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1.
A combined analysis of microphysical thunderstorm properties derived by C-band polarimetric Doppler radar measurements and lightning observations from two ground-based systems are presented. Three types of storms, a multicell, a supercell, and a squall line, that were observed during the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides project (EULINOX) are investigated. Correlations are sought between the mass of rain, graupel, hail, and snow derived form radar observations at different height levels and the electrical activity, represented either by cloud-to-ground or intracloud flashes. These relationships are explained by connecting the radar-derived properties with the non-inductive charging process. For the multicell and the supercell storm, the lightning activity can be linearly correlated to both the hydrometeor total mass and class specific mass in the upper part of the storm. It is shown that the fractions of graupel and hail above the −20 °C-level in these storms positively correlate with the intracloud flash activity in the supercell, and negatively for the cloud-to-ground lightning frequency in the multicell. No such relation can be established for the squall line, indicating that the convective organization plays a crucial role in the lightning development. The analysis of the masses in the different storms shows that lightning activity cannot be parameterized by total mass alone, other parameters have to be identified. The results provide important information for all lightning studies that rely on bulk properties of thunderstorms, e.g., the parameterization of lightning in mesoscale models or the nowcasting of lightning by radar. 相似文献
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Electrical characteristics of an isolated supercell storm observed on 13 June 2014 over Beijing were investigated using lightning data obtained from the Beijing Lightning Network, radar reflectivity, and hydrometeor retrievals during the 6-h lifetime. Positive cloud-to-ground(+CG) lightning took a high percentage of CG lightning. Before and during a hail event,+CG lightning was more frequent than negative cloud-to-ground(-CG) lightning, except that +CG lightning took a high percentage at the beginning and in the dissipating stage. After the hail event ended,-CG lightning dominated and reached its maximum value. An analysis of hydrometeors retrieved by X-band polarimetric radar revealed that the discharge concentrated in the convective region with graupel particles and hailstones, whereas graupel, snow and ice crystals in the stratiform region. Lightning radiation sources were located mainly in the convective region, some of which were distributed along a gradient of radar reflectivity from the convective region to the stratiform region. The indication is that the supercell demonstrated an inverted tripole charge structure before the hail event, which converted to a normal tripole structure after the hail event. 相似文献
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The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The characteristics of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning for ten hailstorms in Shandong Province of China were analyzed statistically. It is found that the hailstorms in this study present dominant positive CG flashes during periods of falling hail. One specific hailstorm on 16 June 2006 was studied in detail using the data from a CG lightning location network, Doppler radar and cloud images. Comparison between the brightness temperature of cloud-top and CG flash locations indicated that most flashes occurred in the region with temperatures lower than − 40 °C, while dense positive CG flashes occurred in the range between − 40 °C and − 50 °C. Negative CG flashes occurred mostly in the relative weak radar echo region, and positive CG flashes were distributed in the strong echo region especially with a large gradient of echo intensity. CG flashes tended to occur in the cloud region with reflectivity between 25 dBZ and 35 dBZ. Comparison between the wind field retrieved from Doppler radar and the location of CG flashes indicated that the flashes were located in the convergent region at lower to middle levels. 相似文献
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X波段双线性偏振雷达电磁波衰减对冰雹识别的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用X波段双线性偏振雷达2009年4-10月降雨的ZH-ZDR统计分布,得到基于ZH-ZDR分布的冰雹识别参量(HDR)表达式。雷达发射的电磁波经过雨区导致的衰减会使HDR识别冰雹不准确,需要进行衰减订正。文中利用差分相移(DP)订正了HDR表达式中经过雨区衰减的反射率(ZH)和差分反射率(ZDR)。个例分析表明,经雨区衰减订正后X波段双线性偏振雷达回波与北京南郊观象台CIN-RAD/SA多普勒天气雷达回波具有较高的一致性,在零度层之下,HDR>0的区域能有效地反映出地面降雹情况;在零度层之上,HDR>0的区域可能是冰雹或湿霰,订正后HDR判别冰雹的虚警率有可能提高。 相似文献
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A multiparameter radar case study of the microphysical and kinematic evolution of a lightning producing storm 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Summary We examine the co-evolving microphysical, kinematic, and electrical characteristics of a multi-cell thunderstorm observed on 21 May 1993 along the Front Range of Colorado using data collected with the 11 cm, multiparameter, CSU-CHILL Doppler radar. The measured polarimetric variables provide information on the size, shape, orientation, and thermodynamic phase of hydrometeors. Recent modeling and observational advances in weather radar polarimetry now permit the inference of bulk-hydrometeor types and mixing ratios, and the measurement of precipitation rate in mixed-phase (i.e., hail and rain) environments. We have employed these and other radar techniques, such as dual-Doppler analyses, to investigate the correlation between the convective life cycle of a multi-cell storm and the evolution of lightning type and flash rate.The observations suggest a strong correlation between the radar-inferred graupel volume suspended in a vigorous updraft in upper-portions of the storm and the in-cloud (IC) lightning flash rate. Our analyses reveal that maxima in the hail rate are related to peaks in the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash rate. Both correlation's are consistent with the non-inductive charging mechanism which relies on collisions between graupel/hail particles and ice crystals in the presence of supercooled water. Peaks in storm outflow are shown to either lag or to coincide with maxima in both the CG flash rate and hail rate. The amount and vertical location of ice in this storm was also related to the strength and polarity of the electric field through observations of a Field Excursion Associated With Precipitation (FEAWP) and a subsequent microburst. We demonstrate that the FEAWP was coincident with the descent of graupel and small hail below the charge reversal level as explained by the non-inductive charging mechanism, and that the further descent of graupel and small hail below the melting level aided in the generation of a microburst near the surface. Using observations of the FEAWP, we present some comparative speculation on the microphysics of the associated lower positive charge center and the applicability of various laboratory charging studies.With 14 Figures 相似文献
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天山北坡中部一次强对流风暴的雷达回波特征分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用Doppler雷达产品、结合常规观测资料,对2008年7月25日发生在石河子垦区中部、南部强对流天气的雷达回波特征进行了详细分析。结果表明:石河子垦区2008年7月25日强对流风暴发生在西伯利亚至巴尔喀什湖冷槽东南象限的对流不稳定层结中,近低层至地面有中尺度辐合切变线。该强风暴呈现出超级单体螺旋状回波,相应的径向速度图上出现中气旋和中尺度辐合带;冰雹的强回波中心强度达65dBz,60dBz回波顶高达5km、65dBz回波顶高达3km,垂直累积液态含水量由10kg.m-2跃增到75 kg.m-2,暴雨的强回波中心强度为55dBz,55dBz顶高达3.5km,垂直累积液态含水量由15kg.m-2增加到55 kg.m-2;Doppler雷达产品特征对冰雹、暴雨等强对流天气监测预警具有重要的指示意义。 相似文献
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A model for retrieval of dual linear polarization radar fields from model simulation outputs 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
An algorithm for retrieving polarimetric variables from numerical model fields is developed. By using this technique, radar reflectivity at horizontal polarization~ differential reflectivity, specific differential phase shift and correlation coefficients between the horizontal and vertical polarization signals at zero lag can be derived from rain, snow and hail contents of numerical model outputs. Effects of environmental temperature and the melting process on polarimetric variables are considered in the algorithm. The algorithm is applied to the Advanced Regional Prediction System （ARPS） model simulation results for a hail storm. The spatial distributions of the derived parameters are reasonable when compared with observational knowledge. This work provides a forward model for assimilation of dual linear polarization radar data into a mesoscale model. 相似文献
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X 波段双极化雷达对云中水凝物粒子的相态识别 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
人工影响天气研究需对云中降水粒子的相态和分布结构进行准确识别,以便提高人工影响天气作业效率.中国科学院大气物理研究所的车载X波段双极化雷达可提供与云中降水粒子大小、形状、相态等特征密切相关的4个极化参数:反射率因子、差分反射率、差分相移率、水平和垂直极化相关系数.利用这4个极化参数加上环境温度作为5个输入参量,建立了降水粒子相态模糊逻辑识别算法,识别的降水粒子有10种:毛毛雨、雨、湿霰、干霰、小雹、大雹、雨加雹、湿雪、干雪、冰晶.利用此雷达的实际观测资料,并与地面和飞机空中实测资料对照,对我国南、北方地区观测的降水天气过程进行分析,结果表明:建立的模糊逻辑算法对云内水凝物粒子的相态识别分类合理. 相似文献
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基于2014—2015年5—9月西藏那曲地区多普勒天气雷达数据,结合地闪观测数据,识别雷暴单体样本,统计分析了地闪位置附近的雷达回波分布特征,并研究了高原雷暴的雷达参量与地闪频次的相关关系。结果表明:那曲地区地闪发生位置附近的雷达最大反射率因子呈正态分布,峰值分布区间集中于34~41 dBZ。发生地闪位置附近的20 dBZ回波顶主要集中于11~15 km高度,30 dBZ回波顶高分布的峰值区间则为8.5~12 km。分析表明:表征局地雷暴对流发展强度的雷达参量与地闪频次之间一对一的相关关系较差,但相关性随地闪频次增加而增强。基于雷达参量分段统计得到的对应分段平均地闪频次与雷达参量之间表现出较强相关关系,体现了宏观上闪电活动强度与雷暴发展强度之间的正向关系。其中,基于原始数值进行区间划分的强回波（组合反射率因子不小于30 dBZ）面积与平均地闪频次的线性相关系数达0.75,基于对数数值区间划分的7~11 km累积可降冰含量的对数值和地闪频次的线性相关系数达0.95。文中对比了多个雷达参量和地闪频次线性拟合与幂函数拟合结果,整体上幂函数拟合略好于线性拟合。 相似文献
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Study of the total lightning activity in a hailstorm 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Joan Montany Serge Soula Nicolau Pineda Oscar van der Velde Pere Clapers Glria Sol Joan Bech D. Romero 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):430-437
A thunderstorm that developed over northeastern Spain on 16 June 2006 is analyzed. This severe thunderstorm produced hailstones as large as 40 mm and had a lifetime of 3 h and 30 min. Radar cross-sections show strong vertical development with cloud echo tops reaching an altitude of 13 km. The specific characteristics of the lightning activity of this storm were: (i) a large amount (81%) of negative cloud-to-ground (−CG) flashes with very low peak currents (< 10 kA in absolute value), (ii) a very large proportion of intra-cloud (IC) flashes with an IC/CG ratio reaching about 400, (iii) a large number of “short” IC flashes (with only 1-VHF source according to SAFIR detection), (iv) a large increase of the −CG flash rate and of the CG proportion near the end of the storm. The rate of −CG flashes with a low peak current were observed to evolve similarly to the rates of IC flashes. Most of them have been assumed to be IC flashes misclassified by the Spanish Lightning Detection Network (SLDN). They have been filtered as it is usually done for misclassified +CG flashes. After this filtering, CG flash rates remained very low (< 1 min− 1) with +CG flashes sometimes dominant. All the particular lightning activity characteristics similar to those observed in the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) campaigns support the hypothesis that this thunderstorm could have had an inverted-polarity or complex charge structure. The maximum IC flash rate (67 min− 1) peaked 24 min before the presence of reflectivity higher than 60 dBZ. The IC activity abruptly decreased during the period when reflectivity was dramatically increasing. The time of maximum reflectivity observed by radar was consistent with the times of reported hail at the ground. 相似文献
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利用济南S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料、章丘探空和地面常规气象观测资料及灾情调查,对2021年7月9日发生在济南章丘的一次特大冰雹超级单体风暴双偏振和微物理结构特征进行了分析。结果表明:冷涡天气背景下,强的垂直风切变和强的对流有效位能,利于超级单体的形成与维持。阵风锋是风暴触发机制,也是风暴长时间维持机制。初始风暴由阵风锋触发,经过合并发展产生超级单体。成熟阶段,风暴西侧与阵风锋交汇区域不断激发新生单体,并与主体合并,风暴长时间维持。风暴顶强辐散是中气旋长时间维持和风暴顶高度较高的关键因子之一。特大冰雹阶段风暴底层右后有明显的入流缺口,其前侧有差分反射率(ZDR)弧,表现为少量大的液态粒子或小的湿冰粒子,入流缺口左侧强反射率因子区对应小的ZDR和小的相关系数,为冰雹降落区。垂直结构上,强上升气流区一侧存在深厚的有界弱回波区,0℃层高度之下分布有ZDR环,有界弱回波区内及上方存在ZDR柱,且高度较高,含有少许偏大的液态或融化的小的冰相粒子。较高的ZDR柱表明风暴内上升气流强盛且高... 相似文献
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The exact quantitative estimation of hailstorm precipitation intensity, allowing determining successfully the crop hail damage, is extremely necessary while carrying out of programs of experimental researches of the hail clouds as well as at realization of operative projects on hail suppression. On the other hand, the possibility of obtaining a trustworthy information about changes of hailfall intensity during cloud seeding operations enables to judge more objectively about seeding effect and to make a decision about its beginning and termination. Just because of such a parameter, the kinetic energy of hailfalls presents a great interest for the researchers. As it is known, measuring the kinetic energy of hailfalls is carried out both directly by ground network of hailpads, and by radar methods. The accuracy of the radar methods of the hail kinetic energy measurement strongly depends not only on the choice of an optimum formula for calculation but also on the algorithm used for separating hail and rain parts of radar echo and on the way it was used in the hail–rain mixture zone of precipitation.The method of calculating the kinetic energy of the hailfalls, based on empirical dependence of hail probability Ph on a height of a zone of a radar echo with a reflectivity of 45 dBZ above a level of zero isotherm ΔH45, is offered in the given work. The algorithm of separating hail and rain parts of a radar echo and the way it was applied in a hail–rain mixture zone is described. The examples of hail streaks in contours of radar reflectivity and in isopleths of hail kinetic energy obtained using the given algorithm are shown.In Mendoza province (Argentina), a hail suppression project (1993–1997) for the analysis of the vertical structure of a radar echo with Zmax > 45 dBZ, such new parameter is an integral altitude, was used. This dimensionless parameter is most sensitive to such a condition of radar echo when all four contours of increased reflectivity Z45, Z55, Z65, and Z75 synchronously reach the maximal values. The analysis of time distributions of the main radar parameters of hailstorms on a background of values of integral altitude is resulted. It is shown that local hailfall maximum intensities on the ground are observed after the achievement of maximum integral altitude with a certain delay. It enables to predict zones of the greatest hail damage in a mode of radar observation. 相似文献
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针对2020年4月12日发生在江苏苏州的一次大范围雷暴大风、局部伴有冰雹的强对流天气过程,基于常州S波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达、湖州和青浦的单偏振雷达以及再分析资料,详细分析了此次过程的天气背景,不稳定机制、抬升条件和雷达回波及双偏振雷达参量演变特征,并结合双雷达风场反演技术分析超级单体的动力结构及云物理机制。结果表明此次过程发生在高空冷涡南掉、横槽南摆,上下层强烈不稳定的环流背景下,地面有辐合线提供了触发条件。苏南地面附近至600 hPa为θse随高度减小的对流不稳定层和0~6 km强烈的垂直风向切变分别为此次过程提供强热力和动力不稳定条件。此次降雹天气过程,雷达回波强度超过50 dBZ,有明显的三体散射、气旋式辐合、高层回波悬垂和强风暴顶辐散等特征;但是VIL和ET都很小,呈现非典型冰雹特征。双线偏振雷达各偏振参量(差分反射率ZDR、差分相移率KDP和相关系数CC)也都反映出冰雹云的典型特征:在ZH大、ZDR小、CC小的区域出现冰雹,ZDR值通常为-1.0~0.2 dB,CC值普遍小于0.85。上述双偏振参量特征在强对流短时临近预报和冰雹识别方面具有很强的应用潜力。利用双雷达风场反演技术对降雹时段研究,发现1~5 km各层高度的风垂直切变、辐合的存在,有利于超级单体的发展和加强。双雷达能较好地反演雷暴大风的三维风场精细结构,有助于加深对冰雹云结构的认识进而提高冰雹等强对流天气的预报预警能力。 相似文献
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利用中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地(CMA_FEBLS)三维闪电观测数据,结合广州双偏振雷达观测数据,分析了2017年5月7日广东一次暖云强降水对流单体的闪电活动及其与云降水结构的关系。该单体在4 h内产生1250个闪电,地闪比例约24%。绝大多数闪电出现在4~12 km高度,对应温度层为0℃至-40℃;闪电放电活动的峰值高度出现在8.5 km,对应环境温度约-19℃。分析的强降水单体宏观上呈现上正、中负、下正的三极性电荷结构,中部负电荷核心区约为-8℃至-15℃。在闪电活动区域中,由干雪粒子主导区域占比约82%,霰粒子主导区域占比约11%,且大部分与闪电活动关联的霰粒子主要位于4~8 km高度。总闪频数与30 dBZ雷达回波顶高、-20℃温度层上大于20 dBZ的回波体积具有较好的相关性。闪电活动的平均位置高度与20 dBZ雷达回波顶高和-20℃温度层上大于30 dBZ的回波体积具有较好的相关关系。闪电活动与最大降水强度之间具有较好的时序对应关系,单个闪电表征降水量的值为107 kg/fl量级。 相似文献
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新疆天山北坡中部一次冰雹天气成因分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、自动站资料和石河子CINRAD／CC多普勒天气雷达观测资料,对2010年7月11日发生在新疆天山北坡中部的一次强对流天气进行了综合分析。结果表明：这次冰雹天气发生在巴尔喀什湖低涡的环流背景形势下,较好的水汽条件、对流不稳定条件、0oC层和-20℃层的适宜高度以及较强的垂直风切变促使冰雹等强对流天气过程发生发展,同时山区和平原交界处的地形和热力不稳定作用对对流风暴的触发和发展成为冰雹云有着重要的作用。通过对多普勒雷达PUP产品的分析得出：这次强对流天气在组合反射率因子（CR）图出现了中心强度为63dBZ强对流单体和大面积〉50dBZ的强回波区;在反射率因子剖面（RCS）上表现为60dBZ强回波区的高度已达到5km,50dBZ强回波区的高度达到7．3km,整个回波顶高度达到12km的强回波墙,十分有利于冰雹的形成;在冰雹发生前期,平均径向速度图上出现了中气旋,促使对流风暴单体加强和维持;在冰雹形成区有低层辐合、高层辐散等特征;垂直累积液态含水量的跃增及其密度〉3．5g／m3十分利于冰雹的产生。 相似文献
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利用"新疆气象灾情直报系统"冰雹灾情数据和阿克苏地区人工防雹作业信息,分析了阿克苏地区9县市2010—2019年冰雹天气的时间变化和空间分布特征,选用阿克苏地区9县市2009—2019年10场冰雹天气过程,应用美国Gibson Ridge Software LLC公司GR2Analyst雷达产品处理软件分析二次产品,得... 相似文献
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一次冰雹云过程及其冰雹形成机制的模拟研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用常规气象资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从天气形势和雷达回波演变特征等方面对2011年6月24日发生在洛阳嵩县的一次冰雹过程进行了分析,并利用三维弹性冰雹云催化模式对该冰雹云进行了模拟研究,分析其冰雹形成的物理机制。结果表明:本次过程在天气形势上属于下滑冷槽型。多普勒天气雷达资料上表现为单个单体的强对流风暴,最大反射率≥65 dBz,回波顶高达到14 km,降雹前垂直积分液态含水量具有明显的跃增;径向速度场上出现了大范围明显的逆风区。三维冰雹云模式对该冰雹云具有较好的模拟能力,模式模拟的最强回波与实况一致,雹云中含水量中心与强上升气流有很好的配置,在云的发展阶段,主含水量中心是强上升气流的指示。冰雹的雹胚主要来自冻滴和霰,在冰雹形成期间,冻结形成的冻滴和转化产生的霰数量上相差不大,但是冻滴向雹的转化比例却是霰的6倍,即在地面强降雹之前,雹云中的雹胚主要来源于冻滴;而冰雹的增长在前期主要靠收集过冷雨水,后期主要靠收集过冷云水;适量的冰晶、雪和丰富的过冷水的存在对雹的形成和增长极为有利。 相似文献