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1.
冰湖溃决泥石流是高山冰湖溃决洪水引起的突发性泥石流,是一种自然灾害现象.西藏冰湖溃决泥石流集中分布于东南部的雅鲁藏布江、波曲及朋曲流域等.冰湖溃决泥石流常形成灾害链对藏东南社会、经济危害严重.分析了气温和降水对冰湖溃决和及其所形成的泥石流的影响,认为冰湖的溃决大部分是由于异常气候条件造成的,冷湿的气候有利于冰川的积累,当气候转为湿热和干热或气温突然升高0.6～1.2 ℃时最易引起冰湖溃决泥石流.通过对西藏地区气候变化的研究,对未来50 a藏东南冰湖溃决泥石流的发展趋势作了预测探讨.一般来讲,气温升高,冰川融水的增加有个临界点,当过了临界点后其冰川融水将会减少,冰湖溃决可能性减少,冰湖溃决泥石流也将减少.也就是说,未来西藏东南部冰湖溃决泥石流的发展趋势,将呈倒"U"字型.冰湖溃决泥石流的发生更多地依赖于突发性的降雨增多. 相似文献
2.
冰湖溃决洪水或泥石流（GLOF）是青藏高原主要灾害之一,其形成的灾害链对人民的生命财产安全造成了严重的威胁,其中冰崩导致的冰湖溃决是GLOF的主要灾害形式,但由于其发生位置偏远、间隔时间长、随机性强,导致实地观测资料缺乏,冰崩入湖形成的涌浪机理和过程仍不清晰,而涌浪的规模是GLOF造成下游灾害大小的最主要因素。为分析冰湖涌浪的产生、沿程传播过程和对冰碛坝的爬坡高度,以西藏聂拉木县嘉龙错为例,采用有限体积法,基于流体计算软件Fluent,模拟了嘉龙错补给冰川发生冰崩导致冰湖涌浪的过程。结果表明：数值模拟能较好地对涌浪的产生、规模、沿程传播和对岸爬坡过程进行再现,涌浪初始高度随着冰湖水深、冰体入湖速度和冰体厚度的增加而增大,涌浪高度增加趋势随着冰体入湖速度和冰湖水深的增加而增大,随着冰体厚度的增加而减小。 相似文献
3.
冰湖溃决洪水是由冰湖快速大量释水所导致的自然灾害。在全球变暖背景下,亟待建立完整的冰湖溃决洪水数据库,以进一步对冰湖进行危险性评估和风险管理。整理了亚洲高山区（青藏高原及周边地区）的冰湖溃决洪水资料,得出冰湖溃决洪水主要分布在天山山脉、喀喇昆仑山、喜马拉雅山脉、念青唐古拉山、横断山等区域。20世纪以来,亚洲高山区共计发生冰湖溃决洪水277起,其中冰碛湖溃决洪水113起,冰坝湖溃决洪水164起。导致冰碛湖溃决的诱因以冰-雪崩或冰川滑塌为主导,占50.1%,埋藏冰融化或管涌、强降水或上游来水、滑坡-岩崩以及地震占比分别为23.1%、18.5%、7.4%和0.9%。1980年以来,冰碛湖溃决洪水的发生频率呈较弱的增长趋势;但由于发生溃决的冰湖趋于小型化,其溃决水量与洪峰流量在喜马拉雅山脉、天山山脉等地区呈显著下降趋势。2010—2018年间喜马拉雅山脉中段发生8起冰湖溃决洪水事件,远高于天山山脉、喜马拉雅山脉东段和念青唐古拉山等地区,成为新的高发区,是未来重点关注的地区。在未来冰湖溃决洪水频率可能增加的状况下,相关国家和地区在应对冰川灾害、实现区域防灾减灾等方面需要加强沟通交流,共同建立跨区域协调的防灾体系。 相似文献
4.
西藏冰湖溃决是多因素引发的突发事件。由于溃决冰湖多位于高海拔、人烟稀少的地方,对于其独特的地貌因素、构造成分提取十分困难,所以作者仅研究气温这一易获取的重要因素对西藏冰湖溃决的影响。冰湖溃决与气候的波动变化有着密切联系,在全球平均地表温度持续上升的背景下,研究气温对于西藏冰湖溃决的影响,是十分重要的。考察了西藏的14次溃决事件,结合邻近12个溃决冰湖的9个气象站的年值气象资料和日值气象资料进行分析,发现冰湖溃决是年均温剧烈波动后区域响应的结果,波动越大,冰湖溃决发生的几率越大。还研究了溃决当年和溃决前一年的正积温值( T) 和积温增长速度（积温拟合曲线指数 a),发现溃决事件发生当年的正积温值和积温增长速度普遍大于溃决的前一年。根据正积温值与积温拟合曲线指数,建立幂函数曲线公式来界定易溃决事件和不易溃决事件。根据上述分析,推荐选择长序列的正积温值与积温曲线指数,作为考量指标以研究西藏冰湖溃决事件。 相似文献
5.
正在全球气候变暖背景下,青藏高原及周边地区的冰川整体处于快速退缩状态,导致冰川的不稳定性增加,冰川灾害的风险程度加剧,如冰崩、冰川跃动、冰湖溃决洪水和冰川泥石流等灾害事件频发(邬光剑等,2019)。据不完全统计,自20世纪以来,西藏冰湖溃决灾害呈增加趋势,已有33个冰湖前后发生37次溃决,主要分布于海洋性和大陆性冰川的过渡带,以及帕隆藏布流域的海洋性冰川地带,溃决机制也呈多样化发展(刘建康等,2019)。 相似文献
6.
冰湖溃决型泥石流是高原山区特殊的地质灾害，以西藏聂拉木县嘉龙湖为例，建立了一套冰湖溃决型泥石流危险性评价方法.以喜马拉雅山区1970—2015年气温波动频次和聂拉木冰湖溃决历史事件预测了未来10年嘉龙湖溃决的时间概率.利用遥感影像识别嘉龙湖上方不稳定冰体的范围和规模，采用美国土木工程师协会推荐公式和修正的三峡库区涌浪计算方法分析了冰川滑坡产生的涌浪规模，从涌浪波压力和越顶水流推力两方面预测了冰碛坝发生失稳的可能性.采用FLO-2D模拟冰湖溃决泥石流的运动过程，以最大流速和泥深表达了嘉龙湖溃决泥石流的危险程度.评价结果表明:2002年嘉龙湖溃决事件与当年气温偏高有关，未来嘉龙湖发生溃决概率高；冰川滑坡激起涌浪能够翻越坝顶，并引起坝体快速侵蚀而溃决；冰湖溃决泥石流对聂拉木县城河道两侧54栋建筑造成威胁.评价方法实现了冰湖溃决型泥石流危险性的定量分析，评价结果对聂拉木县城泥石流防灾具有现实意义. 相似文献
7.
本文分析了主要由冰滑坡和冰崩入湖导致的冰湖溃决的机理和条件.进而,从气候条件、水文条件、终碛堤、冰湖规模、冰滑坡、沟床特征和固体物质补给等方面分析了冰湖溃决泥石流的形成条件和特点,归纳出冰湖溃决泥石流沿程演化的6种模式:溃决洪水-稀性泥石流、溃决洪水-黏性泥石流、溃决洪水-稀性泥石流-黏性泥石流、溃决洪水-黏性泥石流-稀性泥石流、溃决洪水-稀性泥石流-黏性泥石流-稀性泥石流和溃决洪水-黏性泥石流-稀性泥石流-洪水.针对冰湖溃决泥石流突发性强、频度低、洪峰高、流量大、流量过程暴涨暴落、破坏力强和灾害波及范围广等特点,提出了7点减灾对策. 相似文献
8.
以西藏朋曲流域达仓沟为研究对象,结合现场调查及遥感解译,总结了达仓沟流域的孕灾背景,再现了冰湖溃决泥石流特征,并在此基础上对该沟溃决泥石流发展趋势进行了分析。研究表明,流域现有冰川8条,冰湖11个,历史上至少爆发过3次大型冰湖溃决泥石流,其中最大的1956年冰湖溃决泥石流沟口峰值流量3 862 m~3/s,流速8. 06 m/s;目前流域内冰川呈现不断缩小的趋势,3处冰湖存在溃决风险,具备了形成泥石流的陡峻地形和丰富松散固体物质的充分条件,发生冰湖溃决泥石流可能性大。 相似文献
9.
利用遥感卫片和航片资料查清了西藏年楚河上游冰川终碛湖的数量、大小和分布，并对其中最大的３个冰湖进行了分析，确认其中的白湖为一典型危险冰湖，只要有合适的气候条件就可能发生溃决。通过冰湖实地考察，验证了室内分析成果，补充收集计算所需的资料，采用美国天气局的ＢＲＥＡＣＨ模型和计算机程序，估算了白湖的溃决洪水。 相似文献
10.
西藏终碛湖众多,一旦发生溃决,将造成巨大损失。冰湖溃决机制的研究对冰湖溃决预测和溃后灾害评估是十分必要的。将冰湖终碛堤视为天然堆石坝,用水力学和土力学理论研究冰湖溃决的力学机制。重点研究溢流型溃决形式和管涌型溃决形式,根据野外观测数据和前人的研究,发现溢流型溃决的溃口多呈梯形或圆弧状形,对比真实数据发现溃口顶宽与坝高的关系,并且所有冰川终碛堤都表现为局部溃决。通过实地考察、取样分析,判断光谢措终碛堤的可能渗透破坏形式。 相似文献
11.
世界范围内的冰碛湖溃决往往造成巨大经济损失和人员伤亡.通过分析不含死冰的冰碛坝溃决机理和相关影响因素,采用控制变量法,以喜马拉雅山区21个溃决冰碛湖及其周围未溃决冰碛湖为研究对象,采用6个无量纲影响因子可以合理评估喜马拉雅山区和加拿大哥伦比亚省西南地区以及美国西北部地区的冰湖溃决易发性,但喜马拉雅山区不同级别判别阈值较加拿大哥伦比亚省西南地区偏大.危险冰体坡度因子、危险冰体温度因子、冰川坡向因子、危险冰体与冰碛湖体积因子、危险冰体与冰湖的运动因子、冰碛坝坡度因子是影响不含死冰冰碛湖溃决的主要因子,由这些影响因子构成的冰碛湖溃决易发性定量评价方法,可以用于其他地区的冰碛湖溃决易发性评价. 相似文献
12.
Glacial lakes represent a threat for the populations of the Andes and numerous disastrous glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) occurred as a result of sudden dam failures or dam overtoppings triggered by landslides such as rock/ice avalanches into the lake. This paper investigates a landslide-triggered GLOF process chain that occurred on February 23, 2020, in the Cordillera Vilcabamba in the Peruvian Andes. An initial slide at the SW slope of Nevado Salkantay evolved into a rock/ice avalanche. The frontal part of this avalanche impacted the moraine-dammed Lake Salkantaycocha, triggering a displacement wave which overtopped and surficially eroded the dam. Dam overtopping resulted in a far-reaching GLOF causing fatalities and people missing in the valley downstream. We analyze the situations before and after the event as well as the dynamics of the upper portion of the GLOF process chain, based on field investigations, remotely sensed data, meteorological data and a computer simulation with a two-phase flow model. Comparison of pre- and post-event field photographs helped us to estimate the initial landslide volume of 1–2 million m3. Meteorological data suggest rainfall and/or melting/thawing processes as possible causes of the landslide. The simulation reveals that the landslide into the lake created a displacement wave of 27 m height. The GLOF peak discharge at the dam reached almost 10,000 m3/s. However, due to the high freeboard, less than 10% of the lake volume drained, and the lake level increased by 10–15 m, since the volume of landslide material deposited in the lake (roughly 1.3 million m3) was much larger than the volume of released water (57,000 m3, according to the simulation). The model results show a good fit with the observations, including the travel time to the uppermost village. The findings of this study serve as a contribution to the understanding of landslide-triggered GLOFs in changing high-mountain regions. 相似文献
13.
冰湖溃决洪水（泥石流）是西藏自治区主要自然灾害之一. 2013年7月5日,西藏自治区嘉黎县忠玉乡发生“7.5”冰湖溃决洪水灾害事件,导致人员失踪,房屋被毁,桥梁、道路等基础设施遭到严重破坏,直接经济损失高达2.7亿元. 基于不同时间段地形图和遥感影像资料,利用地理信息技术,发现导致“7.5”洪灾的溃决冰湖为然则日阿错. 该冰湖溃决的直接诱因可能是雪崩和冰崩的共同作用,溃决前的强降水过程及气温的快速上升是其间接原因,而冰湖长期稳定的扩张导致水量聚集是其溃决并造成巨大灾害的基础. 然则日阿错溃决后形成2个冰湖,面积分别为0.25 km 2和0.01 km 2,再次发生溃决的概率极小. 这次溃决洪水和泥石流灾害事件阻塞了尼都藏布的罗琼沟及衣布沟,并形成2处面积分别为0.33 km 2和0.13 km 2堰塞湖,且存在溃决风险,在今后一段时间内应加强监测工作与排险工程实施. 相似文献
14.
全球气候变暖,青藏高原冰川普遍处于退缩趋势,由此引发的冰湖溃决洪水的灾害也随之增加.通过对2000/2001年度卫星遥感数据解译结果和1987年国际联合考察的朋曲流域冰湖溃决洪水结果的分析,研究了近20a来朋曲流域内冰湖的变化.结果显示,该流域中的冰湖数量有减少,但冰湖的面积却在增加,这是同期全球气候变暖的结果.在提供了冰湖编目数据的基础上,识别了有潜在危险的冰湖,为冰湖溃决洪水早期预警系统提供了科学依据. 相似文献
15.
Glacial hazards relate to hazards associated with glaciers and glacial lakes in high mountain areas and their impacts downstream. The climatic change/variability in recent decades has made considerable impacts on the glacier life cycle in the Himalayan region. As a result, many big glaciers melted, forming a large number of glacial lakes. Due to an increase in the rate at which ice and snow melted, the accumulation of water in these lakes started increasing. Sudden discharge of large volumes of water with debris from these lakes potentially causes glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in valleys downstream. Outbursts from glacier lakes have repeatedly caused the loss of human lives as well as severe damage to local infrastructure. Monitoring of the glacial lakes and extent of GLOF impact along the downstream can be made quickly and precisely using remote sensing technique. A number of hydroelectric projects in India are being planned in the Himalayan regions. It has become necessary for the project planners and designers to account for the GLOF also along with the design flood for deciding the spillway capacity of projects. The present study deals with the estimation of GLOF for a river basin located in the Garwhal Himalaya, India. IRS LISSIII data of the years 2004, 2006 and 2008 have been used for glacial lake mapping, and a total of 91 lakes have been found in the year 2008, and out of these, 45 lakes are having area more than 0.01?km 2. All the lakes have been investigated for vulnerability for potential bursting, and it was found that no lake is vulnerable from GLOF point of view. The area of biggest lake is 0.193, 0.199 and 0.203?km 2 in the years 2004, 2006 and 2008, respectively. Although no lake is potentially hazardous, GLOF study has been carried out for the biggest lake using MIKE 11 software. A flood of 100-year return period has been considered in addition to GLOF. The flood peak at catchment outlet comes out to be 993.74, 1,184.0 and 1,295.58 cumec due to GLOF; 3,274.74, 3,465.0 and 3,576.58 cumec due to GLOF; and 100-year return flood together considering breach width of 40, 60 and 80?m, respectively. 相似文献
16.
Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are among the most serious cryospheric hazards for mountain communities. Multiple studies have predicted the potential risks posed by rapidly expanding glacial lakes in the Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone of Nepal. People’s perceptions of such cryospheric hazards can influence their actions, beliefs, and responses to those hazards and associated risks. This study provides a systematic approach that combines household survey data with ethnography to analyze people’s perceptions of GLOF risks and the socioeconomic and cultural factors influencing their perceptions. A statistical logit model of household data showed a significant positive correlation between the perceptions of GLOF risks and livelihood sources, mainly tourism. Risk perceptions are also influenced by spatial proximity to glacial lakes and whether a village is in potential flood zones. The 2016 emergency remediation work implemented in the Imja Tsho (glacial lake) has served as a cognitive fix, especially in the low-lying settlements. Much of uncertainty and confusions related GLOF risks among locals can be attributed to a disconnect between how scientific information is communicated to the local communities and how government climate change policies have been limited to awareness campaigns and emergency remediation efforts. A sustainable partnership of scientists, policymakers, and local communities is urgently needed to build a science-driven, community-based initiative that focuses not just in addressing a single GLOF threat but develops on a comprehensive cryospheric risk management plan and considers opportunities and challenges of tourism in the local climate adaptation policies. 相似文献
17.
20世纪50-70年代核试验产生的 137Cs尘埃,在现代冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布存在明显差异.同理,大气宇宙射线成因的长半衰期 10Be尘埃,在第四纪冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布也应存在差异.第四纪冰川湖泊,冰期时流域内冰雪和 10Be的累积量大于消融量,间冰期时冰雪和 10Be的消融量大于累积量.因此,冰川湖泊冰期的 10Be入湖通量小于间冰期.湖泊沉积剖面 10Be浓度的波动,很可能表征流域内冰雪消融与累积的变化.非冰川湖泊,不存在冰川的累积与消融对 10Be入湖通量的影响.开展第四纪冰川与非冰川湖泊沉积 10Be含量变化的对比研究,有可能为破译中国东部中低山区古冰川和青藏高原大冰盖的世纪之争提供新的证据. 相似文献
18.
Sediment cores from lakes Kormovoye and Oshkoty in the glaciated region of the Pechora Lowland, northern Russia, reveal sediment gravity flow deposits overlain by lacustrine mud and gyttja. The sediments were deposited mainly during melting of buried glacier ice beneath the lakes. In Lake Kormovoye, differential melting of dead ice caused the lake bottom to subside at different places at different times, resulting in sedimentation and erosion occurring only some few metres apart and at shifting locations, as further melting caused inversion of the lake bottom. Basal radiocarbon dates from the two lakes, ranging between 13 and 9 ka, match with basal dates from other lakes in the Pechora Lowland as well as melting of ice‐wedges. This indicates that buried glacier ice has survived for ca. 80 000 years from the last glaciation of this area at 90 ka until about 13 ka when a warmer climate caused melting of permafrost and buried glacier ice, forming numerous lakes and a fresh‐looking glacial landscape. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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