生物量(干质量)依次为(2 193±1 148)μg/10 cm2、(1 865±1 555)μg/10 cm2和(212±22)μg/10 cm2.3个海区分选出的14个小型底栖动物类群中,丰度上均以自由生线虫占绝对优势,分别占总量的85%、89%、85%.在生物量上,黄海以自由生线虫贡献最多(33%),多毛类居次;东海二者比例相近(约为37%),而南海则以多毛类占绝对优势(56%).在小型底栖动物的垂直分布上,3个海区差异较大:分布于沉积物表层0～2 cm的小型底栖动物在黄海高迭90%,东海仅46%,在南海为63%.统计分析表明,本研究站位小型底栖动物丰度与沉积物中的叶绿素及脱锾叶绿酸含量和底温呈显著正相关,与水深呈显著负相关.该结果与本航次之后在广东湛江和海南以东的南海海域开展的908调查结果形成了鲜明对照,后者的小型底栖动物及线虫丰度与沉积物中有机质含量呈显著正相关,与水深呈显著负相关,表明近海受人类干扰影响较大. 相似文献
11.
Roberto Danovaro Norberto Della Croce Anastasios Eleftheriou Mauro Fabiano Nadia Papadopoulou Chris Smith Anastasios Tselepides 《Progress in Oceanography》1995,36(4)
Quantitative information on the abundance and biomass of metazoan meiofauna was obtained from samples collected at 15 deep-sea stations in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (533–2400m). Meiofaunal abundance was compared to bacterial biomass and other environmental factors such as the total sedimentary organic matter content, the concentrations of the main biochemical classes of organic compounds (i.e. proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) and to ATP. To estimate the sedimentation potential of primary organic matter, sediment bound chloroplastic pigment equivalents (CPE) were assayed. Meiofaunal density was very low ranging from 4 ind.10cm−2 (Station A4, 1658m depth) to 290 ind.10cm−2 (Station A12, 636m depth). Nematodes were the numerically dominant taxon (68% of total meiofauna) and were usually confined to the top 6cm of the sediments. Total meiofaunal biomass ranged from 2.78μgC 10cm−2 (Station A4) to 598.34μgC 10cm−2 (Station 15A). There was a significant decrease in the density of metazoan meiofauna with water depth. Bacterial biomass largely dominated the total biomass (as the sum of bacterial and meiofaunal biomass) with an average of 73.2% and accounted for 35.8% of the living biomass (as ATP carbon) whereas meiofaunal biomass accounted only for 6.56%. Bacterial biomass was significantly related to the DNA concentrations of the sediment. A significant correlation between ATP concentration and CPE content was also found. No correlations were found between meiofauna, ATP and CPE, or between meiofauna and bacterial parameters. The significant relationship between meiofaunal density and the ratio of labile organic matter/total organic matter indicates that deep-sea meiofauna inhabiting an extremely oligotrophic environment (such as the Eastern Mediterranean) may be more nutritionally dependent upon the quality than on the quantity of sedimentary organic matter. 相似文献
12.
Deep-sea benthic communities and their structural and functional characteristics are regulated by surface water processes. Our study focused on the impact of changes in water depth and food supplies on small-sized metazoan bottom-fauna (meiobenthos) along a bathymetric transect (1200–5500 m) in the western Fram Strait. The samples were collected every summer season from 2005 to 2009 within the scope of the HAUSGARTEN monitoring program. In comparison to other polar regions, the large inflow of organic matter to the sea floor translates into relatively high meiofaunal densities in this region. Densities along the bathymetric gradient range from approximately 2400 ind. 10 cm-2 at 1200 m to approximately 300 ind. 10 cm-2 at 4000 m. Differences in meiofaunal distribution among sediment layers (i.e., vertical profile) were stronger than among stations (i.e., bathymetric gradient). At all the stations meiofaunal densities and number of taxa were the highest in the surface sediment layer (0–1 cm), and these decreased with increasing sediment depth (down to 4–5 cm). However, the shape of the decreasing pattern differed significantly among stations. Meiofaunal densities and taxonomic richness decreased gradually with increasing sediment depth at the shallower stations with higher food availability. At deeper stations, where the availability of organic matter is generally lower, meiofaunal densities decreased sharply to minor proportions at sediment depths already at 2–3 cm. Nematodes were the most abundant organisms (60–98%) in all the sediment layers. The environmental factors best correlated to the vertical patterns of the meiofaunal community were sediment-bound chloroplastic pigments that indicate phytodetrital matter. 相似文献
13.
为探索埃尔托霍乱弧菌致病常发区自然水体与其存活的有关因素,于1997年4月～1998年2月在钱塘江河口区霍乱多发地进行了4个季度月的现场生态调查.结果表明: 霍乱老疫区水域和非疫区的对照水域中其生态环境有明显差异.在老疫区水体中浮游植物密度大,其范围在105～107个/dm3,种类也多,仅蓝、绿藻在春季时就有35种;异养细菌数量高,其范围在105～106个/cm3,其中黄杆菌属,假单胞菌属和芽胞杆菌属占优势;弧菌数量在101～102个/cm3.对照水体中浮游植物密度小,在102～103个/dm3,种类明显少,蓝、绿藻只有4～7种;异养细菌数比老疫区水体的数量低2～3个数量级,在102～104个/cm3;弧菌在一年四季均未检出. 相似文献
14.
东海北部小型底栖动物群落对径流及黑潮暖流入侵的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探究小型底栖动物群落在东海北部及其临近海域的分布规律，及其对环境因子的响应，于2016年9月和12月，对研究海域共计20个站位的小型底栖动物和环境因子进行了取样调查。调查结果显示，研究海域内共鉴定出小型底栖动物类群16个，其中海洋线虫为绝对优势类群，其他优势类群主要包括桡足类、动吻类和多毛类。9月航次小型底栖动物平均丰度为(1 758±759)个/（10 cm2），线虫占95.6%；平均生物量为(1 216.4±464.7) μg/(10 cm2)(干重)，线虫占55.26%。12月航次平均丰度为(2 011±1 471)个/(10 cm2)，线虫占95.6%；平均生物量为(1 143.0±755.0)μg/(10 cm2)(干重)，线虫占67.28%。聚类分析结果显示，小型底栖动物群落主要可以划分为近岸和外海两个组，其中近岸组小型底栖动物丰度显著高于外海站位。但在各断面分布上，绝大多数站位小型底栖动物丰度最高值均出现在60 m等深线附近，并且该水深处站位的温度和盐度数值均表现出黑潮水的特征。黑潮近岸分支对东海陆架入侵是导致小型底栖动物分布差异的重要原因，小型底栖动物在60 m等深线附近具有的高丰度值可作为其对黑潮入侵的响应。推测，黑潮入侵所导致的水体初级生产力增加以及黑潮水所携带的溶氧可能是导致该深度处小型底栖动物丰度增加的主要原因。 相似文献
15.
The abundance and community structure of metazoan meiofauna were studied in deep-sea sediments from the north and south Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean) in summer 1997 and spring 1998. The two areas varied in their surface primary productivity with the northern area being more productive. Meiofaunal densities displayed strong spatial variability while no temporal changes were observed. Total metazoan density ranged from 128 to 1251 ind./10 cm2, with significantly higher values in the north. Meiofaunal biomass ranged from 27 to 391 μgC/10 cm2 with higher values also in the north. At all stations nematodes dominated the community, comprising on average more than 91% of the total abundance. On a broad scale, meiofaunal densities displayed a positive correlation with food availability (sediment-bound chloroplastic pigments, carbohydrates and lipids); carbon mineralization (an indicator of organic matter turnover) was significantly higher in the northern Aegean, providing evidence of high organic-matter input and intense benthic-pelagic coupling. The spatial structure of the nematode community indicated that the two areas were similar in terms of their dominant genera (Halalaimus, Acantholaimus, and Thalassomonhystera). 相似文献
16.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2010,57(15):1383-1395
Trends among major metazoan meiofaunal taxa were investigated based on 56 deployments of a multicorer at 10 time points over a period of 11 years (1989–1999) at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory site (PAP-SO: 48°50′N 16°30′W, 4850 m depth). This area is characterised by a strong seasonality in the deposition of organic matter to the seafloor and by the massive increase in the density of holothurian species since 1996, the so-called ‘Amperima event’. Total meiofaunal densities ranged from 346 to 1074 ind.×10 cm−2 and showed a significant increase with time when time was represented by cruises, years and the ‘Amperima period’ (1996–1999) vs. the pre-Amperima period (1989–1994). This pattern was driven mainly by the nematodes, which were the dominant taxon (∼90% of total abundance). The third most abundant group, the polychaetes, also increased significantly in abundance over the time series, while the ostracods showed a significant decrease. Most other taxa, including the second-ranked group, the copepods (harpacticoids and nauplii), did not exhibit significant temporal changes in abundance. Ordination of taxon composition showed a shift from the pre-Amperima to the Amperima periods, a trend supported by the significant correlation between the x-ordinate and time. The majority (52–75%) of meiofaunal animals inhabited the top 2 cm of the 5 cm sediment cores analysed. There were significant increases in the proportion of total meiofauna, nematodes and copepods (but not polychaetes) inhabiting the 0–1 cm layer over time (represented by cruises) and between the pre-Amperima and Amperima periods in the case of copepods and polychaetes. During the intensively sampled period (1996–1997), there were indications of seasonal changes in the vertical distribution patterns of total meiofauna and nematodes within the sediment. We discuss the potential link between temporal variations in organic matter flux to the seafloor and meiofaunal populations, considering both qualitative and quantitative changes in fluxes and how they may be linked to climate variations. 相似文献
17.
V. O. Mokievsky L. V. Vorobjeva L. A. Garlitska M. A. Miljutina N. V. Kucheruk 《Oceanology》2010,50(6):945-952
The results of meiobenthic surveys undertaken in 1991, 1999, and 2005 off the Caucasian coasts of the Black Sea are presented.
During the period of 1991 to 1999, the number of free-living nematodes increased significantly at all the sampling stations.
The mean nematode abundance values grew from 85 ind./10 cm2 in 1991 to 1167 ind./10 cm2 in 1999. Proportionally, the total metazoan meiofauna density increased from 171 to 1283 ind./10 cm2. The abundance of other meiofaunal groups including harpacticoid copepods did not change significantly. As a result of these
changes, the ratio of nematodes to copepods (the nematodes-copepods index) increased from 2.5: 1 in 1991 to 26: 1 in 1999
and to 70: 1 in 2005. The number of foraminifers increased twofold. In 1991, they were found only at five stations out of
25. In 1999, foraminifers were presented at all ten stations with a mean density of 212 ind./10 cm2. Such changes in the meiobenthic communities could have resulted from cascade transformations of the ecosystem leading to
among other changes to a decline in the macrobenthos biomass and the release of nonutilized organic matter in the bottom ecosystems.
The differences in the procedures of the sampling and the samples’ processing in the different years may be responsible for
the 20–30% variation in the assessment of the meiobenthos’ number. 相似文献
18.
LIN Rongcheng HUANG Dingyong GUO Yuqing CHANG Yu CAO Yinkun WANG Jianjia 《海洋学报(英文版)》2014,33(6):90-94
The metazoan meiofauna in the Chukchi Sea were collected from seven shallow water stations(depths ranging 46 to 52 m) and five deep sea stations(depths ranging between 393 and 2 300 m) during the 4th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2010. The results showed that abundance of meiofauna was higher in shallow water sediments(average of 2 445 ind./(10 cm2)) than in deep sea sediments(407.06 ind./(10 cm2)). A UNIANOVA test for difference between the two different regions was highly significant(F=101.15, p0.01). Nematodes were numerically dominant, representing(96.6±4.6)% of the total meiofaunal abundance at the shallow water stations and(98.90±1.42)% at deep sea stations. The number of higher taxonomic groups and abundance of meiofauna were higher at Stas CC1, CC4, and R06 near the Bering Strait and the continent, than at the rest of the shallow water and deep sea stations. The primary factors causing the differences were concentrations of nutrients P and Si of bottom seawater(R=0.831, p0.003), followed by depth(R=-0.655, p0.05) and sand fractions of sediments(R=0.632, p 0.05). The numbers of meiofauna on the 65 μm and 32 μm sieves were significantly higher than those on the rest of the screens. Differences in numbers of meiofauna retained on screens with different mesh openings were highly significant among all sampling stations(F=31.60, p0.01). The highest numbers of individuals on screens with 32 μm mesh openings were found at deep sea stations. The number of meiofauna in the top 0–1, 1–2, and 2–4 cm segments constituted 84.4% of the total and was significantly higher than those in the bottom 4–6 and 6–10 cm segments(F=15, p0.01). 相似文献