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1.
P.A. Wood 《Geoforum》1974,5(3):19-27
British regional problems increasingly emphasize the need to understand the exploitation and movement of all factors of production between different parts of the country. This paper reviews evidence, from work sponsored by the National Institute of Economic and Social Research, on the significance for the standard regions of capital investment, interregional capital flows and regional investment multipliers. A high level of economic interdependence allows the effects of investment to become widely spread throughout the British space economy. This limits the power of capital expenditure to lead growth in the region where it takes place. Studies of the spatial implications of capital investment should therefore form part of more general appraisals of factor supply and demand changes and their effects on the decisions of different investing agencies (including government). Two distinctive themes for the geographical study of capital investment are suggested: the examination of relationships between investment projects by different agencies at appropriate sub-regional scales; and the ways in which established patterns of physical capital stock may influence the expenditure of new, mobile funds. 相似文献
2.
Martin Coulson 《GeoJournal》1995,36(4):371-382
Greater access to information after the Post-Cold War period gives researchers new opportunities to study the environmental, economic and social impacts of military defence. Changing political and economic circumstances are influencing the distribution of military facilities and defence industries in developed countries. The paper illustrates these developments and looks at the contribution to change made by pressure groups end at examples from the UK defence sector. Defence forces are reacting to criticism about negative impacts through a variety of measures including environmental training, site remediation and the use of simulation technology. A framework for further research is presented and many references cited. 相似文献
3.
This paper examines the distribution characteristics of urban settlements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through major dimensions such as settlement regularly, degree of primacy and polarisation at the national and geographic regional levels. The paper points out that the settlement pattern at the national level has transformed from a primate distribution during the pre-plan period (< 1970) to an intermediary distribution during the period of development planning (1970 >). At the geographical regional level the settlement distribution, however, has shown diverse pattern. While the regional settlement distribution of Western and Eastern Region have shown trends of increasing polarisation, settlements in the Northern and Southern Regions are more log-normal in character. This is explained by the increasing growth of small and intermediary towns in the Northern and Southern Regions. The paper concludes that the national trend of decreasing urban primacy, induced by the decentralised national development strategies, is less pronounced due to the absence of a balanced regional investment policy. Since the government expenditure and settlement population growth rates are not related, slow growing primate cities continue to receive a larger share of public expenditure, enabling them to retain their primacy. This calls for a balanced regional investment policy to fully realise the national strategy of regional balance and multi-polar settlement pattern. 相似文献
4.
Joseph Uyanga 《GeoJournal》1981,5(4):331-337
The paper examines some measures of child nutrition status and factors influencing it in two contrasting regional economies. Feeding and weaning habits, average monthly expenditure on food, and some anthropometric measures by age of children are assessed. Regression of nutrient intake with some key regional variables is made. Measurable factors of child nutrition vary between areas, demonstrating some environmental and spatio-economic relationships. 相似文献
5.
Derek R. Diamond 《Geoforum》1979,10(3):275-282
Failure to fully understand or recognise crucial but culturally-determined British dimensions has led to confusion and error even among the British geographers in understanding and contributing to, urban and regional planning. This point assumes more rather than less significance in the context of a discussion between British and Soviet geographers. This paper therefore examines in part one, three fundamental features of the British system of urban and regional planning and then proceeds in part two to focus on the aims and their implementation. It concludes with a reference to the nature of the relationship between planning and geography. 相似文献
6.
区域土地利用变化驱动力研究前景展望 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
区域土地利用变化驱动力研究旨在从典型区域角度揭示土地利用变化背后的真正动因及其作用机理,进而动态模拟、预测区域土地利用变化过程。土地利用系统的自组织性及其内驱动因子作用的复杂性,决定了其研究必须与某一特定区域相联系,以便确定合适的可定量指标来体现外生驱动因子的驱动效果。系统地识别土地利用系统在不同控制状态下的驱动因子及其多种时空尺度效应,建立具有综合模拟的区域土地利用变化动态模型,能减少土地利用系统通常受临界值域和突变所左右的局面。区域土地利用变化驱动因子识别、区域土地利用变化驱动机制分析、区域土地利用变化驱动过程模拟等的研究现状表明,为更好地理解区域土地利用变化的机制和原因,测度现有及未来土地利用变化的速率、过程和地点,支持政府相关决策的制定与实施,促使区域土地利用变化向有利于人类的方向发展,区域土地利用变化驱动力分析应优先考虑以下研究领域：①驱动力因子识别及其作用效应的尺度依赖性;②驱动力因子的贡献量化及其在具体区域的非均一分布;③驱动力因子作用过程的自然反馈机制模型化。
[HT5H]关〓键〓词：[HT5K] 相似文献
7.
The spatial dynamics and structural changes in population growth in South Australia between 1961 and 1971 are investigated using a model developed by PARIS (1970). The derived components are cross-matched with rates of natural increase, migration and levels of regional development. The observed relationships are interpreted as effects of differential regional development acting as a field of forces to distort even population distribution. The approach is deemed suitable for estimating regional population in regard to economic potential. 相似文献
8.
C. M. Rogerson Dr. 《GeoJournal》1996,39(1):3-12
The aim is to examine issues of defence economic restructuring and conversion in South Africa. Under the new government, overall restructuring of the South African defence sector is occuring. With diminished defence expenditure, the military industry is encouraged to convert production capability to non-military products. The geographical implications of defence economic restructuring and conversion in South Africa are analysed in the context of international experience and debates. The Gauteng region emerges as the national gunbelt of South Africa and contains an incipient military industrial district. In this particular region, the question of defence conversion is critically important for local policy makers and should be linked to new local economic development initiatives. 相似文献
9.
《Geoforum》2015
This paper focuses on the ‘zoogeographic region’ and the ‘zoogeographical boundary-line’ as key biogeographical constructs of empire. More specifically, it investigates how army and navy officers stationed at Halifax and Bermuda on the North America and West Indies Station helped to create an imperial, militarized ‘New World’ region in the North Atlantic through zoogeography in the British post-emancipation era. The tracing of the boundary-line between the temperate (Nearctic) and tropical (Neotropical) North Atlantic involved designating Bermuda and Halifax as strategic winter and summer ‘homes’ on the Station, and highlighting the ‘natural’ connections between the two sites through mobile fauna, ocean currents, and weather systems. Making visible the geographic distribution of migratory animals, the Gulf Stream, and hurricanes – through maps, natural collections, sketches, and travel-writing – provided new ways of seeing and thinking about British imperial defence in the North Atlantic. This paper also considers the role of non-human mobilities in animating these regions. 相似文献
10.
《Geoforum》1988,19(4):401-410
This paper examines trends in British emigration using the results of the International Passenger Survey. Settlement emigration has declined in importance while in the early 1980s temporary skilled labour transfers have become dominant. Two parallel mechanisms are proposed to explain the regional patterns of skilled emigration, with particular emphasis being given to the role of international recruitment agencies in controlling which skills are sought in certain regional labour markets. 相似文献
11.
Keith Hartley 《GeoJournal》1995,37(2):277-282
Abtract The environmental impacts of defence is a neglected and under-researched area for economists. This article presents a conceptual approach outlining some of the economic issues involved in the environmental impacts of defence spending and the activities of the armed forces. It reviews the economics and politics of externalities and then considers beneficial and harmful externalities and concludes by identifying some of the environmental costs of disarmanent. 相似文献
12.
C.L. Carmichael 《Geoforum》1978,9(2):127-148
This paper, written from a British perspective, presents a case for more local, as opposed to regional, economic research and argues for the central importance of the local labour market. Such research should direct its attention to the employment decision making of employers and employees. Alternative definitions of the local labour market are discussed, favouring that of M.W. Smart as the most appropriate. The importance of corporate spatial structure, and the labour force adjustment methods available to individual firms faced with declining product demand are discussed. Finally, a possible approach to local labour market analysis is outlined, based on the use of company personnel records. 相似文献
13.
The regional hydrogeodeformatics, the new discipline dealing with regional deformation processes and based on hydrogeodeformation (HGD) monitoring methodology, was introduced in Russia in the early 1980s. During the last 30 years, the theoretical principles and HGD methodology were further developed and modified in Russia and some other countries. The HGD field is a combination of short-lived 3D deformation structures which are formed within the lithosphere and have a lifetime ranging from several days to several months. Monitoring of the HGD field within the study area provides a comprehensive picture of deformation changes and transformations occurring in real time. Some important HGD field features and parameters were described and discussed. A combined analysis of these parameters and seismic information was applied to the southwestern part of British Columbia (Canada). The results indicated that British Columbia was the area highly sensitive to global deformations and, as such, should be included in the international HGD monitoring network. Prior to establishing such a network, the existing provincial groundwater monitoring network in British Columbia could be utilized for HGD monitoring and predicting strong earthquakes in the province and the neighboring areas. 相似文献
14.
Extreme sea-level events (e.g. caused by storm surges) can cause coastal flooding, and considerable disruption and damage. To understand the impacts or hazards expected by different sea levels, waves and defence failures, it is useful to monitor and analyse coastal flood events, including generating numerical simulations of floodplain inundation. Ideally, any such modelling should be calibrated and validated using information recorded during real events, which can also add plausibility to synthetic flood event simulations. However, such data are rarely compiled for coastal floods. This paper demonstrates the capture of such a flood event dataset, and its integration with defence and floodplain modelling to reconstruct, archive and better understand the regional impacts of the event. The case-study event comprised a significant storm surge, high tide and waves in the English Channel on 10 March 2008, which resulted in flooding in at least 37 distinct areas across the Solent, UK (mainly due to overflow and outflanking of defences). The land area flooded may have exceeded 7 km2, with the breaching of a shingle barrier at Selsey contributing to up to 90 % of this area. Whilst sea floods are common in the Solent, this is the first regional dataset on flood extent. The compilation of data for the validation of coastal inundation modelling is discussed, and the implications for the analysis of future coastal flooding threats to population, business and infrastructure in the region. 相似文献
15.
This paper presents an analytical solution for the prediction of internal forces and displacements of a jointed segmental precast circular tunnel lining. The effects of joint stiffness on the performance of the tunnel lining are discussed. The ‘force method’ is used to determine the internal forces and displacements of jointed tunnel lining. Five shield‐driven tunnel cases are adopted to study the effects of joint stiffness, soil resistance, joint distribution and joint number on the internal forces and displacements of circular tunnels. Laboratory model tests are conducted to verify the proposed analytical solution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Summary
Rock restraining net is a device engineered to stop large rockfalls. The system consists of a net vertically supported by
steel posts with “energy dissipators” able to dissipate high kinetic energy by large displacements. These fences have been
usually placed to protect against rockfalls in mountainous areas but few tests have been developed correctly to define the
behaviour of these structures. In this paper full scale tests on passive defence against rock falls are presented. The tests
have been carried out in a field test site especially designed and built. The test site has been provided of camera apparatus
able to monitor the impact of the block against the fence. The impact energy and the consequent forces and displacements of
the fence are studied. The tests have been carried out on many different fence types and have allowed the definition of a
well-established design procedure. 相似文献
17.
This paper presents a review of AMS radiocarbon dating evidence for human occupation of Britain during the Late‐glacial Interstadial. The dates are all on humanly modified materials, including artefacts, and on human bone. The CalPal program is used to test whether the earliest evidence of human presence shows any correlation with more widespread climatic events, and if the British chronology differs significantly from that of neighbouring regions of northwest Europe. In the second part of the paper a number of well‐dated sites with British Late Upper Palaeolithic ‘Creswellian’ technology are examined and compared with lithic assemblages from The Netherlands and Belgium. The main conclusions of this work are that expansion of human populations into the northern edge of the upland zone just before or at the beginning of GI‐1 was followed by repopulation of the British Isles possibly with very little time‐lag. The British Creswellian sites offer evidence of this earliest resettlement, which is mainly focused on the upland margins of western and central Britain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
P. STONE P. M. GREEN B. C. LINTERN J. A. PLANT P. R. SIMPSON N. BREWARD 《Geology Today》1991,7(5):177-181
An understanding of the Ordovician—Silurian development of the Southern Uplands accretionary thrust belt is an essential precursor to reconstructing the British sector of the Appalachian—Caledonian orogen. The British Geological Survey (BGS) has now extended its regional geochemical database to cover this controversial area. Integration of the new geochemical data with results from the current geological resurvey allows fresh insights into the provenance patterns of the Southern Uplands' greywacke sequences and constrains the extrapolation of geological boundaries. 相似文献
19.
There is a large database of triaxial stress measurements at the El Teniente Mine, Central Chile, but the complex geology, severe topography, and proximity of all measurements to extensive mining excavations made interpretation of the stress field difficult. The measurements were analyzed using three-dimensional numerical stress analysis and decomposition of the stress field into gravitational and tectonic components. By removing gravitational stresses plus local effects from the tectonic component of the stress field a calculation of the far-field tectonic stress tensor is made. It is shown that variations in the tectonic component of stress are related to shear zones cutting through the mine. The far-field major principal component of the tectonic stress field was found to be oriented approximately N–S. This is consistent with the most recent direction of local shortening based on kinematic analysis of faults, but is perpendicular to the direction of regional crustal shortening. There appears to be a limiting envelope to the magnitude of the stress field implying that the shear zones are in a state of limiting equilibrium with regional tectonic driving forces. 相似文献