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1.
满洲里新右旗火山岩剖面年代学和地球化学特征 总被引：11，自引：15，他引：11
满洲里新巴尔虎右旗地区发育大面积中生代火山岩,通过典型火山岩剖面研究,本文认为该地区火山岩主要为粗面安山岩、粗面岩和流纹岩组合;剖面下、中部粗安岩和流纹岩基质~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 坪年龄分别为162.6±0.7Ma 和162.0±0.8Ma,剖面上部粗安岩 SHRIMP 锆石 U-Pb 年龄为149.5±1.7Ma,表明满洲里新巴尔虎右旗地区火山岩形成于晚侏罗世,并可能存在两次火山喷发旋回,间隔大约10Ma。地球化学测试表明,该剖面中基性火山岩具有相似的地球化学特征,SiO_2含量介于56.23%～61.53%之间,具有较高的 Al_2O_3(15.38%～16.62%)、K_2O(2.72%～3.87%)和全碱(6.28～8.79),较低的MgO(0.91%～3.8%)和 Mg~#(0.10～0.32),为高钾钙碱性火山岩;稀土总量(∑REE)及 LREE 富集,LREE 和 HREE 分馏较强,Eu 异常不明显(δEu=0.72～0.90),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),而亏损高场强元素(HFSE),尤其强烈亏损 Nb 和 Ta;(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i 变化范围为0.705078～0.705811,ε_(Nd)(t)值变化范围为-0.5～1.3。而剖面中部的流纹岩具有高 SiO_2(79.88%～80.46%)、相对低 MgO(0.04%)、FeO(0.26%)和 Al_2O_3(9.61%～10.17%)的特征,负 Eu 异常明显(δEu=0.32),富集 LILE而亏损 HFSE,Sr、Ti、Ba 和 P 强烈亏损,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i 变化范围为0.710044～0.713891,ε_(Nd)(t)值变化范围为-0.9～-0.7。本区剖面火山岩地球化学特征表明,下部和上部中基性火山岩因具有相似的地球化学特征,本文推测该类火山岩浆源于受早期俯冲洋壳流体交代的地幔楔或亏损地幔,粗面岩为中基性岩浆分离结晶的产物,流纹岩包含了大量的地壳物质,其成因可能与地壳混染或大陆中下地壳重融作用有关。结合前人资料,我们认为满洲里新巴尔虎右旗晚侏罗世火山岩形成于造山后阶段,是岩石圈伸展背景下被早期流体交代的岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融的产物。该区火山岩的形成与晚侏罗世蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合-造山后伸展作用有关。 相似文献
2.
《大地构造与成矿学》2015,(5)
琼南分布有大量白垩纪火山岩,目前对这些火山岩的研究程度仍然较低。本文对出露在三亚六罗地区六罗村组的白垩纪火山岩进行了精细的年代学和元素地球化学分析。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,六罗村组上部的流纹岩和下部的玄武安山岩具有一致的形成年龄,均为102±1 Ma。其中流纹岩样品富硅高钾,Si O2含量73.77%~74.79%,K2O含量5.09%~6.77%,K2O/Na2O比值1.71~2.80;属强过铝质(A/CNK=1.17~1.22)、高钾钙碱性岩系。样品具中等负Eu异常(δEu=0.51~0.61),亏损Nb、Ta,富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素(LILE);轻、重稀土元素分馏程度较强,(La/Yb)CN值为15.05~16.97。玄武岩-安山岩样品的Si O2含量在49.82%~57.93%之间,其K2O/Na2O比值(0.32~1.11)明显低于流纹岩样品,Mg#(46~58)明显高于流纹岩样品。样品的轻、重稀土元素分馏程度相对流纹岩样品要弱,其(La/Yb)CN值为9.42~12.24;Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.86~0.94),亏损Nb、Ta,富集LILE,P、Ti元素的负异常相对流纹岩样品要弱。Sr-Nd同位素研究结果显示,流纹岩和玄武岩–安山岩样品的(87Sr/86Sr)i值分别为0.708222~0.708965和0.707532~0.708401;εNd(t)值分别为–2.49~–2.69和–2.35~–4.09,二者具有一致的Sr-Nd同位素组成。综合分析认为这套火山岩的源区可能来自受俯冲组分交代的大陆岩石圈地幔,形成于伸展环境,可能与古太平洋板块俯冲引起的岩石圈伸展有关。 相似文献
3.
内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗地区中生代中酸性火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
西乌旗地区处于大兴安岭南部,广泛分布中生代火山岩。中生代火山岩中性岩组SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为163Ma±2Ma,为岩浆上侵结晶的年龄;研究区南区下营子地区查干诺尔组流纹岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为144.2Ma±1.4Ma,表明西乌旗地区晚中生代火山岩形成时代为晚侏罗世—早白垩世。在TAS图中,中性岩样品数据点落入粗面岩区,属碱性岩系列,REE分馏明显,LILE富集,Nb、Ta等元素亏损,Eu异常不明显,具有正高εNd(t)值,推断粗面岩是由地幔的碱性、过碱性岩浆经过分离结晶过程形成的;流纹岩属高钾钙碱性岩系列,REE分馏明显,部分LILE富集,Ba、Sr和HFSE强烈亏损,推测该岩石由相对较浅的中下地壳物质部分熔融形成并具有A2型花岗岩的特征。综合研究并结合前人的资料,认为从晚侏罗世(163Ma)开始,西乌旗所在大兴安岭地区已经处于伸展构造环境。 相似文献
4.
内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗地区中生代中酸性火山岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
西乌旗地区处于大兴安岭南部,广泛分布中生代火山岩。中生代火山岩中性岩组SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为163Ma±2Ma,为岩浆上侵结晶的年龄;研究区南区下营子地区查干诺尔组流纹岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为144.2Ma±1.4Ma,表明西乌旗地区晚中生代火山岩形成时代为晚侏罗世—早白垩世。在TAS图中,中性岩样品数据点落入粗面岩区,属碱性岩系列,REE分馏明显,LILE富集,Nb、Ta等元素亏损,Eu异常不明显,具有正高εNd（t）值,推断粗面岩是由地幔的碱性、过碱性岩浆经过分离结晶过程形成的;流纹岩属高钾钙碱性岩系列,REE分馏明显,部分LILE富集,Ba、Sr和HFSE强烈亏损,推测该岩石由相对较浅的中下地壳物质部分熔融形成并具有A2型花岗岩的特征。综合研究并结合前人的资料,认为从晚侏罗世（163Ma）开始,西乌旗所在大兴安岭地区已经处于伸展构造环境。 相似文献
5.
根据TAS图解，北京北部四海地区髫髻山组—后城组火山岩属于粗安岩 (粗面岩 流纹岩)组合。该套火山岩既不属于钾玄岩系列，也不是典型的碱性橄榄玄武岩系列，在总体上为高钾钙碱性系列、富钾质拉斑系列和过渡型高钾钙碱性系列三种岩石组合的混合。该套火山岩轻稀土元素明显富集。粗安岩类岩石没有负销异常或负铕异常不明显，而流纹岩和粗面岩类岩石存在负铕异常。四海地区髫髻山组—后城组火山岩形成于燕山运动早期或中期阶段的造山变形事件趋于结束时的构造环境中。 相似文献
6.
西天山查岗诺尔铁矿区石炭纪火山岩地球化学特征及岩石成因 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
对伊犁地块东北缘查岗诺尔铁矿区石炭纪火山岩进行了系统的岩石学,锆石U-Pb年代学,岩石地球化学,Nd、Sr同位素地球化学研究.该区火山岩包括玄武岩(少量)、粗面岩、安山岩、流纹岩以及火山碎屑岩,它们的化学组成绝大多数属于钾玄岩系列和高钾钙碱性系列,少数玄武岩和安山岩属于钙碱性和低钾拉斑玄武岩系列.微量元素方面,它们相对... 相似文献
7.
在华北克拉通北缘阴山地块东部固阳地区发现了假白榴石粗面玄武岩和钾质粗面岩两种高钾准铝质碱性火山岩。地质年代学数据显示,假白榴石粗面玄武岩的磷灰石U-Pb年龄为322±14Ma,钾质粗面岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为315.6±7.5Ma,说明其形成时代均为晚石炭世。岩石地球化学特征显示,二者均富Al、Fe,贫Mg;富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Ba和K),相对亏损高场强元素(如Ta、Nb和Ti),轻重稀土分异明显,富集轻稀土,相对亏损重稀土,Eu异常不明显;高(87Sr/86Sr)i比值(0.710028~0.714745),低εNd(t)值(-9.0~-17.2),表现出相似的交代岩石圈地幔源区和地壳混染特征。将该碱性火山岩与兴蒙造山带晚石炭世-早二叠世中基性火山岩和阴山地块白垩纪中基性火山岩进行岩石类型对比,发现华北克拉通北缘产出的火山岩多为高钾碱性系列,而兴蒙造山带中产出的火山岩则多为钙碱性系列;与兴蒙造山带晚石炭世-早二叠世中基性火山岩进行岩石成因对比,发现它们的岩浆源区和混染程度并不相同,即固阳地区碱性火山岩为受到早古生代俯冲沉积物交代的岩石圈地幔部分熔融所形成的岩浆在上升过程中混染华北克拉通TTG片麻岩后喷发的产物,而兴蒙造山带中火山岩的产出则多为亏损地幔部分熔融所形成的岩浆在上升过程中轻度混染地壳物质后喷发的结果。在固阳地区发现晚石炭世碱性火山岩,代表着古亚洲洋在该时期的后造山伸展作用范围已延伸至华北克拉通北缘。 相似文献
8.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
拉布达林盆地位于内蒙古自治区东北部,西部与俄罗斯毗邻,属大兴安岭北西部,北邻根河盆地,南接海拉尔盆地北部边界。本文对拉布达林盆地南部哈达图牧场南头站旅店和奈吉镇特泥河村一带的粗面岩和流纹岩的岩相学,年代学和地球化学特征进行了研究,探讨了岩浆源区的性质。研究区的中酸性火山岩主要为粗面岩和流纹岩。头站旅店附近主要出露流纹岩,粗面岩呈脉状充填在流纹岩中,特泥河村附近出露大面积的粗面岩。粗面岩为斑状结构,斑晶主要为斜长石、普通辉石、角闪石以及少量黑云母和碱性长石;流纹岩发育有球粒结构,球粒呈扇状或者束状,由长英质和火山玻璃组成的放射状纤维构成。地球化学特征显示,粗面岩和流纹岩均属于亚碱性系列,处于高钾钙碱性系列和钾玄岩系列的过渡区域,粗面岩为准铝质和过铝质的过度类型,流纹岩为过铝质。锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年结果显示粗面岩和流纹岩分别形成于(125±3)Ma和(127±4)Ma,表明它们形成于早白垩世中期。粗面岩和流纹岩都具有高硅(w(Si O2)分别为62.05%~68.38%和75.02%~77.55%)的特点,说明它们均为酸性岩浆的产物。高硅,富钾和贫镁、铁,完全不同于幔源岩浆的地球化学属性,而粗面岩比流纹岩更富钠,且更贫镁(Mg#平均值分别为28和46),暗示它们可能来源于地壳不同的部位。稀土元素总量都较高(w(∑REE)=183.21×10-6~226.51×10-6、112.28×10-6~153.64×10-6),稀土元素分馏明显(∑LREE/∑HREE=3.20~4.89、2.10~4.69),有轻稀土元素富集右倾的特征,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Sr以及LREE,而亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、U、Zr、HREE以及Ti等,均显示出壳源岩浆的特征;而粗面岩的Rb/Sr(0.23~0.34)比流纹岩的Rb/Sr(2.15~7.75)低,粗面岩的Ba/Rb(4.20~6.13)比流纹岩的Ba/Rb(1.76~2.35)高,均反映出粗面岩岩浆的分异程度比流纹岩岩浆低。同时,低的(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.705 3,0.704 9),中等的Rb/Sr值以及U的略微亏损,暗示其岩浆源区可能来自下部地壳,而流纹岩中等的Rb/Sr及U的不亏损,则显示其岩浆源区应比粗面岩浆的下部地壳更靠上的层位。粗面岩和流纹岩均有非常高的143Nd/144Nd(0.512 8)、中等206Pb/204Pb(18.439 1)、低的207Pb/204Pb(15.540 6)和208Pb/204Pb(38.394 4),εNd(t)值为+4.15,二阶段模式年龄(TDM2)为579 Ma,表明它们的源区岩石应为新元古代从亏损地幔增生的年轻陆壳物质。 相似文献
9.
位于长江中下游的宣城水东地区发育一套酸性火山岩,主要由流纹质角砾岩、流纹岩和珍珠岩组成。本文对该套火山岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、主量元素、微量元素以及Nd-Hf同位素研究。LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示3种岩性的火山岩年龄分别为133.2±0.8、133.4±0.8和131.5±0.9 Ma。主量元素组成上,这套酸性火山岩具高硅(72.51%~81.79%)、富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=2.04~14.93,平均6.72)、贫钙镁(Ca O=0.19%~1.57%,Mg O=0.06%~0.29%)的特征,属于弱过铝质(A/CNK=1.02~1.24)的高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石。微量元素方面,轻重稀土元素分馏明显[(La/Yb)_N=5.43~9.17],具明显的负铕异常(Eu/Eu~*=0.44~0.60),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th、K和Pb等,亏损Ba、Sr、Nb、P和Ti等元素,表现出壳源的特征。全岩Sr-Nd和锆石Hf同位素组成变化范围相对较小,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i为0.707 3~0.708 8,εNd(t)值为-7.05~-5.56,εHf(t)为-8.6~-1.3。结合区域地质研究成果,认为宣城水东地区酸性火山岩可能是在约135 Ma古太平洋板块俯冲作用之后的伸展-拉伸环境下,由新元古代早期新生地壳重熔而成。 相似文献
10.
大兴安岭北段新林区满克头鄂博组火山岩主要由流纹岩、英安岩及其凝灰岩组成,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为154.5±0.68 Ma,时代为晚侏罗世.白音高老组火山岩主要由流纹岩及其凝灰岩组成,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为121.12±0.5 Ma,时代为早白垩世.满克头鄂博组火山岩属于高钾钙碱性系列-钾玄质系列.稀土元素配分模式图呈右倾型,轻重稀土分馏明显,具有中等的Eu负异常.微量元素显示相对富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Sr和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P等.白音高老组火山岩属于高钾钙碱性系列.稀土元素配分模式图呈右倾型,轻重稀土分馏明显,明显Eu负异常.微量元素显示相对富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb和轻稀土元素,Ba、Sr明显亏损,高场强元素Nb、Ta,Ti强烈亏损.结合地球化学特征和前人研究资料,认为新林区满克头鄂博组火山岩来源于下地壳玄武质岩浆的结晶分异作用,与蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合造山后的伸展环境有关.白音高老组火山岩源于下地壳斜长角闪岩的非理想熔融,与太平洋板块俯冲影响的伸展作用有关. 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
15.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
16.
17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
19.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献
20.
Preston Cloud 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):678-696
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献