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1.
文章针对与国计民生关系重大的地震灾害预防工作,叙述了苏联、日本、美国地震预报工作的近况与我国地震预报工作的发展历程,强调地震预防的主攻方向是抗震,在中、长期地震预报中应加强地震危险区划的研究工作,以及继续重视短期及临震预报的研究。 相似文献
2.
5月12日,四川汶川发生了8．0级特大地震灾害。这是人类的又一场灾难,也震惊了全世界。悲伤过后,我们痛定思痛,在科技发展到今天的21世纪,人类对地震科学的预报仍在黑暗中摸索前行。尽管科学家目前还没有很好的办法精确预报地震的发生,但是,面对地震,我们不能坐等地震预报的奇迹瞬间发生。我们要发挥所有潜能主动出击,在地震预报上尽全力做得更科学、更理性。本期我们刊登美国和日本的地震预防经验,以期对我们的地震预报预防工作有所借鉴。 相似文献
3.
地震预报是当今世界尚未破解的重大科技难题，短临地震预报是地震预报的难点，有效的前兆信息则是短临预报的关键。笔者围绕短临地震预报难题，研制了高精度动态固体潮汐重力仪和大气潮汐重力仪，成功捕获到2010～2023年间的玉树7.1级地震、土耳其7.8级地震等震前几十个小时的动态重力场变化信息。这些信息再现了强震孕育–发生的过程，初步揭示短临阶段“基本稳定→闭锁蓄能→震前平静→能量释放”的强震物理机制，可作为短临地震预报的前兆信息。为实现对短临地震“时-空-强”的准确预报，提出通过动态重力场变化组网观测和分布式前兆信息数据库建设，进一步揭示不同类型地震的动态重力信号响应规律，建立强震发生概率、时间、震中位置及震级预报模型的可行性路径，渴望破解强震短临预报的世界难题。 相似文献
4.
地震预报现状及相关问题综述 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
虽然对“地震能否预报”一直存在争论,但众多大地震的震例研究表明,前兆异常会或多或少地出现在地震孕育过程的不同阶段。国内外针对活动断裂的行为方式、大地震复发规律、活断层分段与大地震活动、大地震复发的概率预测和地震孕育过程与机理等,都提出了不同的理论模型,促进了地震预报的发展。中国的地震预报工作现状面临地质构造与地震地质工作基础仍明显不足、中长期地震预报工作程度亟需全面提高、中短期预报衔接不够和防大震意识还相对薄弱等诸多问题。基于这一现状与快速城镇化的国情,需在坚持地震预报研究的前提下,全面做好新构造、活动构造与地震地质方面的调查研究工作,夯实中长期地震预报的基础,并加强中短期预报的衔接,坚定防大震意识。同时切实加强防震减灾工作,有效提高强震活动区带上的建筑物与重大工程的抗震能力,并增强全社会的防震减灾意识,从而为地震预报研究提供持续发展的有利环境。 相似文献
5.
本文通过对闽台地震的水氡映震震例进行分析 ,运用预报效能评价R值评分方法 ,计算出了福建水氡观测资料应用多层次跟踪分析法对于闽台地震的地震预报效能,发现该方法对闽台地震有较好的地震预报效果。 相似文献
6.
卫星热红外异常影象在地震短临预报中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
阐述了应用卫星热红外景象异常进行出地震短临预报的显著效果，并探讨了热红外异常发的机制，准确地地震预报，尤其是短临预报是减轻地震灾害的重要前提，地震的发生是有各种前兆的，但识别震兆一直是地震预报中的一个关键性的难题。 相似文献
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8.
介绍了苏联地震预报工作的现状,提出了在观测基础上研究地震能、震源体积和孕震时间的联系及有关公式,计算地震周期,更准确地预报地震前兆,建立孕震物理学模型,建立现代化的预报系统与行政管理系统。 相似文献
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10.
在对四川省汶川县地震序列的动态跟踪与对甘肃省震情的动态判定过程中,笔者成功地把握了甘肃震情、一定程度上把握了汶川地震序列的动态发展变化并对5月18日发生在四川省江油市的6.0级地震作出了成功预测。此次成功的地震预测实践为甘肃省的抗震救灾工作提供了正确的科学依据,为减轻地震灾害和稳定被地震扰乱的社会秩序发挥了重要作用,同时也在中国地震预报的历史上写下了新的篇章。从中笔者更加深刻地感悟到,地震预报虽然是一个十分复杂、尚未被攻克的世界性难题,但对于一个特定的地区,如果预报思路和方法得当,要实现一次乃至数次成功的预报是可能的。这对地球科学家们如何认识地震预报问题有一定的意义。 相似文献
11.
大阜山金红石矿床矿石中的石榴石主要呈多形态环状产出,环内矿物主要为金红石、角闪石及绿泥石,少量钛铁矿等;环外和石榴石晶间矿物主要为角闪石和绿泥石。几乎所有的石榴石环内均分布有大量金红石,几乎所有的金红石均分布于石榴石环内。导致这一奇特现象的主要原因为:矿石原岩为高钛基性侵入岩,其相对较浅的成岩深度使钛铁矿先结晶呈不规则团块状分布;变质成矿过程中,大量铁铝榴石的形成,促使钛铁矿分解,释放出的铁进入石榴石晶格,释放出的钛形成金红石。 相似文献
12.
The Hira-Buddini gold deposit is located along the steeply dipping ENE trending sheared contact of felsic and mafic rocks of strike length of about 600 m with mylonitic foliation parallel to the S1 schistosity in amphibolites. Second-generation open folds with axial planes (S2) marked by fractures that are often filled by later calcite veins are observed in surface and underground exposures. Garnetiferous amphibolites occur in patches on the footwall side of the shear in the western part of the deposit. This rock shows garnet porphyroblasts, coarse second-generation hornblende and large grains of biotite that grow over an early S1 fabric which is made up of early hornblende, plagioclase, ilmenite and retrograde first-generation chlorite. Second-generation hornblende and biotite grains make high angles to S1 schistosity and are sub-parallel to S2. Late hydrothermal alteration is marked by an albite-epidote-chlorite-zoisite assemblage. Geothermometric estimates based on garnet-biotite, and garnet-hornblende pairs, as well as Ti in biotite, show that temperatures during D2 deformation that led to the growth of the porphyroblasts were \(530{\pm }20^{\circ }\hbox {C}\). The fabric and mineralogy of the rock indicate that porphyroblastic growth of garnet, hornblende and biotite was preceded and succeeded by stages of hydrothermal alteration. Primary gold mineralization is inferred to be associated with the early stage of hydrothermal ingress. 相似文献
13.
弓长岭鞍山群呈北西至南东方向分布，位于中朝陆块东端，该群各类型岩石构成华北陆块古老的变质结晶基底。文中详细地记述了岩浆岩及混合岩、硅质板岩和长英质变粒岩、交超基性岩、交基性火山岩、变泥质岩、铁矿床、变辉长辉绿岩岩墙群的岩石特征和产出特征及成岩时代。本区为低压区域浅变质类型，演化与成岩时代约在太古代的中、晚期(3400～2500Ma)。 相似文献
14.
云中山地体位于华北克拉通中部造山带中部,是衔接吕梁地体和五台-恒山地体的关键位置.确定云中山地体的变质作用演化历史可为深入理解吕梁-云中山-五台-恒山地区的整体地质过程提供重要限定.对云中山石榴斜长角闪岩开展了详细的岩石学、相平衡模拟和锆石年代学研究.两个代表性样品均具有顺时针变质P-T-t轨迹,峰期阶段位于金红石稳定域,温压条件分别为0.96±0.11 GPa/720±8.0℃（L1903）和1.26±0.08 GPa/756±14.0℃（L1906）;峰期后发生降压作用,金红石转变成钛铁矿,石榴石边部生长斜长石（+普通角闪石）冠状边,普通角闪石转变成镁铁闪石;晚期阶段以冷却为主,石榴石的边部出现少量绿泥石交代.对两个样品的岩石组构和化学成分对比表明,石榴斜长角闪岩的部分熔融受全岩成分影响,岩石贫硅钠而富铁镁钛时难熔,反之则易熔.样品变质锆石的U-Pb定年结果为1 928~1 806 Ma.这些锆石相对富集重稀土,利用锆石Ti温度计计算的结晶温度为520~680℃,与岩石的冷却温度相近,因此所获年龄应代表退变冷却时代.吕梁-云中山-五台-恒山地区的整体地质特征对比表明,云中山地体的岩石-地层组成和变质作用演化与五台-恒山地体非常相似,记录了古元古代晚期的碰撞造山事件. 相似文献
15.
The 117.38 m of gabbroic core drilled during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 153 at Sites 921 to 924 in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between 23 °N and the Kane Fracture Zone, exhibits a remarkable primary compositional heterogeneity, such as magmatic layering, intrusive contacts and late magmatic veining, which express a succession of magmatic events. Textural indicators suggest that the cooling of the crystal mush occurred in a dynamic environment, with infiltration of progressively evolved liquids. Magmatic features include random shape fabric and magmatic lamination; the subsequent deformational overprint occurred in subsolidus conditions. The ductile deformation, generally concentrated in discrete domains of the gabbro, is associated with continuous re-equilibration of the metamorphic assemblages of (1) olivine + clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + plagioclase + ilmenite + Ti-magnetite, (2) olivine + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + ilmenite + Ti-magnetite + red hornblende. At lower temperatures brittle deformation prevails and subsequent fractures control the development of metamorphic assemblages: (3) clinopyroxene + plagioclase + red brown hornblende + Ti-magnetite + magnetite (?) + ilmenite, (4) plagioclase + brown hornblende + Ti-magnetite + magnetite + hematite + titanite ± Ti-oxide, (5) plagioclase + green hornblende + magnetite + titanite, (6) plagioclase + actinolite + chlorite + titanite + magnetite, (7) albite + actinolite + chlorite + prehnite ± epidote ± titanite and (8) albite + prehnite + chlorite ± smectite. Assemblages 1 to 8 express increasing water/rock ratios and decreasing degrees of recrystallization.
During the ductile phase, red hornblende is stable and its abundance increases with deformation intensity, possibly as an effect of the introduction of hydrous fluids. During the brittle phase, water diffusion controls the development of the fracture-filling mineral assemblages and re-equilibration of the adjacent rock; temperatures decrease further, as demonstrated by mineral zoning and incompletely re-equilibrated assemblages. The lowest temperatures correspond to the development of hydrothermal assemblages.
Compared with oceanic gabbros from fast-spreading transform environments, high-temperature ductile phases (granulite and amphibolite) are well developed, whereas brittle phases are widespread, as microcracks, prevalent on fracturing associated with discrete veins. 相似文献
16.
Calcic schists in the andalusite-type regional metamorphic terrainin the Panamint Mountains, California, contain the low-varianceassemblage quartz+epidote+muscovite+biotite+calcic amphibole+chlorite+plagioclase+spheneat low grade. Near the sillimanite isograd, chlorite in thisassemblage is replaced by garnet. The low variance in many calcicschists allows the determination of the nature of the reactionthat resulted in the coexistence of garnet+hornblende. A graphicalanalysis of the mineral assemblages shows that the reactioncan not be of the form biotite+epidote+chlorite+plagioclase+quartz=garnet+hornblende+muscovite+sphene+H2Obecause garnet+chlorite never coexisted during metamorphismand the chlorite-bearing and garnet-bearing phase volumes donot overlap. The compositions of the minerals show that withincreasing grade amphibole changed from actinolite to pargasitichornblende with no apparent miscibility gap, the partitioningof Fe and Mg between chlorite and hornblende changed from KD(Mg/Fe, chl&) < 1 to KD > 1, the partitioning betweenbiotite and hornblende changed from KD (Mg/Fe, bio/amp) <1 in chlorite-zone samples to KD > 1 in garnet + hornblende-zonesamples, and the transition to the garnet-bearing assemblageoccurred when the composition of plagioclase was between An55and An80. Both the graphical analysis and an analytical analysisof the compositions of the minerals using simplified componentsderived from the natural mineral compositions indicate thatat the garnet+hornblende isograd the composition of hornblendewas colinear with that of plagioclase and biotite, as projectedfrom quartz, epidote, muscovite, and H2O. During progressivemetamorphism, chlorite+biotite+epidote+quartz continuously brokedown to form hornblende+muscovite+sphene until the degeneracywas reached. At that point, tie lines from hornblende couldextend to garnet without allowing garnet to coexist with chlorite.Thus, the garnet+hornblende isograd was established throughcontinuous reactions within the chlorite-grade assemblage ratherthan through a discontinuous reaction. In this type of isograd,the low-grade diagnostic assemblage occurs only in Mg-rich rocks;whereas the high-grade assemblage occurs only in Fe-rich rocks.This relation accounts for the restricted occurrence of garnet+hornblendeassemblage in low-pressure terrains. In Barrovian terrains,garnet+chlorite commonly occurs, and the first appearana ofgarnet+hornblende can simply result from the continuous shiftof the garnet+chlorite tie line to Mg-rich compositions. 相似文献
17.
Microprobe analyses of the minerals from an unusual chloritoid-staurolite-garnet (+ muscovite + quartz + ilmenite) assemblage from the sillimanite (fibrolite) zone of Sini, India are presented and the petrological significance of the paragenesis is discussed. The X Mg in the different minerals from the chloritoid-staurolite-bearing rock varies in the order, muscovite > chlorite > chloritoid > staurolite > garnet > ilmenite, and from the associated sillimanite-bearing schists: muscovite > biotite > staurolite > garnet rim > garnet core > ilmenite. A graphical representation of the mineral compositions in an AFM projection displays a consistent topology if the effects of non-AFM components such as Zn in the staurolite and Mn in the garnet are taken into account. Petrographic and mineralogical data are consistent with a prograde formation of the chloritoid-staurolite-garnet assemblage. It is suggested that the paragenesis has been formed at similar PT conditions to the associated sillimanite (fibrolite)-staurolite-garnet-mica schists. These conditions are estimated to be 600–625°C/6±0.5 Kb. 相似文献
18.
A deep-level crustal section of the Cretaceous Kohistan arc is exposed in the northern part of the Jijal complex. The occurrence of mafic to ultramafic granulite-facies rocks exhibits the nature and metamorphic evolution of the lower crust. Mafic granulites are divided into two rock types: two-pyroxene granulite (orthopyroxene+clinopyroxene+plagioclase±quartz [1]); and garnet–clinopyroxene granulite (garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+quartz [2]). Two-pyroxene granulite occurs in the northeastern part of the Jijal complex as a relict host rock of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite, where the orthopyroxene-rich host is transected by elongated patches and bands of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite. Garnet–clinopyroxene granulite, together with two-pyroxene granulite, has been partly replaced by amphibolite (hornblende±garnet+plagioclase+quartz [3]). The garnet-bearing assemblage [2] is expressed by a compression–dehydration reaction: hornblende+orthopyroxene+plagioclase=garnet+clinopyroxene+quartz+H2O↑. Subsequent amphibolitization to form the assemblage [3] is expressed by two hydration reactions: garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+H2O=hornblende+quartz and plagioclase+hornblende+H2O=zoisite+chlorite+quartz. The mafic granulites include pod- and lens-shaped bodies of ultramafic granulites which consist of garnet hornblendite (garnet+hornblende+clinopyroxene [4]) associated with garnet clinopyroxenite, garnetite, and hornblendite. Field relation and comparisons in modal–chemical compositions between the mafic and ultramafic granulites indicate that the ultramafic granulites were originally intrusive rocks which dissected the protoliths of the mafic granulites and then have been metamorphosed simultaneously with the formation of garnet–clinopyroxene granulite. The results combined with isotopic ages reported elsewhere give the following tectonic constraints: (1) crustal thickening through the development of the Kohistan arc and the subsequent Kohistan–Asia collision caused the high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism in the Jijal complex; (2) local amphibolitization of the mafic granulites occurred after the collision. 相似文献
19.
Regression Modelling of Metamorphic Reactions in Metapelites, Snow Peak, Northern Idaho 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
The second of two periods of regional metamorphism that affectedpelitic rocks near Snow Peak caused complete re-equilibrationof mineral assemblages and resulted in a consistent set of metamorphicisograds. Metamorphic chlorite and biotite occur in the lowestgrade rocks. With increasing grade, garnet, staurolite, andkyanite join the assemblage, resulting in a transition zonecontaining all the above phases. At higher grade, chlorite,and finally staurolite disappear. Mass balance relations at isograds and among minerals of low-varianceassemblages have been modelled by a non-linear least-squaresregression technique. The progressive sequence can be describedin terms of schematic T-XH2O relations among chlorite, biotite,garnet, staurolite, and kyanite at Ptotal above the KFMASH invariantpoint involving those phases. The first appearance of garnetwas the result of an Fe-Mg-Mn continuous reaction. As temperaturerose, the garnet zone assemblage encountered the stauroliteisograd reaction, approximated by the model reaction: 3?0 chlorite + 1?5 garnet + 3?3 muscovite + 05 ilmenite = 1?0staurolite + 3?1 biotite + 1?5 plagioclase + 3?3 quartz + 10?3H2O. The staurolite zone corresponds to buffering along this reactionto the intersection where chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite,and kyanite coexist. The transition zone assemblage formed byreaction at this T–X H2O intersection which migrates towardmore H2O-rich fluid composition with progressive reaction. Thenet reaction at the intersection is approximated by the transitionzone reaction: 1?0 chlorite +1?1 muscovite + 0?2 ilmenite = 2?7 kyanite + 1?0biotite + 0?4 albite + 4?2 H2O. Chlorite was commonly the first phase to have been exhaustedand the remaining assemblage was buffered along a staurolite-outreaction, represented by the model reaction: 1?0 staurolite + 3?4 quartz + 0?4 anorthite + 1?4 garnet + 0?1ilmenite + 7?9 kyanite + 2?0 H2O. Consumption of staurolite by this reaction resulted in the highestgrade assemblage, which contains kyanite, garnet, biotite, muscovite,quartz, plagioclase, ilmenite, and graphite. 相似文献
20.
ABSTRACT Paragonite-bearing amphibolites occur interbedded with a garbenschist-micaschist sequence in the Austroalpine Schneeberg Complex, southern Tyrol. The mineral assemblage mainly comprises paragonite + Mg-hornblende/tschermakite + quartz + plagioclase + biotite + ankerite + Ti-phase + garnet ± muscovite. Equilibrium P–T conditions for this assemblage are 550–600°C and 8–10 kbar estimated from garnet–amphibole–plagioclase–ilmenite–rutile and Si contents of phengitic muscovites. In the vicinity of amphibole, paragonite is replaced by symplectitic chlorite + plagioclase + margarite +± biotite assemblages. Muscovite in the vicinity of amphibole reacts to form plagioclase + biotite + margarite symplectites. The reaction of white mica + hornblende is the result of decompression during uplift of the Schneeberg Complex. The breakdown of paragonite + hornblende is a water-consuming reaction and therefore it is controlled by the availability of fluid on the retrogressive P–T path. Paragonite + hornblende is a high-temperature equivalent of the common blueschist-assemblage paragonite + glaucophane in Ca-bearing systems and represents restricted P–T conditions just below omphacite stability in a mafic bulk system. While paragonite + glaucophane breakdown to chlorite + albite marks the blueschist/greenschist transition, the paragonite + hornblende breakdown observed in Schneeberg Complex rocks is indicative of a transition from epidote-amphibolite facies to greenschist facies conditions at a flatter P–T gradient of the metamorphic path compared to subduction-zone environments. Ar/Ar dating of paragonite yields an age of 84.5 ± 1 Ma, corroborating an Eoalpine high-pressure metamorphic event within the Austroalpine unit west of the Tauern Window. Eclogites that occur in the Ötztal Crystalline Basement south of the Schneeberg Complex are thought to be associated with this Eoalpine metamorphic event. 相似文献