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1.
滑塌堆积在逆冲构造中的作用——以宁夏牛首山中奥陶统米钵山组为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
宁夏中南部发育的中奥陶统米钵山组中普遍发育着滑塌堆积。综合米钵山组内滑塌堆积的沉积及后期的变形特征,我们认为滑塌堆积在逆冲变形中起着重要的作用,在逆冲构造中滑脱层的发育往往和岩性有关,滑塌堆积也是一种重要而潜在的滑脱层,不仅由于大尺度上其显著的横向不均匀性,中小尺度上其内部也表现出不均一性,因此它的存在使得应力得以在该层集中,变形因此也主要发生在该层中,从而产生滑脱层,而滑塌堆积的围岩变形则很微弱。结合宁夏中宁中南部地区强烈的逆冲推覆作用,我们认为中奥陶统中的滑塌堆积是该区逆冲推覆构造的重要滑脱层,这些滑脱层控制着该地区下古生界的变形。由于这种构造作用的叠加,先前的那些外来岩块逐渐“细粒化”,逆冲作用使得滑脱堆积中的砾石变形成为构造透镜体,这解决了该地区长期存在的有关这些砾石或透镜体是外来体还是本地的争论。我们的研究表明,在宁夏地区中奥陶统中大部分以外来体为主,但也有一定的本地岩层因构造作用成为透镜体,因此在不同地区应该仔细分析。由于牛首山地区逆冲构造比较发育,滑塌堆积转化成广义上的混杂堆积,而同样有滑塌堆积产出的贺兰山地区由于远离祁连山造山带,滑塌堆积得以保存,其中的砾石基本上没有变形。宁夏地区中奥陶统中的滑塌堆积从区域上为我们提供了一个区别滑塌堆积与混杂堆积的例子。 相似文献
2.
宁夏中部牛首山地区构造特征及其地质意义 总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2
宁夏中部牛首山地区的古生代地层发育了许多具有逆冲构造特征的的变形构造,断层相关褶皱非常发育。通过分析这些构造及其相互关系,恢复了该地区中奥陶统米钵山组的变形过程,表明该套地层经历了(1)岩层受到水平挤压,顺层缩短阶段,(2)褶皱变形阶段,(3)逆冲变形阶段等三个阶段;这些构造是逆冲推覆构造发育不同阶段的产物。牛首山以及宁夏南部的大、小罗山是古逆冲构造带的前缘部分,宁夏中南部地区在中奥陶世至泥盆纪是作为北祁连造山带北侧的弧后前陆盆地靠大陆一侧而存在随着该弧后盆地的关闭,牛首山前缘构造带形成。而现今的牛首山以及宁夏中南部的奥陶系很可能都是无根的。 相似文献
3.
鄂尔多斯盆地西、南缘奥陶系滑塌堆积 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13
鄂尔多斯盆地西、南缘中、上奥陶统发育有各种重力流沉积,其中含有巨大砾石或外来体.后者可呈不规则长园状和似层状,规模可达十至数十米,甚至百米左右.本文讨论了这种特殊沉积的岩性特征、层位和空间组合关系以及成因.认为它是一种滑塌堆积,它形成于拉张构造背景下的大陆边缘陡坡带,滑塌作用形成了大砾石和外来体,重力流是其搬运的载体. 相似文献
4.
《华南地质与矿产》2018,(3)
在广西崇左市大新县西大明山地区的寒武系小内冲组第一段上部粉砂岩、泥岩地层中,新发现了一处具有典型的滑塌构造特征的软沉积物变形层。根据滑塌层软沉积物变形强弱特征,自下而上可以将滑塌层分为强褶皱逆冲断裂带、弱滑塌褶皱带、波状层理—劈理化带。其中强褶皱逆冲断裂带构造变形最强烈,主要表现为发育大量的同沉积滑塌褶皱及一系列层间小断裂,同时在同沉积褶皱内部还发育有球枕状构造、石香肠构造、透镜状构造等。根据滑塌体内部沉积构造特征,推测其触发机制可能为由地震所引发的滑塌运动;根据同沉积滑塌褶皱及同沉积逆冲断层产状特征判断,滑塌体是从SSE向NNW方向滑塌堆积而成,揭示当时的盆地古斜坡倾向NNW,沉积物的物源区位于SSE侧。 相似文献
5.
西南天山山前褶皱冲断带的变形与其东侧的柯坪冲断带的大规模薄皮滑脱明显不同,它以发育"堆垛"构造和基底卷入逆冲构造为特征,是什么因素控制了该冲断带的变形。本文基于地震解释剖面,采用离散元数值模拟研究手段,单因素变量控制方法,设计了先存断裂模型,滑脱层模型和先存断裂与不同内聚力的滑脱层组合模型共5组数值模拟实验,分析西南天山山前褶皱冲断带的构造变形的控制因素。实验结果表明:滑脱层岩石强度控制了其下先存断裂向上突破的难易程度,滑脱层内聚力较强时,沿先存薄弱带易突破滑脱层形成逆冲推覆构造;滑脱层内聚力较弱时,滑脱层将发育成逆冲体系的顶板断裂,阻碍滑脱层之下单元中先存断裂后期活动向上传播,易形成相互叠覆的逆冲片。弱内聚力滑脱层发育的地区,变形前锋向前陆方向传播得更快、更远,变形主要发生在滑脱层之上单元,易形成冲起构造和三角带,滑脱层之下单元构造变形相对较弱。通过对比分析,认为西南天山山前冲断带发育堆垛构造和基底卷入逆冲构造变形,主要受控于发育上白垩统-古近系的膏盐层和前新生代的先存断裂。 相似文献
6.
宁夏中西部香山—天景山地区逆冲推覆构造的特征及演化 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
宁夏香山-天景山地区逆冲推覆构造由天景山北麓断裂带(主滑脱断裂)和香山-天景山冲断席(可分为9个次级逆冲推覆岩席)组成,推覆岩席前端为一系列形态相似的铲式叠瓦状逆冲推覆断层,构造变形强烈;岩席内部构造变形相对较弱.整个推覆构造带主要遭受了燕山期和喜马拉雅期挤压逆冲推覆作用,燕山期主压应力σ1方向为44°,由南西往北东推覆,总位移量26.6km;喜马拉雅期主压应力σ1方向为75°,由南西西往北东东逆冲推覆,晚更新世以来还兼有左行走滑,总位移量大于4km. 相似文献
7.
徐淮地区发育一系列推覆-褶皱带,以皇藏峪背斜为界,区域剖面分为具有明显构造差异的东部、西部构造带,其中东部构造带样式主要表现为斜歪褶皱,西部构造带为一系列逆冲推覆构造,构造变形强烈。采用物理模拟手段对徐淮推覆-褶皱带构造的控制因素进行实验研究,选取硅胶、微玻璃珠模拟不同性质滑脱层,石英砂模拟沉积脆性盖层,改变盖层与基底摩擦力、滑脱层深度变化等控制因素。模拟结果表明,剖面上滑脱层性质及深度变化控制区域剖面构造的强弱变化。皇藏峪背斜以东主要以新元古界青白口系泥灰岩充当滑脱层,滑脱层深度大,构造样式主要表现为斜歪褶皱;皇藏峪背斜以西则以寒武系页岩为滑脱层,滑脱层深度小,构造样式主要表现为逆冲推覆构造。 相似文献
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10.
通过对西藏南部聂拉木地区前寒武纪岩石磁组构进行研究表明:该区岩石磁化率百分率的各向异性H值较高,均大于10%,这说明岩石曾经历了较强烈的韧性变形。根据岩石最小磁化率从主轴K3方向推断的岩石变形期,最大的主压应力方位主要有SN向、NE-SW向、NW-SE向。岩石磁组构费林(Flinn)图解表明,大部分岩石磁组构具有磁面理发育、磁线理不发育,岩石磁化率量值椭球体呈压扁状的特点。部分岩石磁组构还具有磁线理发育、磁面理不发育,岩石磁化率量值椭球体呈拉长形的特点。因此,该区域构造应变型式具有压缩应变和拉伸应变二种型式。岩石磁组构研究还表明,该区具有SN向挤压、NW-SE向挤压、NW-SE向伸展滑脱三期构造应力。这说明高喜马拉雅结晶基底岩石曾经历了SN向逆冲推覆构造作用,NW-SE向逆冲推覆构造作用和NW-SE向伸展滑脱构造作用过程。构造应力场的转变及其构造作用,为印度板块与欧亚板块之间,自白垩纪末~始新世晚期发生的弧~陆、陆~陆碰撞,和始新世晚期以来,强烈的陆内汇聚造山与青藏高原剧烈隆升,及区域伸展滑脱构造作用过程的响应。 相似文献
11.
MICHAEL A. NAYLOR 《Sedimentology》1981,28(6):837-852
An olistostrome accumulation up to 530 m thick occurs in the Casanova area of the northern Apennines. It lies within or above the calciturbiditic Palombini limestone-shale sequence, and is part of the allochthonous Vara Complex—sediments originally deposited on oceanic crust. The olistostromes are poorly sorted, monomict, matrix-supported, submarine debris flow deposits with rigid plugs. They have a compactional foliation and a compaction-modified, planar clast fabric created during flow. Although diachronous in the main part of the area, the olistostromes have a vertical gradational contact with the overlying slumped Palombini, in which recumbent asymmetric fold hinges and trains and slump boudins are present. Many criteria indicate soft-sediment deformation. Fold asymmetry indicates a uniformly SW-dipping palaeoslope. The textural gradation from slumps to olistostrome beds, plus slump folds and boudins as olistostrome clasts show that the olistostromes are dismembered slumps. In vertical sections, variations in limestone petrography, volume percentage and size of clasts confirm that the olistostromes were derived from the Palombini as a series of bed-by-bed slumps keeping pace with sedimentation of the Palombini. From olistostrome clast sizes and bed thicknesses, a depositional slope of ～ 4° is estimated. The olistostromes are not precursor sediments shed from advancing nappes, as in the Bracco ridge model of some authors; rather, they were formed at the foot of a distal, block-faulted passive continental margin, long before nappe emplacement. 相似文献
12.
Olistostromes (sedimentary mélanges) represent the products of ancient submarine mass transport processes. We present a comparative analysis of the occurrences and internal structures of these sedimentary mélanges at a global scale with a focus on the Circum-Mediterranean, Appalachian and Circum-Pacific regions, and discuss their formation and time-progressive evolution in different tectonic settings. Lithological compositions, stratigraphy, and structural features of olistostromes reflect the operation of an entire spectrum of mass transport processes during their development through multi-stage deformation phases. The general physiography and tectonic setting of their depocenters, the nature, scale and rate of downslope transformation mechanisms, and global climatic events are the main factors controlling the internal structure and stratigraphy of olistostromes. Based on the tectonic settings of their formation olistostromes are classified as: (i) passive margin, (ii) convergent margin and subduction–accretion, and (iii) collisional and intra-collisional types. Systematic repetitions of these different olistostrome types in different orogenic belts provide excellent markers for the timing of various tectonic events during the Wilson cycle evolution of ocean basins. Olistostromes are best preserved in paleo active margins, covering vast areas of thousands of km2, where they underwent significant downslope translation, up to hundreds of kilometers. Incorporation of olistostromes into subduction–accretion complexes and orogenic belts takes place during discrete episodes of tectonic events, and their primary (sedimentary) fabric may be commonly reworked and overprinted by subsequent phases of tectonic and metamorphic events. We apply the basic nomenclature of structural geology, sedimentology and basin analysis in studying the internal structure, lithological makeup, and mechanisms of formation and extraordinary downslope mobility of olistostromes. 相似文献
13.
The Neoproterozoic olistostromes were first distinguished as a special geological unit in a generalised geological map of the Czech Republic on a scale 1:500,000. The olistostromes represent a tectonic mélange or subaquatic continental slope-slides formed by a mixture of black shales, greywackes, carbonates and shales, forming an extremely inhomogeneous geological environment. The extreme over-limit values of indoor radon (Rn, 222Rn) were first detected during check measurements performed for final building approval by team of the National Radiation Protection Institute in a house situated on bedrock of black shales—lithological component of olistostromes north-eastward from Plzeň. Additional measurements of soil gas Rn performed by the Czech Geological Survey were oriented to cover the whole olistostrome belt extending over 65 × 25 km area NE of Plzeň–Prague general direction. The increased concentrations both of soil gas and indoor Rn were confirmed in the whole extent of Neoproterozoic olistostrome belt compared to neighbouring geological units (Neoproterozoic metasediments on NW and Cambrian Palaeovolcanites and Ordovician sediments on SE). This observation lead to increasing the radon index of olistostromes to medium radon category (from the low one) both in general and detailed Rn index maps. Drawing the attention to this lithological type enables to improve the radon risk prevention for newly built houses and interest of remediation of existing houses not only in the specific area of the Czech Republic, but also in other European countries, where Neoproterozoic olistostromes form the geological basement. 相似文献
14.
Benjamin M. Page 《Tectonophysics》1978,47(3-4)
Details of origin of Franciscan melanges are unknown, although subduction is accepted as the controlling process. Some melanges near plate boundaries in Taiwan and Italy are evidently olistostromes. How do Franciscan melanges compare with these? The Lichi melange and units of “argille scagliose” type in the Northern Apennines rest upon normal marine sediments. The time of accumulation was brief, as shown by limiting time brackets. These key types of evidence for olistostrome origin are rare or absent in the Franciscan, but the pervasive shearing would probably have obliterated such evidence.Similarities between the above-cited olistostromes and Franciscan melanges include the following: argillaceous matrix; large and small blocks of sedimentary rocks and ophiolites; phacoidal and joint-block shapes; soft-sediment deformation in some sandstone; rotation of blocks; extreme dispersal of distinctive rocks; reappearance of older rocks at younger levels. Collectively, these similarities suggest that Franciscan melanges were originally assembled by olistostrome accumulation.Differences between presumed olistostromes and the Franciscan include the following, in addition to stratigraphic relations mentioned above. The Lichi melange shows faint original gross layering where shearing is minimal. Franciscan melanges show various compositional units, but shearing allows tectonic explanations. Blueschist metamorphism is rare or absent in olistostromes of Taiwan and the Northern Apennines. It occurs in the Franciscan not only in random blocks, but also as extensive units of schist and phyllite near the structural top of the complex, toward the “hanging wall” (Great Valley sequence). In the structurally lowest levels, only zeolite facies metamorphism is prevalent. Similar generalities apply to ages of rocks at highest and lowest structural levels. The age distribution would be just the opposite if the entire Franciscan were simply an east-dipping pile of olistostromes.It is concluded that neither subduction alone nor olistostromes alone could have produced all the features of Franciscan melanges, but both played an important role. Critical original features of olistostromes have been modified or destroyed by recurrent underthrusting. 相似文献
15.
白云鄂博群哈拉霍疙特组滑塌堆积的
发现及其地质意义 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
笔者等在白云鄂博矿田北西部查干楚鲁附近白云鄂博群哈拉霍疙特组上段发现了典型的滑塌堆积。重点研究了同一滑塌层位中的两个滑塌堆积露头。整个滑塌堆积层岩性单一,内部结构杂乱,不见原始沉积层理。根据野外观察和室内薄片鉴定结果,该处岩性主要有两种：形状不一、大小混杂的灰黄色白云岩岩块（滑积岩块）杂乱无序地分布在深灰色纹层状碳质微晶灰岩（本地沉积）中。最大的透镜状白云岩滑积岩块露头长27m,宽58m。深灰色纹层状碳质微晶灰岩岩层产状基本稳定,整体北倾,倾角较大。深灰色灰岩层与灰黄色白云岩的接触界面附近发育软沉积物变形构造,白云岩滑积岩块本身棱角不明显,两端有明显的细颈拉长现象,表明滑塌发生时,白云岩处于半固结和不完全成岩状态。滑积岩块位于不同的背景沉积层位中,揭示露头区存在多次的滑塌堆积事件。根据滑塌堆积的内部结构特征,初步判断其为被动大陆边缘靠近多岛洋或碳酸盐台地的深水盆地边缘,主要触发因素可能为地震活动。此外,白云鄂博群中滑塌岩块的发现表明白云鄂博群与腮林忽洞群沉积时具有相似的构造、古地理环境,这为白云鄂博群与腮林忽洞群相当（均为早古生代）提供了新的佐证。 相似文献
16.
The Lower Unit of the ophiolitic sequence of Northern Argolis comprises turbiditic sediments and olistostromes, both containing ophiolitic clasts, mainly crystal fragments (clinopyroxene, plagioclase, Cr-spinel, amphibole) in the turbidites and cumulitic intrusives (quartz noritic amphibole-bearing gabbros), subvolcanic rocks (dolerites) and various effusive lithologies (mainly Si-rich basalts to basaltic andesites) in the olistostromes. The volcanic rocks belong to three groups. In rare cases the lavas are mineralogically and chemically comparable with MORB; most of them, and the subvolcanic rocks, contain primary quartz and amphibole, orthopyroxene, Ca-rich plagioclase and clinopyroxene±Cr-spinels. All rocks are Si- and Mg-rich and have high concentrations of ‘compatible’ and very low concentrations of ‘incompatible’ elements. The REE profiles are characteristically U-shaped. Many of the observed features are comparable with those of subduction-related lavas and, in particular, with present day boninites and ophiolitic boninitic rocks. The gabbroic rocks have mineralogical and chemical analogies with the dolerites and lavas, thus it may be argued that the gabbros represent the intrusive counterparts of the ‘boninitic’ volcanic clasts. The mineral clasts occurring in the turbidites are chemically comparable with those analysed in the ophiolitic clasts of the overlying olistostrome. It may be concluded that the ophiolitic clasts of both olistostromes and turbidites were derived from a subduction-related sequence. An island arc–back-arc system might explain the occurrence of both boninitic and MORB-type lithologies in the olistostrome of Angelokastron. This may support the hypothesis of the onset of compressive tectonics along the Pindos Ocean during the Jurassic. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Andrea Festa Kei Ogata Gian Andrea Pini Yildirim Dilek Giulia Codegone 《International Geology Review》2015,57(5-8):540-562
In the Northern Apennines of Italy, mud-rich olistostromes (sedimentary mélanges) occur at different stratigraphic levels within the late Oligocene–early Miocene sedimentary record of episutural/wedge-top basins. They are widely distributed along the exhumed outer part of the Ligurian accretionary complex, atop the outer Apenninic prowedge, over an area about 300 km long and 10–15 km wide. Olistostromes represent excellent examples of ancient submarine mass-transport complexes (MTCs), consisting of stacked cohesive debris flows that can be directly compared to some of those observed in modern accretionary wedges. We describe the internal arrangement of olistostrome occurrences in the sector between Voghera and the Monferrato area, analysing their relationships with mesoscale liquefaction features, which are commonly difficult to observe in modern MTCs. Slope failures occurred in isolated sectors along the wedge front, where out-of-sequence thrusting, seismicity, and different pulses of overpressured tectonically induced fluid flows acted concomitantly. Referring to the Northern Apennines regional geology, we also point out a gradual lateral rejuvenation (from late Oligocene to early Miocene) toward the SE and an increasing size and thickness of the olistostromes along the strike of the frontal Apenninic prowedge. This suggests that morphological reshaping of the outer prowedge via mass-transport processes balanced, with different pulses over a short time span, the southeastward migration and segmentation of accretionary processes. The latter were probably favoured by the occurrence in the northwestern part of the Northern Apennines of major, inherited palaeogeographic features controlling the northward propagation of the prowedge. Detailed knowledge of olistostromes, as ancient examples of MTCs related to syn-sedimentary tectonics and shale diapirism, and of their lateral variations in term of age and size, provides useful information in regard to better understanding of both the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the Apenninic prowedge and the submarine slope failures in modern accretionary wedges. 相似文献
18.
A sequence of clays and clayey siltstones with olistostrome horizons and olistoplaques of the Upper Cretaceous rocks occur in the coastal section northwest of the mouth of the Agoi River. The rocks of this sequence are mostly gray sandy calcareous clays with rare interlayers of siltstones. The horizons and lenses of olistostromes contain small clasts, large blocks, and olistoplaques of rocks of various ages. The microfauna from matrix and clasts of olistostromes of different horizons of the sequence was sampled and identified. The large blocks and olistoplaques are tectonized with formation of slickensides and cracks, which do not travel beyond the country rocks. The thickness of the sequence is 280 m. 相似文献
19.
V. I. Belousov 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2002,37(3):251-265
Based on the detailed study of outcrops, two generations of ore clasts were recognized in clastic haloes around allochthonous antimony–mercury deposits: (1) early generation composed of in situ fragments of older autochthonous deposits (ore clasts) and (2) late generation of fragments related to the destruction of ore-bearing allochthons and found as exotic inclusions in flysch and olistostromes. Ore clasts reside in the terrigenous (pre-flysch) sequence that makes up the upper part of terrigenous–carbonate nappes and olistoplaques in the lower flysch–olistostrome sequence. Thus, they belong to allochthonous units. The terrigenous sequence differs from the younger flysch sediments by a relatively small thickness, predominantly clayey composition, and absence of rhythmic bedding and large erratic blocks. It is also characterized by the synsedimentary volcanic activity with the eruption of intermediate and acid igneous rocks, silicification, and ore mineralization in the lower part of the sequence, the maximal mineralization being confined to the boundary with underlying limestones. Relative to the terrigenous sequence the flysch–olistostrome sequence, which hosts ore-bearing allochthons, is distinguished by the primary attitude, greater abundance of ore clasts, and higher extent of ore disintegration. Some genetic features of autochthonous and allochtonous jasperoid deposits are considered. Their differences in age, host environment, formation depth, vertical extent of ore deposition, and zoning are also outlined. 相似文献