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1.
《Earth》2008,86(3-4):125-160
Understanding the structure and development of calderas is crucial for predicting their behaviour during periods of unrest and to plan geothermal and ore exploitation. Geological data, including that from analysis of deeply eroded examples, allow the overall surface setting of calderas to be defined, whereas deep drillings and geophysical investigations provide insights on their subsurface structure. Collation of this information from calderas worldwide has resulted in the recent literature in five main caldera types (downsag, piston, funnel, piecemeal, trapdoor), being viewed as end-members. Despite its importance, such a classification does not adequately examine: (a) the structure of calderas (particularly the nature of the caldera's bounding faults); and (b) how this is achieved (including the genetic relationships among the five caldera types). Various sets of analogue models, specifically devoted to study caldera architecture and development, have been recently performed, under different conditions (apparatus, materials, scaling parameters, stress conditions).The first part of this study reviews these experiments, which induce collapse as a result of underpressure or overpressure within the chamber analogue. The experiments simulating overpressure display consistent results, but the experimental depressions require an exceptional amount of doming, seldom observed in nature, to form; therefore, these experiments are not appropriate to understand the structure and formation of most natural calderas. The experiments simulating underpressure reveal a consistent scenario for caldera structure and development, regardless of their different boundary conditions. These show that complete collapse proceeds through four main stages, proportional to the amount of subsidence, progressively characterized by: (1) downsag; (2) reverse ring fault; (3) peripheral downsag; (4) peripheral normal ring fault.The second part of this study verifies the possibility that these latter calderas constitute a suitable analogue to nature and consists of a comprehensive comparison of the underpressure experiments to natural calderas. This shows that all the experimental structures, as well as their progressive development, are commonly observed at natural calderas, highlighting a consistency between models and nature. As the shallow structure of experimental calderas corresponds to a precise architecture at depth, it provides a unique key to infer the deeper structure of natural calderas: recognizing diagnostic surface features within a caldera will thus allow it to be categorized within a precise structural and evolutionary context. The general relationship between the evolutionary stage of a caldera and its d/s (diameter/subsidence) ratio allows such a quantification, with stage 1 calderas characterized by d/s > 40, stage 2 by 18 < d/s < 40, stage 3 by 14 < d/s < 18 and stage 4 by d/s < 14. The consistency between experiments and nature suggests that, in principle, the d/s ratio may permit to evaluate the overall structure and evolutionary stage of a caldera even when its surface structure is poorly known. The volume of erupted magma associated with caldera collapse is poorly dependent on the d/s ratio or evolutionary stage; however, the location of sin- and post-collapse volcanism may depend not only upon the amount of collapse, but also on the roof aspect ratio. As the regional tectonic control is concerned, the experiments explain the ellipticity of a part of natural calderas elongated parallel to the regional extension; the control of pre-existing structures may explain the elongation of elliptic calderas oblique or parallel to the regional structures.The four stages adequately explain the architecture and development of the established caldera end-members along a continuum, where one or more end-members (downsag, piston, funnel, piecemeal, trapdoor) may correspond to a specific stage. While such a continuum is controlled by progressive subsidence, specific collapse geometries will result from secondary contributory factors (roof aspect ratio, collapse symmetry, pre-existing faults). These considerations allow proposing an original classification of calderas, incorporating their structural and genetic features.  相似文献   

2.
We have analysed the earthquake sequence occurred at Campi Flegrei during an unrest episode of strong ground uplift and seismicity, occurred in the period 1982–1984. The maximum magnitude of these events was about 4. Both earthquake occurrence and ground deformation have been interpreted in terms of the role played by a ring fault system, inward dipping, related to phenomena of caldera collapse and resurgence. Earthquakes are of mixed strike-slip and normal fault type. They show a dip movement opposite to the static ground deformation. The rising of the internal block with respect to the zone external to the ring fault, as observed by ground deformation, should cause thrust fault slip on the fracture system, whereas a normal fault dip component is observed. The simulation of the stress field generated by overpressure in a magma chamber in presence of lateral discontinuities, as performed by a boundary element method, allows to hypothesise that reverse fault slip on the ring fault is mainly aseismic, and such aseismic movement is able to focus normal fault shear stress along the lateral discontinuities. Aseismic slip on the ring fault in response to static deformation is also supported by the low amount of seismic moment released (M0 ≅ 1015 Nm), about two orders of magnitude lower than expected from the shear slip on the discontinuities needed to accomplish the total static surface deformation (1.8 m). Such results have been compared with observations at Rabaul caldera, during a similar unrest episode. In such area, the seismic moment release is in good agreement with shear slip produced on a system of outward dipping ring faults, and seismicity is much more focused on the fault structures. The comparison between the two areas shed new light about the dynamics of earthquakes in calderas, as due to the role of bordering ring fault systems.  相似文献   

3.
酒泉早白垩世半地堑断陷呈南北向或北东向展布，进一步分为多米诺骨牌式、对倾式和背倾式三种。其充填物明显地受近南北向或北东向正断裂控制，其中的火山岩均为碱性玄武岩，可能由地幔熔融形成。初步认为，酒泉半地堑断陷是早白垩世陆内地幔热隆诱发的近南北向伸展构造。在新生代，由于印度板块的挤压作用，北祁连山前展式北向推覆作用可能使早白垩世半地堑断陷的南部地区转换成山脉，现今的半地堑南部边界被掩伏于北祁连山之下；同时，印度板块的挤压作用使控制半地堑沉积体系的近南北向或北东向正断裂转换为逆冲断裂．发生反转。  相似文献   

4.
A space problem can arise in a resurgent caldera when the resurgent block is non-cylindrical, such as, for example, when it is bounded by inward- or outward-dipping faults. Ischia caldera (Italy) is an excellent case study because it is well exposed and resurgence is ongoing. On the western and eastern flanks of the Ischia resurgent horst, uplift occurred along NNW-striking normal faults with inclination from sub-vertical to vertical (>85°). The geometry of these faults suggests negligible extension within the horst. Along the northern flank, uplift was accomplished by ENE-striking normal faults that dip 60–85° outward; a few bear striae which indicate almost pure dip-slip. The southern flank of the horst is a monocline trending ENE associated with vertical faults. In a NNW–SSE section, the resulting resurgent horst has a wedge shape with an upward apex. The uplift of this wedge can be accommodated by contemporaneous regional extension along NE- to east–west striking normal faults whose motions create space for resurgence without deformation of the caldera floor. Similar interaction with regional tectonics could exist in other calderas, such as Yellowstone (USA) in an extensional setting, Los Azufres (Mexico) in a transtensional regime and Chalupas (Ecuador) in a transpressional one. At other calderas, resurgence was accommodated by caldera-floor arching as at Valles (USA) or by shortening deformations between the caldera rim and the uplifting block as at Latera (Italy).  相似文献   

5.
A combined geochronological and structural analysis of the Miocene Negra Muerta Caldera was designed to better understand caldera formation associated with prominent faults on the central Andean plateau. Rb–Sr ages of the caldera outflow facies indicate that caldera formation occurred in two volcano-tectonic episodes. The first episode commenced with explosive eruption of the 9.0±0.1 Ma andesitic Acay Ignimbrite followed by a period of volcanic quiescence and moderate tectonic activity. Dominant volcanic and tectonic activity occurred during the second episode, which is bracketed by eruption of the 7.6±0.1 Ma rhyolitic Toba 1 Ignimbrite and effusive discharge of the 7.3±0.1 Ma rhyodacitic to andesitic lava flows. Structural relationships between rocks of the Negra Muerta Volcanic Complex and collapse-induced normal faults, notably NE-striking normal faults, agree with simultaneous volcanic activity and floor subsidence of the caldera during the second episode. Floor subsidence was achieved by tilting on an outward dipping reverse fault to the northwest of the caldera floor around a hinge zone located south of the caldera floor. This induced horizontal extension of the caldera floor and was accomplished by fragmentation of, and intrusion of dikes into, the floor. Collapse-induced and post-collapse fault populations of the caldera do not differ significantly in the directions of their axes of maximum extension and are in this respect kinematically compatible with left-lateral slip on the nearby Olacapato-El Toro Fault Zone. This furnishes evidence for a kinematic control by prominent faults on the formation of collapse calderas in the central Andes. The structural analysis of the Negra Muerta Caldera shows that collapse calderas can serve as deformation markers that contribute in elucidating the regional kinematic regime and the time of activity of prominent dislocations genetically related to collapse calderas.  相似文献   

6.
G. F. Ufimtsev 《GeoJournal》1991,23(3):197-206
The Baikal rift valley, the central segment of the Baikal rift zone located in southern East Siberia, consists of two large depressions separated by an interdepressional uplift. The thickness of the Neogene-Quaternary sediments filling in the depression amounts to 5 km (Logatchev and Florensov 1978). The interdepressional uplift consists of subsiding residual steps and active tilted horsts.The NW slope of the Baikal rift is controlled by a system of faults diverging to the N. This system comprises tectonic scarps (faceted ridge spurs), an inclined piedmont surface and a summit slope. The facets indicate the position of the main dip slip faults behind which longitudinal strike slip faults are distributed. Between the branching faults, the so-called intermediate steps are situated. Their subsidence and destruction result in expansion of the rift valley. Transformation of normal faults into listric faults is manifested in the tectonic topography in the areas of the residual and intermediate steps. The large dimensions of the Baikal rift valley are evidently due to its being confined to the faults striking NE-SW.  相似文献   

7.
The interaction modalities of transfer zones connecting rift segments may be influenced by several factors. Amongst these, the location and architecture of transfer zones in narrow rifts has been repeatedly associated with the presence of inherited basement anisotropies. Sand-box models were made to investigate how the orientation, geometry and kinematics of transfer zones depend upon pre-existing basement anisotropies. Analogue models reproduced offset rift segments linked by transfer zones bordered by arcuate normal faults. Strike-slip faults are present inside the transfer zone, provided that angle α (between the extension direction and the axis of the transfer zone) is less than 50°. Narrower transfer zones, striking oblique to the extension direction, occur for angle φ (between the direction perpendicular to the extension direction and the direction of the basement anisotropy) less than 90°; wider transfer zones, subparallel to the extensional direction, occur for φ > 90°. Increasing the overstep induces narrower transfer zones striking subparallel to the extension direction. Similar geometrical and kinematical patterns have been found at transfer zones in narrow rifts. The comparison between experimental and natural data shows how the geometry, kinematics and orientation of natural transfer zones depends upon the trend of inherited anisotropies: transfer zones along inherited basement structures set at lower angles to the extension direction, and display lower aspect ratios, than transfer zones where inherited anisotropies are absent.  相似文献   

8.
The Gyeongsang Basin, the largest Cretaceous nonmarine sedimentary basin in Korea, formed as a continental back-arc basin related to NNW-directed subduction of the (proto-) Pacific Plate underneath the Eurasia Plate. The basin can be divided into an earlier-formed western back-arc depression and a later-formed eastern volcanic arc platform. We investigated the basin evolution and the associated tectonic settings, largely based on an analysis of structures individuated in the field in the back-arc region. From 127 Ma, the basin initiated as a NNE-trending narrow depression bordered by NNE-striking sinistral faults, and then progressively expanded under a transtensional kinematics induced by progressive trench roll-back. Sinistral shearing of inherited NNE-striking structures played an important role in basin subsidence, and secondary WNW- to NW-striking transverse faults acted as normal faults. The NNE-striking principal displacement zone in the west of the basin runs along the western marginal area of the Jinju and Daegu domains and passes through the Uiseong domain from south to north, but most of this zone is now preserved as deep structures. Volcanic activity starting at ca. 115 Ma was characterized mainly by episodic basaltic eruptions occurring contemporaneously with back-arc deposition of a sedimentary sequence. After ca. 90 Ma, a transtensional kinematics changed to a strike-slip one, and the basin expansion and sedimentation in the back-arc region terminated. During the strike-slip event, rhyolitic-dacitic volcanism increased in intensity as a large NE-trending volcanic arc developed close to subduction zone and its loading caused the stratal flexure in the back-arc region, and the orientations of the shortening and stretching axes remained NW–SE and NE–SW, respectively. Additionally, continuing sinistral shear generated local depressions along the faults located in the west of the back-arc region and within the volcanic arc.  相似文献   

9.
This study examines flow, turbulence and sand suspension over large dunes in Canoe Pass, a distributary channel of the Fraser River delta, Canada. Dune morphology is characterized by a symmetrical shape and steep leeside slopes over 30°. Velocity was measured with an electromagnetic current meter and suspended sand concentration with four optical backscatter (OBS) probes. The general patterns of time-averaged velocity and sand suspension are consistent with previous studies, including an increase in mean velocity and decrease in turbulence intensity and sand concentration with height above the bed, reversed flow with high turbulence intensity and high sand concentrations in the leeside flow separation zone and an increase in near-bed velocity and sand concentration along the stoss side of the dune. Frequency spectra of near-bed velocity and OBS records from leeside separation zones are composed of two distinct frequencies, providing field confirmation of scale relations based on flume experiments. The low-frequency spectral signal probably results from wake flapping and the high-frequency signal from vortex shedding. The wake-flapping frequency predominates outside the separation zone and is linked to turbulent structures that suspend sand. Predictions from a depth-scale Strouhal Law show good agreement with measured wake-flapping frequencies. Cross-correlations of OBS records reveal that turbulent sand suspension structures advect downstream at 23–25° above the horizontal. These advection angles are similar to coherent flow structures measured in flumes and to sand suspension structures visualized over large dunes in the field.  相似文献   

10.
1668年郯城8 1/2 级地震,发震断层南起郯城窑上北到莒县土岭,全长为130 km,由5条北北东走向的活断层段组成。郯城地震断层南段沿沂沭断裂带内的F2断裂分布,倾向南东东,倾角为30°～60°。北段紧邻F1断裂分布,倾向不稳定,倾角较陡(多为70°以上)。南段表现为右行逆冲或逆右行的运动性质,北段则以右行走滑为主。郯城地震断层南、北两段均发育断层泥带、断层角砾带和碎裂带,南段总宽度为几米到十几米,北段总宽度为几十米到近百米,局部发育多条断层泥带。郯城地震断层的排列方式及其几何学特征表明:为老断层复活,而非新生断层。通过断层擦痕的反演同震应力场显示:北段为北东东-南西西向挤压应力场,南段为北东-南西向的挤压应力场,该地震是发生在区域性挤压应力场状态下。这种应力场空间变化可能是地震断层几何学空间变化导致的。其同震应力场与该地区现代区域应力场是一致的,这说明郯城地震并未造成震后应力场调整或震后应力场调整时间较短,未影响到现今应力场。  相似文献   

11.
松辽盆地深层是由30多个孤立的断陷组成的断陷群,火山岩气藏是深层勘探的主要气藏类型。以断陷盆地火山岩大气田形成条件为主线,从深层断陷形成的特征分析着手,通过剖析控源及控藏因素,总结断陷盆地大气田形成条件。指出NNE-NE和NNW-NW两组控陷断裂体系共同控制深层断陷群的形成和展布,断陷沿控陷断裂方向呈带状展布。断陷内火山机构具有明显受断裂控制的不对称特征,沿断裂走向呈条带状分布。每个断陷通常由一个或多个断槽组成,断槽控制烃源岩的分布并自成含气系统,生烃断槽和火山岩在空间的有利配置是形成气藏的关键。环槽富集是深层断陷火山岩气藏最基本的规律,由于断裂控制了断陷、断槽、火山岩的形成分布,改善了油气运聚的通道条件,紧邻生烃断槽的断裂构造带是断陷内天然气有利富集区带;因此深部断裂控制了断陷火山岩气田的区域分布。勘探实践更进一步证明：对于断陷湖盆油气勘探,生烃主断槽是评价和勘探的关键单元;只要生烃断槽优质烃源岩发育,烃源岩与火山岩空间配置关系有利,对于“小而富”的中小型断陷(面积小于3 000 km2),也可以形成火山岩大气田(探明地质储量大于300×108 m3),这些认识推进了勘探思路由寻找大湖盆大断陷到寻找生烃主断槽的转变。  相似文献   

12.
从近年来对甘肃敦煌党河和敦煌阿克塞河进行的详细的工作中发现了在现代边滩砂级颗粒中也会发育叠瓦构造,且远比砾石中的叠瓦构造复杂。首先,研究发现砂级叠瓦构造的倾角比砾石叠瓦构造的倾角变化要大,介于12°~88°之间,倾角均值在51°~63°,明显大于同河段砾石叠瓦构造的倾角34°,倾角如此之大可能与颗粒的紧密堆积有关;其次,倾向无砾石叠瓦构造那么稳定,有时可在小范围内呈现出双倾向。叠瓦构造倾角的统计分析数据也表明其稳定性不好;三是砂级叠瓦构造可以受薄层的控制,也可以呈层块状;四是根据砂级颗粒的接触关系又可以将其分为两种:颗粒支撑的叠瓦构造和含杂基的颗粒支撑叠瓦构造。颗粒支撑的叠瓦构造发育在"清水"环境,一般是在洪水的稳定期形成的;而含杂基的颗粒支撑砂级叠瓦构造则是发育在浊水环境,可能是在洪水的高峰时期形成的。砂级叠瓦构造的研究对于沉积环境的研究、古流分析和储层的研究具有重要的意义。颗粒支撑的砂级叠瓦构造还可以形成特殊的屏蔽孔隙,成为很好的储集空间,是砂岩储层出现各向异性的根本。  相似文献   

13.
东营凹陷流体压力系统研究   总被引：22，自引：1，他引：21  
利用钻井泥岩声波测井资料和实测地层压力资料, 分析了东营凹陷流体压力系统的结构和分布及其影响因素.单井的压力-深度曲线呈现出“二段式”, 即上段正常压力系统(正常压实带) 和下段异常压力系统(欠压实带).剖面和平面压力系统综合分析的结果表明, 东营凹陷压力系统呈现环状结构, 即内环为超高压系统, 中环为高压系统, 外环为常压-低压系统.中环高压系统和内环超高压系统构成了封闭的巨型超压封存箱复合体, 因其与沙河街组三、四段活跃的烃源岩有着成因的联系, 故称之为烃源岩-超压封存箱复合体(SR-OPCC).受渗透性砂岩层、断层及盐构造等压力输导系统的影响, 封存箱内产生压力分隔现象, 形成了若干个由压力输导系统联系的次级超压封存箱.概括了封存箱-压力输导系统-封存箱组合模式.烃源岩-超压封存箱复合体(SR-OPCC) 的存在对油气的运移和聚集产生了深远的影响   相似文献   

14.
毛翔  李江海  张华添  王洛 《岩石学报》2012,28(8):2381-2391
本文收集了北疆地区已报道的145处晚古生代火山机构信息.其中,准噶尔盆地周缘32处,主要集中分布于博罗科努山、博格达山以及克拉美丽山,包括破火山口、火山穹窿、火山通道(火山颈)等多种火山机构类型;准噶尔盆地盆内火山机构85处,主要分布在西北缘克百断裂带和盆地腹部的四处凹陷(三南凹陷、东道海子凹陷、滴水泉凹陷和五彩湾凹陷)及七处凸起(白家海凸起、石西凸起、夏盐凸起、三个泉凸起、滴北凸起、滴南凸起和北三台凸起).盆内火山机构分布主要受海西期断裂系控制,大致沿着NE、近EW两个方向的断裂展布,并在断裂交汇部位最为发育.由于后期改造,晚古生代火山机构普遍遭受剥蚀,且发生强烈变形和风化、淋滤改造,野外识别主要依靠残留地貌特征、火山岩相变化趋势及引爆角砾岩等特征岩性;地震识别则主要依靠地震切片、属性分析及构造趋势面分析等手段.准噶尔盆地晚古生代火山岩年龄集中于340～320Ma,300～295 Ma,分别对应东、西准噶尔岛弧俯冲时期.自早石炭世至晚石炭世,准噶尔盆地及邻区火山活动具有自水下向水上、深水向浅水、陆缘向陆内转换的变化趋势.  相似文献   

15.
A stratigraphic analysis of late Palaeocene sands of the Søgne Basin and the western part of the Norwegian–Danish Basin shows that the sand bodies are of differenct ages. The geographic distribution of the sand deposits shows that they are related to underlying Mesozoic structures suggesting a controlling effect of Tertiary tectonics on the deposition of sand during the late Palaeocene. However, the structural setting of various sand bodies varies from reactivation of older faults and reactivation of salt structures. The local character of the structures active during the late Palaeocene introduces minor depressions with no lateral connection. The sand bodies, which are interpreted as having been deposited in these depressions, are thus in general separate bodies with no lateral connection. The Fennoscandian shield and eroded Mesozoic sediments along the Fennoscandian Border Zone are suggested as source area for the late Palaeocene sand deposits.  相似文献   

16.
Relay ramps are a common feature formed during the growth of normal fault systems. We performed analogue experiments to investigate the structure and evolution of relay ramps. An extending rubber sheet induces extension at the base of a sand pack (brittle crust analogue). Silicone bars between the rubber and the sand control the location of fault nucleation. We tested the role of fault spacing, fault length, overlap length and fault strike in the evolution of relay ramps. The modelled relay ramps evolved in three stages, characterized by the growth of the normal faults, their interaction and linkage. Interaction and linkage occurred only when the combined length of the two interacting faults was larger than eight times their spacing. The length to width ratio of the relay ramps during the interaction stage showed preferred geometries, clustering around three. The propagation of the fault tips was observed both before and after the linkage stage. Overlap length and spacing relations of the modelled relay ramps are similar to those in nature, at different scales, and can be explained using existing mechanical models. Nevertheless, the further propagation of the fault tips after linkage has not been described previously.  相似文献   

17.
High-resolution seismic reflections have been used effectively to investigate sinkholes formed from the dissolution of a bedded salt unit found throughout most of Central Kansas. Surface subsidence can have devastating effects on transportation structures. Roads, rails, bridges, and pipeliues can even be dramatically affected by minor ground instability. Areas susceptible to surface subsidence can put public safety at risk. Subsurface expressions significantly larger than surface depressions are consistently observed on seismic images recorded over sinkholes in Kansas. Until subsidence reaches the ground surface, failure appears to be controlled by compressional forces evidenced by faults with reverse orientation. Once a surface depression forms or dissolution of the salt slows or stops, subsidence structures are consistent with a tensional stress environment with prevalent normal faults. Detecting areas of rapid subsidence potential, prior to surface failure, is the ultimate goal of any geotechnical survey where the ground surface is susceptible to settling. Seismic reflection images have helped correlate active subsidence to dormant paleofeatures, project horizontal growth of active sinkholes based on subsurface structures, and appraise the risk of catastrophic failure.  相似文献   

18.
The shallow subsurface structures of the offshore Nile Delta particularly in the southeastern Mediterranean were dealt through the interpretation of 40 two-dimensional seismic reflection lines. The interpretations of seismic reflection data indicated that the principle sedimentary processes affecting the study area include three main structural groups according to their origin and development. The first group of structures comprises of gravity-driven structures, which include slides, slumps, turbidities, and debris flow. Slides are present in three different forms on seismic sections: slide sheets, slides with scar, and wedges of slide materials. Slumps have many geometrical shapes: lenses, spoon-shaped slumps, and slumped blocks bound by growth faults. Debris flows are present as transparent unit (due to the dispersion of seismic waves at debris boundaries), whereas turbidities appear on the seismic profiles, which are formed of closely spaced parallel thin reflectors analogous to their thin stratified bedded layers. The second group of structures is syn-depositional structures, which include growth faults, and tilted and rotated fault blocks. Growth faults are listric in shape and usually dip seaward; displacements along the fault plane increase with depth. Some of these faults are incipient, and some are complicated and intersected by secondary antithetic faults. Most of the growth faults soles out basin wards and in the evaporites layer. Fault blocks are formed due to the Messinian evaporite movement vertically and horizontally due to its mobility as a consequence to the pressure resulted from the overloading of Pliocene sediment. The third group of structures comprises evaporite flow structures such as diapiric structures and graben collapse structures. The surface of the Messinian evaporites was folded during its flow as a consequence to the lateral compression acted on the mobile strata of the Messinian evaporites to form diapiric triangular structures and creates a stress zone faulting and fractures system. These conditions led to the formation of collapse structures or graben collapse structures.  相似文献   

19.
乌尼特坳陷属于二连盆地五大坳陷之一,早白垩世在区域引张力下形成一系列地堑、半地堑,其伸展构造由伸展断层及变换构造组成。伸展断层中的主边界断层主要为铲式,混杂岩断陷带主边界断层多在混杂岩深层滑脱,复式向斜断陷带主边界断层多在浅层滑脱。平面上主边界断层表现为简单弧形或波状延伸,位移量通过变换断层及走向斜坡等进行调节/传递。首尾相连的断陷间主要以狭窄的背向型(divergent)及宽阔的相向型(convergent)变换带进行构造变换,穿过变换带断陷极性常常发生变化。早白垩世早期,乌尼特坳陷由多个相互独立的小型断陷组成;早白垩世中期,随着伸展量不断加大,相邻断陷边界断层逐渐侧向连接成为区域性边界断层,相邻断陷侧向连接成为大型复式断陷;早白垩世晚期,断陷群下沉坳陷进入后裂陷期。  相似文献   

20.
通过地震剖面系统解释,识别出断陷的结构和构造特征,运用平衡剖面的原理及方法,进行了断陷的构造演化史分析。研究结果表明:榆东、榆西断陷分别沿榆东断裂和榆西断裂呈近SN向分布,两个断陷之间为榆树凸起。以榆树凸起为中心,两个断陷分别是由同向正断层组所组成的西断东超和东断西超的复合半地堑,它们共同组成了相背式半地堑组合。在榆东断陷中分布一条近EW向展布的次级凸起,分隔了北部洼槽和南部洼槽,它是十分有利的油气聚集区。笔者还对比了两个断陷的构造样式、构造反转、断陷强度、地层残留厚度和最大埋深等方面的差异;识别出榆树地区火山岩的分布特征主要受SN向的榆东基底断裂、NNE向的榆西基底断裂、NWW向的新立镇基底断裂和NEE向的农安—榆树岩石圈断裂交叉控制;讨论了断陷形成以及火山喷发与华北板块和东北中小地块群发生碰撞、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋盆的关闭、Izanagi板块斜向俯冲和岩石圈拆沉减薄之间的关系。  相似文献   

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