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西藏喜马拉雅山地区冰湖溃决的预测模型及其应用研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以西藏喜马拉雅山地区的冰湖为研究对象,基于现有的冰湖溃决预测方法,提出了建立冰湖溃决预测方法的关键点,即选取的指标必须能够体现冰湖的动态变化特征.在定量分析的建模过程中应该采用不确定性的数学理论,对于冰湖溃决可能性的等级划分需要进行合理性及实用性验证.选取坝顶宽度、湖水面距坝顶高度与坝高之比、冰湖面积和补给冰川面积为预测指标,通过对西藏喜马拉雅山地区29个冰湖样本进行逻辑回归分析,建立了冰湖溃决的预测模型,并用所有样本进行了交叉验证.结果表明：该模型能够在分类应用中取得较好效果,根据溃决冰湖累积百分数随冰湖溃决可能性大小的变化曲线,将冰湖溃决的可能性划分为四个等级.以黄湖为例,把湖水面距坝顶高度与坝高之比作为冰湖溃决的诱变指标,分析了冰湖溃决可能性大小的变化规律.结合现有的冰湖溃决预测的定性方法,讨论了所建立的冰湖溃决预测模型的优点和缺点. 相似文献
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我国西藏地区冰湖溃决灾害综述 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11
冰湖溃决是我国西藏地区典型的地质灾害类型之一,具有突发性强、规模大、破坏力强和危害范围广等特点,往往造成下游地区遭受惨重的生命财产损失。冰湖溃决成因特征是形成机制、早期识别和危险性评价等冰湖溃决研究的基础,受客观条件限制,我国西藏冰湖溃决的基础调查工作存在资料分散甚至缺失的局限性。为解决这个难题,通过资料收集、遥感解译和野外调查等技术手段,重新梳理了我国西藏地区的冰湖溃决事件及基本特征,共调查出33个冰湖37次溃决事件,其中2个为冰川阻塞湖（简称冰川湖）,划定了冰湖溃决高发地带的地理分布位置,分析出冰崩/冰滑坡、埋藏冰融化、冰川融水、强降水、泥石流和上游冰湖溃决洪水6种诱发原因,为我国西藏冰湖溃决研究提供基础调查成果和参考依据。 相似文献
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巴曲冰湖溃决型泥石流紧邻川藏铁路某车站,可能对其建设及运营产生威胁。首先基于现场调查和遥感解译查明了巴曲泥石流的基本特征,采用规范公式计算了巴曲暴雨泥石流的动力学参数。然后采用无量纲堵塞指数（DBI）评价了巴曲沟内7个主要冰湖堰塞坝的稳定性。评价结果表明:巴曲1#冰湖堰塞坝的DBI值处于非稳定区,3#、4#和6#堰塞坝的DBI值处于非稳定区与稳定区之间,存在发生冰湖溃决的风险。最后,采用快速物质运动模拟软件（RAMMS）单相流数值方法,模拟分析了巴曲沟在4个极端场景下的冰湖溃决演进过程。模拟结果显示:巴曲冰湖溃决后的演进过程分为开始-汇流-冲出-停积四个阶段,共历时约4.5 h。在1#—4#及6#冰湖堰塞体全部溃决工况下,冰湖溃决泥石流在沟口的最大流速为5.92 m/s,最大深度为4.35 m,最大流量为1 954.42 m3/s,为暴雨型泥石流的5.1倍。除此之外,4个场景下冰湖溃决洪水的影响范围都经过拟建车站,泥石流最大深度分别为1.91,3.36,1.53,4.35 m。因此在车站设计时需采取排导槽或导流堤等工程措施进行防护治理。上述研究结果可为川藏铁路选线及青藏高原东部地区的冰湖溃决型泥石流防治提供参考。 相似文献
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冰湖溃决型泥石流是高原山区特殊的地质灾害,以西藏聂拉木县嘉龙湖为例,建立了一套冰湖溃决型泥石流危险性评价方法.以喜马拉雅山区1970—2015年气温波动频次和聂拉木冰湖溃决历史事件预测了未来10年嘉龙湖溃决的时间概率.利用遥感影像识别嘉龙湖上方不稳定冰体的范围和规模,采用美国土木工程师协会推荐公式和修正的三峡库区涌浪计算方法分析了冰川滑坡产生的涌浪规模,从涌浪波压力和越顶水流推力两方面预测了冰碛坝发生失稳的可能性.采用FLO-2D模拟冰湖溃决泥石流的运动过程,以最大流速和泥深表达了嘉龙湖溃决泥石流的危险程度.评价结果表明:2002年嘉龙湖溃决事件与当年气温偏高有关,未来嘉龙湖发生溃决概率高;冰川滑坡激起涌浪能够翻越坝顶,并引起坝体快速侵蚀而溃决;冰湖溃决泥石流对聂拉木县城河道两侧54栋建筑造成威胁.评价方法实现了冰湖溃决型泥石流危险性的定量分析,评价结果对聂拉木县城泥石流防灾具有现实意义. 相似文献
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以西藏朋曲流域达仓沟为研究对象,结合现场调查及遥感解译,总结了达仓沟流域的孕灾背景,再现了冰湖溃决泥石流特征,并在此基础上对该沟溃决泥石流发展趋势进行了分析。研究表明,流域现有冰川8条,冰湖11个,历史上至少爆发过3次大型冰湖溃决泥石流,其中最大的1956年冰湖溃决泥石流沟口峰值流量3 862 m~3/s,流速8. 06 m/s;目前流域内冰川呈现不断缩小的趋势,3处冰湖存在溃决风险,具备了形成泥石流的陡峻地形和丰富松散固体物质的充分条件,发生冰湖溃决泥石流可能性大。 相似文献
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藏东南冰湖溃决泥石流灾害及其发展趋势 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
冰湖溃决泥石流是高山冰湖溃决洪水引起的突发性泥石流,是一种自然灾害现象.西藏冰湖溃决泥石流集中分布于东南部的雅鲁藏布江、波曲及朋曲流域等.冰湖溃决泥石流常形成灾害链对藏东南社会、经济危害严重.分析了气温和降水对冰湖溃决和及其所形成的泥石流的影响,认为冰湖的溃决大部分是由于异常气候条件造成的,冷湿的气候有利于冰川的积累,当气候转为湿热和干热或气温突然升高0.6～1.2 ℃时最易引起冰湖溃决泥石流.通过对西藏地区气候变化的研究,对未来50 a藏东南冰湖溃决泥石流的发展趋势作了预测探讨.一般来讲,气温升高,冰川融水的增加有个临界点,当过了临界点后其冰川融水将会减少,冰湖溃决可能性减少,冰湖溃决泥石流也将减少.也就是说,未来西藏东南部冰湖溃决泥石流的发展趋势,将呈倒"U"字型.冰湖溃决泥石流的发生更多地依赖于突发性的降雨增多. 相似文献
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冰湖溃决泥石流是高山冰湖溃决洪水引起的突发性泥石流,是一种自然灾害现象,对藏东南社会、经济危害严重。文中根据实地调查及相关资料,分析了气温和降水对冰湖溃决和冰湖溃决泥石流的影响以及冰湖溃决泥石流年内和年际的形成规律,并认为冰湖的溃决往往是由于异常气候条件造成的,冷湿的气候环境有利于冰川的积累。当气候转为湿热或干热,特别是气候突变异常年代,最易引起冰湖溃决泥石流。受西藏气候变化的影响,未来40年藏东南冰湖溃决泥石流的发展趋势呈抛物线"∩"型。 相似文献
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气温对西藏冰湖溃决事件的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
西藏冰湖溃决是多因素引发的突发事件。由于溃决冰湖多位于高海拔、人烟稀少的地方,对于其独特的地貌因素、构造成分提取十分困难,所以作者仅研究气温这一易获取的重要因素对西藏冰湖溃决的影响。冰湖溃决与气候的波动变化有着密切联系,在全球平均地表温度持续上升的背景下,研究气温对于西藏冰湖溃决的影响,是十分重要的。考察了西藏的14次溃决事件,结合邻近12个溃决冰湖的9个气象站的年值气象资料和日值气象资料进行分析,发现冰湖溃决是年均温剧烈波动后区域响应的结果,波动越大,冰湖溃决发生的几率越大。还研究了溃决当年和溃决前一年的正积温值(T) 和积温增长速度（积温拟合曲线指数a),发现溃决事件发生当年的正积温值和积温增长速度普遍大于溃决的前一年。根据正积温值与积温拟合曲线指数,建立幂函数曲线公式来界定易溃决事件和不易溃决事件。根据上述分析,推荐选择长序列的正积温值与积温曲线指数,作为考量指标以研究西藏冰湖溃决事件。 相似文献
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冰湖溃决泥石流形成的临界条件 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
随着全球气候的变暖, 在世界上许多高山峡谷区的冰湖溃决及其溃决洪水引发的泥石流, 经常对下游居民及其他基础设施造成极为严重的危害. 使用水槽试验的方法, 从单宽流量和库容、沟道纵坡、堆积物粒径3个方面探讨了冰湖溃决泥石流形成的影响因素和临界条件. 结果显示: 冰湖溃决泥石流形成与否不仅与溃决洪水提供的能量有关, 还与参与泥石流活动的沟床物质特性紧密相关. 通过对试验数据的分析, 当泥石流形成的特征参数K>2.66时, 冰湖溃决洪水可以演化为泥石流. 该种方法可以对危险性冰湖的预测提供理论参考. 相似文献
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程功弼 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2005,16(2):19-23
我国西部地区经常发生洪水灾害。此为当地干旱区自然环境状况的特点。作者经过实地考察中天山地区与喀喇昆仑山地区，认为这是由于冰川阻塞湖引起的突发性洪水灾害，并且获得关于洪水的第一手资料。认为该洪水类型具有暴发突然、变化快、历时短暂、发生地受冰川环境影响大等特点。初步判定关于冰川阻塞湖突发性洪水的排水机制可能。通过对叶尔羌河、昆马力克河及四棵树河的详细研究，利用混沌及分形等数理方法，计算出相关特性定量指标。发现可预报洪水序列与阻塞湖库容量有正相关关系。结合整个西部地区的冰川分布进行整合分析．发现冰川阻塞湖引起突发性洪水的发生规律。结合分析阿尔泰山、祁连山及西藏地区地理环境特点，认为塔里木盆地周边地区是冰湖洪水的突发区。加强对冰川阻塞湖洪水的研究，希望对未来的西部大开发，尤其是基础设施建设和保护起到辅助指导作用。 相似文献
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Qinghua Feng 《GeoJournal》1991,25(2-3):255-263
Conclusions 1. The drainage of the Kyagar glacier dammed lake and the Tram Kangri glacier dammed lake at the upper Shaksgam is the main
reason for glacier outburst floods in the Yarkant river. The Kyagar glacier dammed lake is characterized by subglacial drainage,
while the Tram Kangri glacier dammed lake by mainly lateral drainage and, secondly, by subglacial drainage.
2. The drainage mechanism of the Tram Kangri ice dam determines the main characteristics of flood hydrography of the Kagun
station, while the Kyagar glacier dammed lake plays an important role in the formation of floods.
3. Glacier outburst floods in the Yarkant river are characterized mainly by high peak discharge, big rising rate, small total
volume and short duration. The floods happen mostly from late summer to early autumn. A period of 6 to 10 years in occurrence
of large scale glacier outburst floods exist. The periodicity depends mainly on large scale drainage in the Kyagar ice-dammed
lake.
4. Formation and dimensions of glacier dams at the upper Shaksgam were determined by long-term variations of the regional
climate, whereas the changes of storage capacity in the lake reflect cold and warm changes of alpine region.
Therefore, frequent glacier outburst floods indicate glacier advance and climatic variations. 相似文献
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亚洲高山区冰湖溃决洪水事件回顾 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
冰湖溃决洪水是由冰湖快速大量释水所导致的自然灾害。在全球变暖背景下,亟待建立完整的冰湖溃决洪水数据库,以进一步对冰湖进行危险性评估和风险管理。整理了亚洲高山区（青藏高原及周边地区）的冰湖溃决洪水资料,得出冰湖溃决洪水主要分布在天山山脉、喀喇昆仑山、喜马拉雅山脉、念青唐古拉山、横断山等区域。20世纪以来,亚洲高山区共计发生冰湖溃决洪水277起,其中冰碛湖溃决洪水113起,冰坝湖溃决洪水164起。导致冰碛湖溃决的诱因以冰-雪崩或冰川滑塌为主导,占50.1%,埋藏冰融化或管涌、强降水或上游来水、滑坡-岩崩以及地震占比分别为23.1%、18.5%、7.4%和0.9%。1980年以来,冰碛湖溃决洪水的发生频率呈较弱的增长趋势;但由于发生溃决的冰湖趋于小型化,其溃决水量与洪峰流量在喜马拉雅山脉、天山山脉等地区呈显著下降趋势。2010—2018年间喜马拉雅山脉中段发生8起冰湖溃决洪水事件,远高于天山山脉、喜马拉雅山脉东段和念青唐古拉山等地区,成为新的高发区,是未来重点关注的地区。在未来冰湖溃决洪水频率可能增加的状况下,相关国家和地区在应对冰川灾害、实现区域防灾减灾等方面需要加强沟通交流,共同建立跨区域协调的防灾体系。 相似文献
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世界范围内的冰碛湖溃决往往造成巨大经济损失和人员伤亡.通过分析不含死冰的冰碛坝溃决机理和相关影响因素,采用控制变量法,以喜马拉雅山区21个溃决冰碛湖及其周围未溃决冰碛湖为研究对象,采用6个无量纲影响因子可以合理评估喜马拉雅山区和加拿大哥伦比亚省西南地区以及美国西北部地区的冰湖溃决易发性,但喜马拉雅山区不同级别判别阈值较加拿大哥伦比亚省西南地区偏大.危险冰体坡度因子、危险冰体温度因子、冰川坡向因子、危险冰体与冰碛湖体积因子、危险冰体与冰湖的运动因子、冰碛坝坡度因子是影响不含死冰冰碛湖溃决的主要因子,由这些影响因子构成的冰碛湖溃决易发性定量评价方法,可以用于其他地区的冰碛湖溃决易发性评价. 相似文献
15.
Lasafam Iturrizaga 《GeoJournal》2005,62(3-4):1-47
At least six devastating glacial floods occurred in the Karambar valley in the 19th and 20th century. Previously mainly the
Karambar glacier was considered as the origin of these outburst floods. However, in this project more detailed investigations
revealed that up to eight more tributary glaciers could have dammed the Karambar valley in historical and prehistorical times.
The ice-dammed lakes reached an approximate length of up to about 5 km and more. The dense concentration of the glacier dams
along a horizontal distance of only 40 km results in a complex interfingering of lake basins and flooded valley sections.
In the individual flood events were probably involved almost synchronously the drainage of at least two lakes resulting in
a lake outburst cascade.
The Karambar case study highlights the characteristic geomorphological landforms of the glacier dams, their lake basins and
the geomorphological impact of the outburst floods. The abundant occurrence of unconsolidated sediments mantling the valley
flanks caused a high sediment load and enhanced the erosion potential of the flood. The erosion cliffs of sediment cones,
up to 100 m high, wash limits along the slopes and longitudinal bars in the gravel floors are main characteristics of the
flood landscape. Secondary temporary lake formations (back water ponding) during the flood events in consequence of blockages
of the ice- and sediment-loaden flood masses occurred at many locations in the narrower valley sections and lasted for several
days. Additionally, debris flows in-between the glacier dams have dammed temporarily the Karambar valley. On the basis of
losses of settlement area and eye-witness reports, the extent, erosion rates and characteristics of the 1905 flood event could
be reconstructed. In order to warn the villagers living downstream, the Karambar people established an early warning fire
system (Puberanch) from Sokther Rabot to Gilgit which was operated until 1905. The reconstructed Karambar flood chronology represents one of
the longest records for this region and provides also information on historical and recent glacier oscillations, especially
on exceptional glacier advances. At present, the Chateboi glacier seals the Karambar valley over a distance of 4 km. An outburst
flood would have disastrous impacts to the human infrastructure as the settlement areas expanded to the flood plains in the
last decades. 相似文献
16.
Historical glacier-dammed lakes and outburst floods in the Karambar valley (Hindukush-Karakoram) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lasafam Iturrizaga 《GeoJournal》2005,63(1-4):1-47
At least six devastating glacial floods occurred in the Karambar valley in the 19th and 20th century. Previously mainly the Karambar glacier was considered as the origin of these outburst floods. However, in this project more detailed investigations revealed that up to eight more tributary glaciers could have dammed the Karambar valley in historical and prehistorical times. The ice-dammed lakes reached an approximate length of up to about 5 km and more. The dense concentration of the glacier dams along a horizontal distance of only 40 km results in a complex interfingering of lake basins and flooded valley sections. In the individual flood events were probably involved almost synchronously the drainage of at least two lakes resulting in a lake outburst cascade. The Karambar case study highlights the characteristic geomorphological landforms of the glacier dams, their lake basins and the geomorphological impact of the outburst floods. The abundant occurrence of unconsolidated sediments mantling the valley flanks caused a high sediment load and enhanced the erosion potential of the flood. The erosion cliffs of sediment cones, up to 100 m high, wash limits along the slopes and longitudinal bars in the gravel floors are main characteristics of the flood landscape. Secondary temporary lake formations (back water ponding) during the flood events in consequence of blockages of the ice- and sediment-loaden flood masses occurred at many locations in the narrower valley sections and lasted for several days. Additionally, debris flows in-between the glacier dams have dammed temporarily the Karambar valley. On the basis of losses of settlement area and eye-witness reports, the extent, erosion rates and characteristics of the 1905 flood event could be reconstructed. In order to warn the villagers living downstream, the Karambar people established an early warning fire system (Puberanch) from Sokther Rabot to Gilgit which was operated until 1905. The reconstructed Karambar flood chronology represents one of the longest records for this region and provides also information on historical and recent glacier oscillations, especially on exceptional glacier advances. At present, the Chateboi glacier seals the Karambar valley over a distance of 4 km. An outburst flood would have disastrous impacts to the human infrastructure as the settlement areas expanded to the flood plains in the last decades. 相似文献
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末次冰期以来,气候变暖导致全球高山地区的冰川环境变化剧烈,冰碛湖稳定性降低导致溃决频率增加,成为中国、尼泊尔、俄罗斯、秘鲁等10多个国家和地区频繁发生的冰川灾害类型之一。冰碛湖溃决诱发形成的洪水和泥石流,由于规模巨大、成灾速度快和波及范围广等特点,造成下游地区的基础设施和生命财产遭受惨重损失。本文通过对国内外冰碛湖溃决事件、溃决诱因、溃决模式和溃决洪水特征4个方面研究现状和发展现状的梳理和分析,总结经验和思路,从而为冰碛湖溃决研究和评价提供借鉴和参考。 相似文献