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1.
The measurement of surface energy balance over a land surface in an open area in Bangalore is reported. Measurements of all
variables needed to calculate the surface energy balance on time scales longer than a week are made. Components of radiative
fluxes are measured while sensible and latent heat fluxes are based on the bulk method using measurements made at two levels
on a micrometeorological tower of 10m height. The bulk flux formulation is verified by comparing its fluxes with direct fluxes
using sonic anemometer data sampled at 10Hz. Soil temperature is measured at 4 depths. Data have been continuously collected
for over 6 months covering pre-monsoon and monsoon periods during the year 2006. The study first addresses the issue of getting
the fluxes accurately. It is shown that water vapour measurements are the most crucial. A bias of 0.25% in relative humidity,
which is well above the normal accuracy assumed by the manufacturers but achievable in the field using a combination of laboratory
calibration and field intercomparisons, results in about 20W m−2 change in the latent heat flux on the seasonal time scale. When seen on the seasonal time scale, the net longwave radiation
is the largest energy loss term at the experimental site. The seasonal variation in the energy sink term is small compared
to that in the energy source term. 相似文献
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《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2022,82(3):125858
The Moon is generally depleted in volatile elements and this depletion extends to the surface where the most abundant mineral, anorthite, features <6 ppm H2O. Presumably the other nominally anhydrous minerals that dominate the mineral composition of the global surface—olivine and pyroxene—are similarly depleted in water and other volatiles. Thus the Moon is tabula rasa for the study of volatiles introduced in the wake of its origin. Since the formation of the last major basin (Orientale), volatiles from the solar wind, from impactors of all sizes, and from volatiles expelled from the interior during volcanic eruptions have all interacted with the lunar surface, leaving a volatile record that can be used to understand the processes that enable processing, transport, sequestration, and loss of volatiles from the lunar system. Recent discoveries have shown the lunar system to be complex, featuring emerging recognition of chemistry unanticipated from the Apollo era, confounding issues regarding transport of volatiles to the lunar poles, the role of the lunar regolith as a sink for volatiles, and the potential for active volatile dynamics in the polar cold traps. While much has been learned since the overturn of the “Moon is dry” paradigm by innovative sample and spacecraft measurements, the data point to a more complex lunar volatile environment than is currently perceived. 相似文献
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Uranyl adsorption and surface speciation at the imogolite-water interface: Self-consistent spectroscopic and surface complexation models 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Macro- and molecular-scale knowledge of uranyl (U(VI)) partitioning reactions with soil/sediment mineral components is important in predicting U(VI) transport processes in the vadose zone and aquifers. In this study, U(VI) reactivity and surface speciation on a poorly crystalline aluminosilicate mineral, synthetic imogolite, were investigated using batch adsorption experiments, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and surface complexation modeling. U(VI) uptake on imogolite surfaces was greatest at pH ∼7-8 (I = 0.1 M NaNO3 solution, suspension density = 0.4 g/L [U(VI)]i = 0.01-30 μM, equilibration with air). Uranyl uptake decreased with increasing sodium nitrate concentration in the range from 0.02 to 0.5 M. XAS analyses show that two U(VI) inner-sphere (bidentate mononuclear coordination on outer-wall aluminol groups) and one outer-sphere surface species are present on the imogolite surface, and the distribution of the surface species is pH dependent. At pH 8.8, bis-carbonato inner-sphere and tris-carbonato outer-sphere surface species are present. At pH 7, bis- and non-carbonato inner-sphere surface species co-exist, and the fraction of bis-carbonato species increases slightly with increasing I (0.1-0.5 M). At pH 5.3, U(VI) non-carbonato bidentate mononuclear surface species predominate (69%). A triple layer surface complexation model was developed with surface species that are consistent with the XAS analyses and macroscopic adsorption data. The proton stoichiometry of surface reactions was determined from both the pH dependence of U(VI) adsorption data in pH regions of surface species predominance and from bond-valence calculations. The bis-carbonato species required a distribution of surface charge between the surface and β charge planes in order to be consistent with both the spectroscopic and macroscopic adsorption data. This research indicates that U(VI)-carbonato ternary species on poorly crystalline aluminosilicate mineral surfaces may be important in controlling U(VI) mobility in low-temperature geochemical environments over a wide pH range (∼5-9), even at the partial pressure of carbon dioxide of ambient air (pCO2 = 10−3.45 atm). 相似文献
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A return mapping algorithm based on the concept of virtual surfaces is presented for stress integration in the numerical solution of boundary value problems using an elastoplastic multiple yield surface model. Both kinematic hardening and isotropic softening yield surfaces are addressed. With the implementation of virtual surfaces, the active yield surface is located before a stress update is implemented. The return mapping algorithm consists of only two steps. The first step consists of performing the intermediate update of the trial stress corresponding to the translation of all yield surfaces inside the active yield surface. Little calculation is involved in this step. The second step consists of performing the conventional explicit one-step radial return mapping of the updated trial stress on the corresponding active yield surface. The algorithm efficiency resides in the virtual surface based return mapping which preserves the elastic predictor representation of the updated trial stress, and limits iterations to at most two steps. 相似文献
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《International Geology Review》2012,54(5):613-620
On the basis of geological-geophysical data, we have for the first time compiled a map of the structural contours of the pre-Quaternary surface of the Baltic region. Us brief characteristics are presented. It has been demonstrated that during the initial development of the morphostructures of the pre-Quaternary relief, the main role is taken by the tectonic factor, and during the final formation, by the exaration activity of glaciers and erosional-denudation processes. —Author. 相似文献
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《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1999,63(19-20):3121-3131
Because of a recent increase in interest in the properties of the calcite surface, there has also been an increase in activity toward development of mathematical models to describe calcite’s surface behaviour, particularly with respect to adsorption and precipitation. For a mathematical model to be realistic, it must be based on a sound conceptual model of atomic structure at the interface. New observations from high resolution techniques have been combined with previously published data to resolve the apparent conflict with results from electrokinetic studies and to present a picture of what the calcite surface probably looks like at the atomic scale.In ultra-high vacuum (10−10 mbar), a cleaved surface remains unreacted for at least an hour, but the unreacted surface does not remain as a termination of the bulk structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) show that the outer-most atomic layer relaxes and the surface slightly restructures. In air, dangling bonds are satisfied by hydrolysed water. XPS and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) reveal the presence of adsorbed OH and H. In AFM images, the features so typical of calcite, namely, alternate-row offset, pairing and height difference, as well as the consistent dependence of these features on the force and direction of tip scanning, are best explained by OH filling of the vacant O sites created during cleavage on the Ca octahedra. Thus there is solid evidence to indicate the presence of OH and H chemi-sorbed at the termination of the bulk calcite structure.Wet chemical studies, however, show that calcite’s pHpzc (zero point of charge) varies with sample history and solution composition. Electrophoretic mobility measurements indicate that the potential-determining ions are not H+ and OH−, but rather Ca2+ and CO32− (or HCO3− or H2CO30). This apparent conflict is resolved by a slight modification of the electrical double layer (EDL) model. At the bulk termination, hydrolysis species are chemi-bonded. At the Stern layer, adsorption attaches Ca2+ and CO32− (or other carbonate species), but the hydrolysis layer keeps them in outer-sphere coordination to the surface. With dehydration, loss of the hydrolysis species results in direct contact between adsorbed ions and the bulk termination, therefore, inner-sphere sorption is equivalent to extension of the three dimensional bulk network, which is precipitation. Attachment of ions with size and charge compatible with Ca and CO3 likewise results in coprecipitation and solid–solution formation. 相似文献
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An integration of methods to quantify the surface area of porous solid materials with a broad span of spatial resolution is presented. The application of it is to detect and quantify the rock surface area modifications caused by fluid-rock interactions on different scales from several nanometres to metres. The new approach is to study the fluid-accessible surface area of rock fragments during dissolution processes.In this paper, diverse methods for surface quantification at different levels of surface detail were adapted for the application of rock surface quantification and porosimetry measurements. The geometric external surface area of rock fragments can be determined by paraffin wax coating and, in special cases, by parallelepiped surface estimations. This geometrical surface area of rock polyhedrons is equal to the macroscopic bounding surface area of a rock volume. Representative surface details on the scale of micrometres to millimetres on geometrical surface area can be quantified by mechanical roughness analyses. The resultant roughness factors are compared to optical roughness quantifications by confocal laser scanning microscopy and white light interferometry and can indicate modifications of the pore space up to several hundred nanometres. The comparison of rock pore space data, measured by both mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption, quantifies the surface area of pores with a diameter of approximately 2 nm.These various surface data at different levels of detail were integrated to get an estimation of this surface area, which affects fluid-rock interactions. The proposed concept has the potential to trace the multi-scale rock surface area evolution in response to fluid-rock interaction processes.The importance of this concept is its application beyond the laboratory survey. For example, additionally to their specific surface area, the reactive surface area of rock particles in a mining dump is controlled by geometrical size and surface roughness of particles. 相似文献
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Christian A. Miller Bernhard Peucker-Ehrenbrink Franco Marcantonio 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(22):7146-7179
We re-evaluate the cycling of molybdenum (Mo) and rhenium (Re) in the near-surface environment. World river average Mo and Re concentrations, initially based on a handful of rivers, are calculated using 38 rivers representing five continents, and 11 of 19 large-scale drainage regions. Our new river concentration estimates are 8.0 nmol kg−1 (Mo), and 16.5 pmol kg−1 (Re, natural + anthropogenic). The linear relationship of dissolved Re and in global rivers (R2 = 0.76) indicates labile continental Re is predominantly hosted within sulfide minerals and reduced sediments; it also provides a means of correcting for the anthropogenic contribution of Re to world rivers using independent estimates of anthropogenic sulfate. Approximately 30% of Re in global rivers is anthropogenic, yielding a pre-anthropogenic world river average of 11.2 pmol Re kg−1. The potential for anthropogenic contribution is also seen in the non-negligible Re concentrations in precipitation (0.03-5.9 pmol kg−1), and the nmol kg−1 level Re concentrations of mine waters. The linear Mo- relationship (R2 = 0.69) indicates that the predominant source of Mo to rivers is the weathering of pyrite. An anthropogenic Mo correction was not done as anthropogenically-influenced samples do not display the unambiguous metal enrichment observed for Re. Metal concentrations in high temperature hydrothermal fluids from the Manus Basin indicate that calculated end-member fluids (i.e. Mg-free) yield negative Mo and Re concentrations, showing that Mo and Re can be removed more quickly than Mg during recharge. High temperature hydrothermal fluids are unimportant sinks relative to their river sources 0.4% (Mo), and 0.1% (pre-anthropogenic Re). We calculate new seawater response times of 4.4 × 105 yr (τMo) and 1.3 × 105 yr (τRe, pre-anthropogenic). 相似文献
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B. N. Filyushkin M. A. Sokolovskiy N. G. Kozhelupova I. M. Vagina 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2011,439(1):986-989
In the northeastern portion of the Atlantic Ocean, at depths of 500–1500 m, there are regular intrathermocline eddies that
are characterized by high temperature and salinity. As these eddies interact with the ambient medium, they can transmit a
dynamic signal to the ocean surface. These eddies are clearly identifiable on altimetric maps showing variations in the ocean’s
surface level obtained by satellites. Such observations allow recording not only the complex interaction pattern of surface
cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, but also the processes of merging and separation of intrathermocline eddies. 相似文献
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Carrick M Eggleston Andrew G Stack Kevin M Rosso Angela M Bice 《Geochemical transactions》2004,5(2):33
The reactivity of a mineral surface is determined by the variety and population of different types of surface sites (e.g.,
step, kink, adatom, and defect sites). The concept of "adsorbed nutrient" has been built into crystal growth theories, and
many other studies of mineral surface reactivity appeal to ill-defined "active sites." Despite their theoretical importance,
there has been little direct experimental or analytical investigation of the structure and properties of such species. Here,
we use ex-situ and in-situ scanning tunneling microcopy (STM) combined with calculated images based on a resonant tunneling model to show that observed
nonperiodic protrusions and depressions on the hematite (001) surface can be explained as Fe in an adsorbed or adatom state
occupying sites different from those that result from simple termination of the bulk mineral. The number of such sites varies
with sample preparation history, consistent with their removal from the surface in low pH solutions. 相似文献
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We present BVRI surface photometry of the late-type spiral galaxy NGC 3627. The distributions of the color indices and extinction-independent Q indices show that the observed photometric asymmetry in the inner part of the galaxy, including the bar, is due to an asymmetric distribution of absorbing material. The bluest regions of star formation are located in a ring surrounding the bar. The background-subtracted color indices of individual blue knots are used to estimate the ages of young stellar aggregates. In combination with previously published photometric data, our measurements indicate that the R-band profile of the disk is rather flat in its inner part (r<50″) and becomes steeper further from its center. We estimate the mass of the disk and dark halo by decomposing the rotation curve. The mass-to-light ratio M/L B for the stellar disk is ≈1.4. The galaxy possesses a massive dark halo; however, the mass of the disk exceeds that of the halo in the inner part of the galaxy, which displays a regular spiral structure. 相似文献
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A large number of records of near earthquakes, for the period 1950–1975, have been revised at Toledo Observatory (I.G.C.), looking for clear trains of surface waves.All records used correspond to the Wiechert, WWSS or HGLP seismometers of this station.Multiple filtering techniques have been applied to the selected seismograms to obtain Love and Rayleigh fundamental mode dispersion curves.As most of the paths are of mixed continental and oceanic structure, the first interpretation has been made considering an average model for each set of similar seismic paths. However, for some regions, the separation of the two structures (pure continental and pure oceanic) has been attempted. 相似文献
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测氡技术能有效圈定煤炭气化燃空区范围。为了准确圈定氡异常的位置和范围,采用趋势面分析方法,以不同次数的多项式拟合氡元素的整体分布趋势;基于拟合度分析和F分布检验确定最佳趋势面多项式的次数,在此基础上进行残差(剩余)分析,识别局部异常,进而圈定氡值异常范围。以内蒙乌兰察布新奥集团煤炭地下气化燃空区测氡数据为例,验证了该分析方法在圈定地下气化燃空区范围方面的可行性。结果表明:该方法圈定的氡异常与验证钻孔点吻合程度好,明显优于使用传统方法圈定氡异常的方法,为低放射性地区氡异常的圈定提供了一种快速、简单并且有效的方法。 相似文献
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David T Heggie 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(7):1301-1306
Copper concentrations have been measured in surface <75 m waters of the central Bering Sea. Concentrations of 2–4 nmole kg?1 were measured in the Zhemchung Canyon region where water depths are greater than 1000 m. Concentrations are higher 2–25 nmole kg?1 on the shallow <100 m continental shelf, inshore of a hydrographic front at the 100 m isobath. Copper-depth profiles on the continental shelf water mass are dominated by Cu concentrations increasing toward the sediments. These trends may be maintained by a flux of Cu from surficial sediments. A frontal system over the 100 m isobath acts to control the flux of Cu, a significant part of which apparently emanates from the sediments, between the continental shelf and the central Bering Sea basin. The benthic shelf Cu flux was constrained to be less than 3 nmole cm?2 yr?1. 相似文献
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Tectonics and surface effects of the supercontinent Columbia 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
Assembly of the supercontinent Columbia at about 1.85–1.90 Ga coincided with several events that affected the entire earth. The oldest worldwide network of orogenic belts formed at the same time. Although some granite–granodiorite (GG) suites had formed earlier, the GG suites became common in the 1.8–1.9 Ga orogenic belts. These suites succeeded the older tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suites, which were not produced after 1.8 Ga. Changes on the earth's surface at 1.8–1.9 Ga include rapid increase in the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere and oceans and probably the evolution of eukaryotes. All of these surface changes occurred as Columbia accreted, and the assembly of Columbia may have contributed to the drastic changes in the earth's surface environment as well as to the evolution of primitive life forms. 相似文献
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