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1.
海洋具有生态系统范围广大、结构和功能复杂多样的特点,表明海洋物种可能多于陆地物种;但由于人类对海洋中生物种类和分布所知甚少,使得海洋生物资源未能得到有效管理和保护,因此编目和发现新的海洋生物已成为全球的热潮。在我国,随着海洋科学研究和社会发展对于可靠的海洋生物种类多样性信息需求的不断增长,需要进一步加强我国海洋生物多样性研究的系统性,因此,在908专项调查研究的基础上,将更多的海洋生物多样性研究积累进行总结和编研,既是海洋生物基础研究自身的需要,也是开展我国海洋生物多样性评估、保护的工作基础。 相似文献
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在大气圈、水圈、岩石圈和生物圈等多圈层相互作用下,全球范围内海洋生物多样性中心的地理位置、物种组成结构和优势度都呈动态变化。迄今,海洋生物多样性中心的形成与演变机制在生态、遗传和分子等层面正逐步得到解析。在生态层面,学界涌现出了物种形成中心、物种汇聚中心、物种重叠中心和物种保存中心等重要科学假说,解析了生物多样性分布格局的重塑以及生物多样性中心的形成机理;其中,地质和洋流等是生物多样性分布格局形成的重要制约因素,从而形成了类似华莱士区这样具有特殊生物多样性的区域。在遗传层面,物种种内或种间频繁的基因交流和适应性辐射可以促进生物间不同基因型和表型的重新组合,衍生出更高更复杂的生物多样性水平,进而加速了生物多样性中心的形成。在分子层面,染色体进化、基因组多倍化、超级基因形成、基因复制、基因渗入、水平基因转移、遗传通路的进化和调控元件的进化等分子调控与进化机制可以引发新性状的形成和物种的多样化,从而推动生物多样性中心的形成。本文重点介绍了比较基因组学方法在揭示海洋生物多样性形成与演变的分子生物学机理方面的研究进展。对于海洋生物多样性中心形成和演变机制的深入了解,不仅可以提高我们对生物多样性动态变化理论的认知,亦可以促进海洋生物多样性保护和资源利用手段的改进和提高。 相似文献
3.
基于海岸带综合管理的理念,通过海域生态环境敏感性评价与海域生物多样性保护重要性评价,综合利用地理相关分析法、空间叠置法等定性和定量分区相结合的方法进行海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区划界,提出了海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系,将规划区域划分为生物多样性重点保护区、生物多样性养护区和生物多样性保护重点监督区.以福建泉州湾为案例,应用海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系,得出泉州湾生物多样性保护极重要地区是泉州湾河口湿地省级自然保护区,泉州湾生物多样性保护比较重要地区是晋江河口、洛阳江河口、晋江南岸地区及清源山.泉州湾海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区方案共划定26个分区,包括生物多样性重点保护区3个,生物多样性养护区14个,生物多样性保护重点监督区9个.泉州湾的应用结果表明,本研究提出的海洋生物多样性保护空间规划分区体系具有一定的可行性和可操作性,可为泉州湾生物多样性保护管理提供重要科学依据. 相似文献
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简要介绍了珊瑚礁生态系统具有极高生产力和物种多样性,易受外界环境影响而衰退等特点.珊瑚礁生态系统的健康评价离不开对珊瑚礁的监测及数据的调查,全球珊瑚礁监测网络推荐的珊瑚礁监测包括生态监测以及经济监测两部分,监测方法应满足相应的要求,以保证所获数据可以进行相关比较.应用于生态系统评价的方法主要有指示物种法和指标体系法.珊瑚礁监测及评价中常用的指示物种的生物指标包括石珊瑚生物指标以及其它生物指标.造礁石珊瑚是珊瑚礁最重要的生物,目前对珊瑚礁的监测主要集中于存活硬珊瑚盖度以及生物多样性指数.一般而言,这是两个最重要的参数,但仍有不足.因此,珊瑚生长率(骨骼生长)的测量、钙化生产率、珊瑚生育力及补充、监测虫黄藻损失、珊瑚疾病及细菌暴发性增值、珊瑚骨骼的生物累积等指标也随之建立起来.为了对珊瑚礁原始生存结构生物提供一个早期亚致死压力预警,以便对珊瑚礁采取有效的保护管理措施,珊瑚礁鱼类、软体动物等其它生物及相关指标得到了应用和发展.与指示物种法相比,指标体系法不仅考虑了不同组织水平之间的相互作用以及同一组织水平上不同物种间的相互作用,而且还考虑了不同尺度转换时监测指标的变化,更能客观全面反映珊瑚礁的健康状况及变化趋势.HRHPI推荐从生态结构、生态功能、压力及社会经济几个特征属性方面对珊瑚礁健康进行评价,并给出每个特征属性包含的具体指标,以及各指标与珊瑚礁健康的相关性,指标选取标准,指标数据的获得方法以及基准值或目标值的设定等.尽管HRHPI给出了详细的评价指标体系,并探讨了指标评价标准("基准值"及"目标值")、健康指数、生态完整指数等概念,但评价模型或模式仍在探索中.随着新方法新技术的发展,高科技方法在珊瑚礁健康评估中得到了应用并迅速发展.由于尚无确定的评价珊瑚礁健康的模式,因此建立一个可以描述珊瑚礁群落健康状况的数量模型或者指标非常有必要. 相似文献
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为促进海岛地区可持续发展,文章基于PSR(压力—状态—响应)模型,构建海岛区域可持续发展的指标评价体系,并以长岛县为例,选取28个指标对2010—2015年期间海岛可持续发展状况进行综合评价分析。研究结果显示,长岛县在可持续发展方面的能力在逐渐提高,但压力、状态和响应3个子系统间的协调度不稳定,不利于长岛县的后续发展。针对该问题,文章建议从强化规划引导、改善海岛生态环境、优化基础设施功能、推进海岛产业结构转型升级等方面加大政策和资金的投入力度,为海岛地区可持续发展提供支撑。 相似文献
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文章基于“压力-状态-响应”（PSR）模型构建海岛发展的指标评价体系,选取21个代表性指标评价该地区生态安全状况,对珠海市大万山岛的生态安全进行了分析研究。结果表明,2010—2017年珠海市大万山岛的生态安全指数总体呈上升趋势,2016年安全指数为0.679,达到生态安全Ⅱ级“较安全”等级。2010—2017年,压力指数从0.038升至0.162;由于废水、废气和固体废弃物排放增加,状态指数在2012—2016年呈现下滑趋势,从0.194降至0.074;响应指数明显上升,在2016年达到最高值0.496,而在2017年又下降至0.352。状态指数结果表明,经济增长与海岛生态环境承受能力之间的矛盾突出,大万山海岛资源的过度开发与生态环境的破坏导致各子系统协调度失稳下滑。 相似文献
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基于VSD模型的铁山港湾红树林生态系统脆弱性初步评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于脆弱性域图 (vulnerability scoping diagram, VSD)评价模型, 从暴露程度、敏感性、适应能力3个方面构建了红树林生态系统脆弱性评价指标体系。采用改进的综合指数法和模糊综合评价法, 重新定义脆弱性分级标准, 定量评价了铁山港湾红树林生态系统在1989年、2003年和2014年3个年份的脆弱性水平。结果显示, 铁山港湾红树林生态系统在3个年份的脆弱性水平值分别为0.145、0.255、0.334, 呈现增加趋势。首先, 铁山港湾红树林生态系统面临的暴露程度不断增大, 主要胁迫因子为滩涂围垦面积、废水排放量; 其次, 生态系统的敏感性增强, 主要敏感因子是海洋生物质量综合指数、底栖生物和潮间带生物多样性指数; 第三, 生态系统的适应能力略有增加, 总体上较弱。 相似文献
8.
射阳河口互花米草入侵对大型底栖动物群落的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2008年11月至2009年10月,在盐城自然保护区射阳河口滩涂分别于潮间带、潮上带和潮沟中设置互花米草区与非米草区2类对照样地(共6类生境),按月份取样来研究大型底栖动物群落特征的差异,探讨互花米草入侵对底栖动物的影响。共发现大型底栖动物22种,隶属3门4纲17科,其中软体动物13种,节肢动物6种,环节动物3种。米草区和非米草区的物种组成不同,各生境在不同月份大型底栖动物的物种数、密度、生物量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均在不断波动,在潮间带上述指标均为In>Ig,潮上带除密度外均为Sn>Sg,潮沟边滩除个别月份外均为Cg>Cn;3类互花米草生境中大型底栖动物群落各项指标月间变动趋势基本一致(仅个别月份例外),均表现为Cg>Sg>Ig,互花米草生境存在共同的优势种,但数量有一定的差异。分别对潮间带、潮上带和潮沟中互花米草区与非米草区2类对照样地的物种数、密度、生物量以及Shannon-Weiner多样性指数H’进行生境-月份间无重复双因素方差分析,结果显示潮间带2类对照样地各项指标在生境间差异均极显著,月份间差异均不显著;潮上带2类对照样地各项指标生境间存在极其显著的差异(除密度外),月份间差异显著(除多样性外);潮沟2类对照样地生境间差异显著(除生物量外),月份间差异均显著。研究结果表明不同生境中的互花米草对底栖动物的影响不甚相同:潮间带互花米草的入侵降低了大型底栖动物的物种数、密度、生物量和多样性;潮沟米草的入侵提高了大型底栖动物的物种数、密度和多样性;而潮上带米草入侵对大型底栖动物的各指标影响不一。 相似文献
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养殖海域承载力是衡量海水养殖业可持续发展水平的重要判据。文章构建包含压力、状态、响应3个准则层共14个评价指标的养殖海域承载力评价指标体系,基于2008-2019年我国沿海地区数据,运用熵权TOPSIS法确定指标权重并计算养殖海域承载力综合得分。研究结果表明：我国养殖海域承载力逐年提高,综合得分从2008年的0.342升至2019年的0.458;压力层和状态层得分较高,年均值分别为0.689和0.799,响应层得分较低,年均值仅为0.318;响应层得分较低是我国养殖海域承载力综合得分较低的最重要原因。研究期间,我国沿海地区社会经济活动对养殖海域产生的资源环境压力先下降、后持平、再上升,近岸海域的健康状态和受污染程度呈波动趋势。我国养殖海域承载力具有明显的区域差异,其中综合得分平均值最高的是广东,其次是海南、山东和江苏;水产技术推广机构数量、海洋科研教育管理服务业占比、海水养殖业绿色全要素生产率是影响养殖海域承载力的最重要指标,海水养殖产值占GDP比重、工业废水中化学需氧量排放量、近岸海域水质等指标也对养殖海域承载力有较大贡献。 相似文献
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Spatial and temporal variation in subtidal molluscan diversity amongst temperate estuarine habitats 
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下载免费PDF全文 Effective management of marine ecosystems is enhanced when detailed information on biodiversity is available. Key information to underpin management actions and conservation planning includes relationships between species assemblages and environmental gradients, and information on species distributions. We conducted a subtidal biodiversity assessment of surface‐dwelling subtidal molluscs in eight a priori defined habitat types using underwater visual censuses to quantitatively explore relationships between molluscan assemblages, and their correlation with benthic habitats and abiotic variables. In addition, variations in diversity were examined for two key habitat types (areas dominated by Dendronephthya australis and by filter feeders) over a period of 15 months to examine temporal change. We found that molluscs form distinct assemblages within subtidal habitats, but that assemblages within key habitats show inherent temporal variability. Regional (gamma) diversity of molluscs was found to result from a combination of: (i) within habitat alpha diversity, which increased with habitat complexity; (ii) between habitat beta diversity, with significant differences in molluscan assemblages amongst habitats with differing benthic growth, substrate type, and depth; and (iii) temporal beta diversity, with significant changes detected in molluscan assemblages over time. The results demonstrate how habitats and abiotic variables (principally depth and substrate type) combine to contribute to molluscan biodiversity in temperate estuaries, and illustrate the value of these factors as surrogates for surface‐dwelling subtidal molluscs in conservation planning. 相似文献
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Macro-ecological theories relating species richness, abundance, range size, biological traits and environmental tolerance have rarely been tested in marine soft-sediments, despite the spatial extent of these habitats and the inherent richness of resident communities. This study examines the contribution of rare species to marine soft-sediment communities from New Zealand, focussing on the relationships of range size with abundance, environment, habitat diversity and life history traits. 54% of the 351 species sampled exhibited restricted ranges (found at ≤ 2 sites). In contrast to many terrestrial systems, we observed only a weak positive relationship between abundance and frequency of occurrence. Restricted-range species were not randomly distributed, with their distribution related to habitat characteristics, suggesting an important link between habitat diversity and rarity. They exhibited a similar range of traits to the total observed species pool, suggesting that they are not only important to biodiversity but could play a role in stability. Restricted range species were generally not small and this, together with the number of different biological traits represented, suggests that rare species are important to the functioning of marine systems. Thus, our results highlight the importance of considering rare species in habitat-based approaches to conservation. 相似文献
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我国的海洋生物多样性及其保护 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
本文综述了我国海洋生态系统多样性、海洋物种多样性及其利用以及海洋生物遗传多样性的现状，指出过度捕捞、生境丧失、环境污染、生态入侵是威胁我国海洋生物多样性的主要原因。文本还阐述了我国在海洋生物多样性保护、海洋生态环境监测、海洋自然保护区建设及管理上所取得的成就，以及在海洋生物多样性可持续利用方面所取得的进展。 相似文献
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Vasilis Gerovasileiou Eleni Voultsiadou Yiannis Issaris Argyro Zenetos 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(2):239-256
The number of alien species in the Mediterranean Sea is increasing rapidly, but few attempts have been made to evaluate impacts on specific habitat types. The present study investigated alien biodiversity in Mediterranean marine caves, both by contributing new records of Eastern Mediterranean cave aliens, and by reviewing the scattered existing literature; the main goals were to highlight potential impacts and investigate the importance of cave environments for the expansion of alien species. Seven new alien species were found in marine caves of the Aegean and Ionian seas, raising the total number of aliens reported from Mediterranean marine caves to 56 species, classified as molluscs, cnidarians, bryozoans, polychaetes, crustaceans, macroalgae, fishes and tunicates. Most cave aliens (66%) were recorded from the Southeastern Levantine coasts, specifically from Lebanese caves. Shipping and Lessepsian migration have been suggested as the main pathways of alien introduction into caves of the Mediterranean Sea. The comparison of alien cave biodiversity with the updated Mediterranean alien inventory (32 species added to the latest inventory) showed similar patterns and trends for species richness, biogeographical origin and major introduction pathways, corroborating previous findings on the high local representativeness of Mediterranean cave biodiversity. Alien species seem to have invaded mostly the entrance and semi‐dark zones of shallow and/or semi‐submerged caves and tunnels, whereas only a few have reached the dark inner sectors or caves of the anchialine type; thus, the unfavourable cave environment seems to be naturally protected from impacts related to opportunistic invasive species, at least to a certain point. Currently there is no research confirming any direct impacts of alien biota on the native cavernicolous one. However, some issues have emerged, implying potential threats that need to be further explored: (i) the presence of a considerable proportion of aliens in most studied marine caves of the Southeastern Mediterranean basin, (ii) the recently observed population explosion of alien cave‐dwelling fishes in the same area, (iii) several indications that alien diversity in marine caves is much higher than we know today. Quantitative surveys and monitoring schemes are needed in order to evaluate potential effects of alien diversity on cave community structure and the role of marine caves as stepping stones for its expansion in the Mediterranean. 相似文献
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印太交汇区珊瑚礁大三角是全球海洋生物多样性最高的区域,孕育了印度-西太平洋海域接近60%的软体动物种类,同时也有很高比例的特有物种。该海域是全球软体动物生物多样性研究的热点区域。已有不同国家的学者相继对印太交汇区软体动物的多样性、分类与系统演化等方面开展了研究,并取得了一系列重要的成果。基于此,本文从软体动物的生物多样性格局、成因、以及其影响因素等角度出发,对印太交汇区软体动物研究的主要方面进展进行了综述。先后有物种起源中心、积累中心、重叠中心、幸存中心等多种假说被提出以解释其多样性的成因。印太交汇区软体动物生物多样性分布格局与板块构造作用、海平面的变化、海洋环流以及暖池等密切相关。本文也指出了目前研究中存在的主要问题,分析了未来的发展趋势及面临的挑战,以期为今后的相关研究提供参考和思路。 相似文献
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Patterns of species richness are governed by processes that act at vastly different spatial scales. In the marine system of southwest Australia, macroalgal assemblage structure and richness is thought to be strongly influenced by both the Leeuwin Current, which acts at large regional spatial scales, and small-scale processes such as competition, wave disturbance and habitat heterogeneity. We examined macroalgal species richness and diversity at multiple spatial scales using a three-factor hierarchal design. Spatial extents ranged from metres (between quadrats) to many hundreds of kilometres (between regions), and the study encompassed almost 2000 km of temperate coastline. Macroalgal assemblages were highly speciose and the number, identity, and diversity of species varied considerably at all spatial scales. Small scale variability, at the scale of site or quadrat, contributed most to total variation in species richness and diversity, suggesting that small-scale processes are important drivers of ecological pattern in this system. Species richness, diversity and taxonomic distinctness increased sequentially along the coastline, from warmer to cooler waters. Small scale variability was most likely maintained by wave disturbance and habitat heterogeneity at these scales, while regional scale diversity and richness clines were attributed to the fact that most species had cool-water affinities and the southern coast of Australia is a hotspot of floral speciation and diversity. Macroalgal assemblages in southwest Australia are speciose and largely endemic, and biodiversity patterns are structured by multiple processes operating at multiple spatial scales. 相似文献
17.
西沙群岛是我国南海陆地面积最大的群岛,海域广阔,拥有重要的战略地位与丰富的海洋资源。为了解该海域浮游动物组成与分布特征,本研究于2019年5月在西沙群岛14个岛礁站位开展多学科综合调查,并采用形态学方法和基于18S V9测序的宏条形码技术对浮游动物样本组成进行鉴定。结果显示,此次西沙调查站位浮游动物样本的主要种类包括桡足类、软甲纲和箭虫纲,这3个类别的物种在两种鉴定方法中均具有较高的相对丰度。14个站位浮游动物平均密度为707.53±378.34 ind/m3,各站位浮游动物丰度、物种组成及优势种存在差异。形态学方法共鉴定出11门17纲18目共86个物种,18S V9分子方法鉴定出22门46纲85目共233个操作分类单元(operational taxonomic units, OTUs),分子鉴定的物种覆盖度更高,且代表性类群相对丰度和多样性指数在大部分站位与形态学鉴定结果呈现出显著相关性,表明宏条形码技术鉴定方法与形态学鉴定方法在评价海洋浮游动物多样性方面具有较好的可比性,在我国海洋浮游动物群落监测中具有较高的应用潜力。但由于目前浮游动物的分子鉴定方法仍处于初步发展阶段,相关技术手段仍不完善,仍需多种鉴定方法结合使用,以保证浮游动物多样性鉴定的准确性。 相似文献
18.
Lorne K. Kriwoken 《Ocean & Coastal Management》1996,33(1-3)
Australian flora and fauna are both highly endemic and species-rich, yet they have been under enormous human pressure as ecosystems have been simplified and fragmented. In order to promote biodiversity Australia has ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and has released a Draft National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity. The purpose of this article is to explore how Australian biological diversity will be supported in a national system of marine protected areas. Attention is given firstly to the international and Australian responses to biological diversity, particularly with respect to the use of in situ conservation. This is followed by an overview of the Australian marine protected area system. An assessment is made on how marine protected areas can further conserve and enhance the unique biodiversity of Australia. 相似文献
19.
渔获物平均营养级（Mean trophic level of fishery landings,MTL）是目前评估人类捕捞活动影响的研究中使用最广泛的生物多样性指标之一。根据联合国粮农组织FAO提供的渔获生产统计数据,结合Fishbase提供的相关鱼种营养级数据,本文评估了1950-2010年太平洋、大西洋和印度洋各沿海国海洋渔业开发状态。研究发现,在全球三大洋75个主要捕捞国中,43个国家MTL呈显著下降趋势,发生了Pauly于1998年提出的“捕捞降低海洋食物网”现象;但是,仅16个国家MTL的下降是由于高营养级种类的衰退,而27个国家属于“捕捞沿着海洋食物网”的下降机制。此外,20个国家MTL呈恢复上升趋势,但是,该恢复上升趋势通常伴随着传统低营养级种类产量的大幅下降;在上述20个国家中,11个国家的低营养级鱼类产量呈显著下降趋势。需谨慎分析“捕捞降低海洋食物网”现象,掌握MTL的潜在变化机制。 相似文献
20.
Ireland's waters represent a valuable resource encompassing productive fishing grounds and important oil and gas reserves. As a species rich marine environment, Ireland's waters are also an important habitat for many species of marine mammal. Specifically, grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) are widespread in Irish coastal waters and at least 24 species of cetacean have been reported at sea. The coastal zone represents critical habitat for many of these species, in particular seals that use both terrestrial and aquatic coastal habitat and are vulnerable to habitat degradation. Increasing exploitation of marine resources has increased their exposure to a range of anthropogenic effects including pollution and habitat loss. As top predators seals interact with commercial fisheries both directly and indirectly for resources and conflicts arise. The relatively recent move towards ‘greener’ resource exploitation such as marine renewable energy does not come without negative consequences for marine mammals including seals, which are afforded protection under national and international conservation legislation, highlighting the difficulties faced by resource managers. The sustainable exploitation of resources whilst conserving biodiversity is a challenging task and effective management implementation depends on appropriate policy informed by reliable scientific data. This paper outlines the conservation needs of seals in Irish waters, reviews our current knowledge of these species in Irish water, provides a critical analysis of the existing legislative framework and describes how research outputs can inform present and future policy decisions. 相似文献