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1.
Evhen Yakimiw 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):653-658
Abstract Numerical simulation experiments published in 1974 by Daley have been repeated with a much higher resolution, spectral, shallow water model. With a forecast period extending toll d, it is shown that a global model in which only the largest scales are used at initial time in the Southern Hemisphere yields a more accurate forecast for the Northern Hemisphere than a hemispheric model does. Compared with a uniform high‐resolution, global model, the error in the Northern Hemisphere forecast is high in the ultra‐long waves but decreases rather rapidly while the resolution of the initial Southern Hemispheric data is increased. 相似文献
2.
The ensemble based forecast sensitivity to observation method by Liu and Kalnay is applied to the SPEEDY-LETKF system to estimate the observation impact of three types of simulated observations. The estimation results show that all types of observations have positive impact on short-range forecast. The largest impact in Northern Hemisphere is produced by rawinsondes, followed by satellite retrieved profiles and cloud drift wind data, which in Southern Hemisphere is produced by satellite retrieved profiles, rawinsondes and cloud drift wind data. Satellite retrieved profiles influence more on the Southern Hemisphere than on the Northern Hemisphere due to few observations from rawinsondes in the Southern Hemisphere. At the level of 200 to 300 hPa, the largest impact is attributed to wind observations from rawinsondes and cloud drift wind. 相似文献
3.
Monthly Extended Predicting Experiments with Nonlinear Regional Prediction. Part I: Prediction of Zonal Mean Flow 
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下载免费PDF全文 Systematic errors have recently been founded to be distinct in the zonal mean component forecasts,which account for a large portion of the total monthly-mean forecast errors. To overcome the difficulty of numerical model, the monthly pentad-mean nonlinear dynamic regional prediction models of the zonal mean geopotential height at 200, 300, 500, and 700 hPa based on a large number of historical data (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data) were constituted by employing the local approximation of the phase space reconstruction theory and nonlinear spatio-temporal series prediction method. The 12-month forecast experiments of 1996 indicated that the results of the nonlinear model are better than those of the persistent, climatic prediction,and T42L9 model either over the high- and mid-latitude areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres or the tropical area. The root-mean-square of the monthly-mean height of T42L9 model was considerably decreased with a change of 30.4%, 26.6%, 82.6%, and 39.4%, respectively, over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, over the tropics and over the globe, and also the corresponding anomaly correlation coe cients over the four areas were respectively increased by 0.306-0.312, 0.304-0.429, 0.739-0.746, and 0.360-0.400 (averagely a relative change of 11.0% over the globe) by nonlinear correction after integration, implying that the forecasts given by nonlinear model include more useful information than those of T42L9 model. 相似文献
4.
Monthly Extended Predicting Experiments with Nonlinear Regional Prediction.PartⅠ:Prediction of Zonal Mean Flow 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Systematic errors have recently been founded to be distinct in the zonal mean component forecasts, which account for a large portion of the total monthly-mean forecast errors. To overcome the difficulty of numerical model, the monthly pentad-riean nonlinear dynamic regional prediction models of the zonal mean geopotential height at 200, 300, 500, and 700 hPa based on a large number of historical data (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data) were constituted by employing the local approximation of the phase space reconstruction theory and nonlinear spatio-temporal series prediction method. The 12-month forecast experiments of 1996 indicated that the results of the nonlinear model are better than those of the persistent, climatic prediction, and T42L9 model either over the high- and mid-latitude areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres or the tropical area. The root-mean-square of the monthly-mean height of T42L9 model was considerably decreased with a change of 30.4%, 26.6%, 82.6%, and 39.4%, respectively, over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, over the tropics and over the globe, and also the corresponding anomaly correlation coefficients over the four areas were respectively increased by 0.306-0.312, 0.304-0.429, 0.739-0.746, and 0.360-0.400 (averagely a relative change of 11.0% over the globe) by nonlinear correction after integration, implying that the forecasts given by nonlinear model include more useful information than those of T42L9 model. 相似文献
5.
本文用σ-坐标原始方程全球谱模式,对1979年1月23日和6月14日两个个例,采用3种不同的垂直分层方案,进行了敏感性试验.通过对高度场均方根误差的分析,发现15层模式对北半球冬季预报效果的改进最明显.当其降低模式最高层高度和减少垂直分辨率时,预报误差首先从模式上层出现,然后影响到对流层中、下层.并指出南、北半球,冬、夏季不同层次上的预报对模式垂直分层的敏感性存在有差异,对南、北半球,冬、夏季的预报可采用不同的垂直分层模式. 南、北半球,冬、夏季预报敏感性差异的产生同行星尺度波动的水平感热通量的垂直分布、行星尺度波动能量的垂直输送特征有关. 相似文献
6.
H. Jean Thiébaux 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):219-233
Abstract Study of vertical extrapolations of the errors in forecast values of pressure‐level heights and temperatures indicates that they do not provide accurate off‐level information. Indeed it appears that, above 850 mb, forecast errors interpolated from observed 1000‐mb values are less accurate than level‐specific monthly mean differences. These results suggest that the de facto function of vertically interpolated single‐level forecast errors, in numerical forecast model updating, is the provision of vertical consistency rather than the injection of time‐specific information – except at the level of observation. 相似文献
7.
BCC_CSM对全球海冰面积和厚度模拟及其误差成因分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文评估了国家气候中心发展的BCC_CSM模式对全球海冰的模拟能力,结果表明:该气候系统模式能够较好地模拟出全球海冰面积和厚度的时空分布特征,且南半球海冰模拟能力优于北半球。通过对比分析发现:年平均海冰面积模拟误差最大的区域位于鄂霍次克海、白令海和巴伦支海等海区,年平均海冰厚度分布与观测相近,在北半球冬季模拟的厚度偏薄;从海冰季节变化来看,模拟的夏季海冰面积偏低,冬季偏高;从海冰年际变化来看,近60年南北半球海冰面积模拟都比观测偏多,但南半球偏多幅度较小,然而北半球海冰年际变化趋势的模拟却好于南半球。另外,通过对海冰模拟误差成因分析,发现模拟的净辐射能量收入偏低使得海温异常偏冷,是导致北半球冬季海冰模拟偏多的主要原因。 相似文献
8.
本文基于T799L91全球数值天气预报模式及其四维变分同化系统,构建了云海-2掩星探测资料的同化流程,并以2019年7月开展了为期一个月的云海-2掩星探测资料同化预报试验。对东亚区域、北半球和南半球的同化预报结果评估表明:在全球数值天气预报模式中,同化云海-2掩星探测资料能够有效提高预报场的准确性,提高的幅度随着预报时效和预报日数的增加逐渐增大;在更长时效的72 h、120 h、168 h预报中,云海-2掩星探测资料与GPS（Global Positioning System）掩星探测资料的同化效果在中前期相当,在中后期,同化云海-2掩星探测资料逐渐优于GPS掩星探测资料;随着预报日数的增加,联合同化云海-2掩星探测资料和GPS掩星探测资料的优势逐步显现。 相似文献
9.
This paper presents the design of an observation operator for assimilation of global navigation satellite system(GNSS) radio occultation(RO) refractivity and the related operational implementation strategy in the global GRAPES variational data assimilation system.A preliminary assessment of the RO data assimilation effect is performed.The results show that the RO data are one of the most important observation types in GRAPES,as they have a significant positive impact on the analysis and forecast at all ranges,especially in the Southern Hemisphere and the global stratosphere where in-situ measurements are lacking.The GRAPES model error cannot be controlled in the Southern Hemisphere without RO data being assimilated.In addition,it is found that the RO data play a key role in the stable running of the GRAPES global assimilation and forecast system.Even in a relatively simple global data assimilation experiment,in which only the conventional and RO data are assimilated,the system is able to run for more than nine months without drift compared with NCEP analyses.The analysis skills in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are still relatively comparable even after nine-month integration,especially in the stratosphere where the number of conventional observations decreases and RO observations with a uniform global coverage dominate gradually. 相似文献
10.
Abstract This paper presents the seasonal dependence of the stationary and transient eddies of the GLAS/UMD GCM from a two‐year annual cycle integration. The simulated Northern Hemisphere stationary waves are realistic in winter (below 250 mb) and in spring and fall; in winter a large anomalous ridge over the date‐line is noted above 250 mb. The model does not simulate the winter barotropic trough over eastern Canada. In summer the mid‐latitude stationary waves are poorly simulated (possibly owing to anomalous summer rainfall), but the monsoonal structure in the tropics is captured. The stationary wave field at 500 mb in the Southern Hemisphere is not well simulated, with the range of season‐to‐season variability being much larger than observed. The zonally averaged stationary wave rms is realistic below 200 mb in winter and spring, but is less so in summer and autumn, possibly due to erroneous summertime precipitation. The geographical distributions of 500‐mb transient and band‐pass height rms, of transient 850‐mb heat flux and of 200‐mb momentum flux in the Northern Hemisphere are well simulated except for summer. The latitude‐height dependence of height rms and low‐level transient heat flux is realistic in both summer and winter, but the transient momentum flux is not well simulated in summer. The mid‐level transient heat flux is too strong. The overall pattern of transient activity at 500 mb in the Southern Hemisphere is reasonable in the GCM, although there is too much variability in the eastern Pacific, while the observed peak in rms in the New Zealand sector is displaced eastwards in the GCM. The latitude‐height dependence of transient height rms and transient fluxes of heat and momentum looks quite realistic, and is similar in accuracy to the Northern Hemispheric results. 相似文献
11.
The satellite-derived wind from cloud and moisture features of geostationary satellites is an important data source for numerical weather prediction(NWP) models. These datasets and global positioning system radio occultation(GPSRO)satellite radiances are assimilated in the four-dimensional variational atmospheric data assimilation system of the UKMO Unified Model in India. This study focuses on the importance of these data in the NWP system and their impact on short-term24-h forecasts. The quality of the wind observations is compared to the short-range forecast from the model background. The observation increments(observation minus background) are computed as the satellite-derived wind minus the model forecast with a 6-h lead time. The results show the model background has a large easterly wind component compared to satellite observations. The importance of each observation in the analysis is studied using an adjoint-based forecast sensitivity to observation method. The results show that at least around 50% of all types of satellite observations are beneficial. In terms of individual contribution, METEOSAT-7 shows a higher percentage of impact(nearly 50%), as compared to GEOS, MTSAT-2and METEOSAT-10, all of which have a less than 25% impact. In addition, the impact of GPSRO, infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer(IASI) and atmospheric infrared sounder(AIRS) data is calculated. The GPSRO observations have beneficial impacts up to 50 km. Over the Southern Hemisphere, the high spectral radiances from IASI and AIRS show a greater impact than over the Northern Hemisphere. The results in this study can be used for further improvements in the use of new and existing satellite observations. 相似文献
12.
南半球西风指数变化与中国夏季降水的关系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
根据NCEP/NCAR提供的1950～2007年南半球12～2月、6～8月500 hPa位势高度的月平均再分析资料,采用合成分析方法讨论与中国夏季3类雨型相对应的南半球500 hPa距平高度场的分布特征;运用多变量方差分析方法确定12～2月和6～8月与3类雨型相对应的南半球西风指数波动关键区A;分析关键区A的西风波动与中国夏季降水之间的关系;寻找南、北半球西风相互作用影响中国夏季降水分布的可能途径。分析表明,6～8月与3类雨型相对应的南半球500 hPa距平高度场显示出不同的距平分布形式,并存在显著差异区在（35°N～50°N,35°E～80°E）。12～2月南半球的西风指数变化关键区A在22.5°W～2.5°W,6～8月关键区A在10°E～55°E。南半球关键区A的西风指数强弱变化与中国夏季降水的关系密切,且12~2月南半球的西风波动对北半球夏季关键区的西风环流的变化有预测意义,而前期南半球关键区A的平均西风指数与北半球夏季高度场的显著负相关区在贝加尔湖。南、北半球大气环流经向传播是两半球西风相互作用的可能途径,前期南半球的异常西风使夏季贝加尔湖的平均槽强度变化,进而造成北半球关键区的西风环流异常,从而影响中国夏季雨型的分布。 相似文献
13.
14.
Results from a two-dimensional energy balance model with a realistic land-ocean distribution show that the small ice cap instability exists in the Southern Hemisphere, but not in the Northern Hemisphere. A series of experiments with a one-dimensional energy balance model with idealized geography are used to study the roles of the seasonal cycle and the land-ocean distribution. The results indicate that the seasonal cycle and land-ocean distribution can influence the strength of the albedo feedback, which is responsible for the small ice cap instability, through two factors: the temperature gradient and the amplitude of the seasonal cycle. The land-ocean distribution in the Southern Hemisphere favors the small ice cap instability, while the land-ocean distribution in the Northern Hemisphere does not. Because of the longitudinal variations of land-ocean distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, the behavior of ice lines in the Northern Hemisphere cannot be simulated and explained by the model with zonally symmetric land-ocean distribution. Model results suggest that the small ice cap instability may be a possible mechanism for the formation of the Antarctic icesheet. The model results cast doubt, however, on the role of the small ice cap instability in Northern Hemisphere glaciations.
Offprint requests to: J Huang 相似文献
15.
Kevin Hamilton 《大气与海洋》2013,51(1):40-54
Abstract The zonal wavenumber spectra of the geopotential heights of the 300‐ and 500‐mb surfaces in the Southern Hemisphere were determined for each month between May 1972 and November 1979 using daily operational analyses produced by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. During over one‐quarter of the “summer” months (November through March) there are very prominent peaks at zonal wavenumber five in the region of the mid‐latitude jet (～35–60°S). Frequently wavenumber five totally dominates the eddy fields in individual daily maps so that height contours in mid‐latitudes take on virtually pentagonal shapes. During periods when wavenumber 5 is prominent, it is observed to propagate eastward in a very regular manner with a period of about eleven days. All these findings are consistent with Salby's (1982) earlier results concerning the Southern Hemisphere height fields during the first few months of the FGGE experiment. There is little evidence for a similar phenomenon in the winter circulation of the Southern Hemisphere. 相似文献
16.
为克服数值模式普遍存在的纬向平均环流预报误差 ,文中在 3 6aNCEP/NCAR再分析高度场资料的基础上 ,应用非线性时空序列预测理论的局域近似法构建了 2 0 0 ,3 0 0 ,50 0和 70 0hPa 4个等压面上的月尺度逐候纬向平均高度距平场非线性动力学区域预报模型。对 1996年 12个月所做的预报试验表明 ,无论是南、北半球中高纬度地区还是低纬度地区 ,非线性模型的候纬向平均高度预报结果均优于持续性预报、气候预报和T 42L9模式动力预报。用非线性结果对T42L9模式月平均高度场预报结果进行订正 ,则使该谱模式系统性预报误差显著减少 ,也大大减少了其预报高度场的均方根误差 ,相应地 ,高度场距平相关评分也有一定程度的提高 ,表明纬向平均高度的非线性预报比谱模式动力预报包含了更多的有用信息 相似文献
17.
为了解闪电对对流层上部微量气体的贡献,利用全球水资源和气候中心(GHRC)提供的1995年4月—2006年6月的闪电卫星格点资料,以及高层大气研究卫星(UARS)上的卤素掩星试验(HALOE)1991年10月—2005年11月的观测资料,分析了全球闪电与对流层上部NO和O3体积分数的时空分布特征及其相关性。结果表明:全球闪电12、1、2月集中在南半球,6—8月集中在北半球,全球闪电的季节分布与NO、O3类似;NO体积分数在350 h Pa附近达到最大,该高度的南半球NO体积分数变化范围为7×10-12~11×10-12、北半球为3×10-12~17×10-12;450~300 h Pa,北半球夏季O3体积分数呈明显增加趋势,且同一高度上夏季的值比年平均值大25%左右,南半球夏季O3体积分数高于冬季,但差异并不大。结论进一步证明了闪电与对流层上部NO及O3的密切关系,也为研究全球气候变化提供有力证据。 相似文献
18.
Assimilation of Global Navigation Satellite Radio Occultation Observations in GRAPES: Operational Implementation 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 This paper presents the design of an observation operator for assimilation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) refractivity and the related operational implementation strategy in the global GRAPES variational data assimilation system. A preliminary assessment of the RO data assimilation effect is performed. The results show that the RO data are one of the most important observation types in GRAPES, as they have a significant positive impact on the analysis and forecast at all ranges, especially in the Southern Hemisphere and the global stratosphere where in-situ measurements are lacking. The GRAPES model error cannot be controlled in the Southern Hemisphere without RO data being assimilated. In addition, it is found that the RO data play a key role in the stable running of the GRAPES global assimilation and forecast system. Even in a relatively simple global data assimilation experiment, in which only the conventional and RO data are assimilated, the system is able to run for more than nine months without drift compared with NCEP analyses. The analysis skills in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are still relatively comparable even after nine-month integration, especially in the stratosphere where the number of conventional observations decreases and RO observations with a uniform global coverage dominate gradually. 相似文献
19.
In July, heating of the continents in the Northern Hemisphere results in strengthened monsoon systems which bring rains to West Africa. In Nigeria, the annual rainfall total decreases from over 3,800 mm at Forcados on the coast to under 650 mm at Maiduguri in the north-east of the country. June, July, August and September are the rainiest months throughout the country. In many parts of the south, however, there is “supposed to be” a slight break in the rains for some 2 to 3 weeks in late July and early August or the so called “August break”. In this study, we are underscoring the obvious that climate is changing. The daily series of rainfall data for 1983–2003 analyzed between the months of July–August for some sites in the Eastern humid zone of Southern Nigeria shows that the “August break” may indeed “be breaking”. We have discussed some practical approaches to climate change research in this monsoon region. 相似文献